[newbie] OCR for musical part
Cyrille BERTRAND@ALCATEL_HVT 07/29/99 09:20 AM I'm looking for a Linux software which do a musical partition recognition after a scan (like an OCR for classical caracters). Is this kind of thing existing ? (under Linux or other system). Cyrille
[newbie] UNIX INTRO: Shells, redirection
-- Shells, Redirection -- The shell provides the Command Line Interface that you see in Linux/UNIX. The shell accepts your input, processes it, and takes appropriate actions, interfacing with the kernel and the filesystem as necessary. The BASH shell was based (partly) upon the Korn Shell, which was based upon the Bourne Shell. BASH stands for "Bourne Again SHell". Examples in some of the emails I send were created using the Korn Shell. This should make little or no difference, except for the occasional "switches" to commands which may vary somewhat. (I also develop some of this material on SunOS rather than Linux... Again, little or no difference... but I hope to have Linux net-connected soon, so that will change...) -- Digest -- When you encounter an error detected by the shell, it is normally flagged by the shell. In this example, the shell is Korn Shell, and the shell designation is "ksh": $ thisfile -ksh: thisfile: cannot execute [Permission denied] $ This identifier did not exist in the original Bourne Shell. (After all, it was the *only* shell in existence at the time. Why should it need to identify itself?) Here is the equivalent Bourne Shell detected error: $ thisfile thisfile: execute permission denied $ The Bourne Shell is a good, simple shell, but is missing some of the advanced features of later shells. How do we know what shell we are in? A variable is something which stores a value. Bourne shell variables are designated by a preceding $ as in $SHELL Many systems have a $SHELL variable which shows the shell we are currently using: $ echo $SHELL /bin/sh $ sh means the Bourne Shell. The response to the echo $SHELL command shows the path to the sh file. (Your shell and path may vary from this) Three common shells are: Bourne Shell = sh Korn Shell = ksh BASH Shell = bash -- In-depth -- Suppose that we start in the Bourne Shell, execute a command that fails, then we'll move to the Korn and BASH shells to try the same thing. From the command line, you may type: $ printpwd printpwd: not found $ We have attempted to execute a command, but the file printpwd does not exist (not found). We switch to the Korn Shell by simply typing ksh. $ ksh $ $ printpwd ksh: printpwd: not found $ Again, the command is not found. We haven't created it yet! But notice how this response line differs from the one above. Now lets try in BASH (which for many of you will be your startup shell): $ bash $ $ printpwd bash: printpwd: command not found $ See the difference? We can learn from this that: o We change shells simply by naming the new shell o The shell being used is identified on error. bash: is the first word in the above line... (but remember that the Bourne Shell was the first shell, and it still doesn't know there are other shells out there!) o The shell detects some errors and identifies the command which failed (printpwd: in the above line) o The shell detects and reports, specifically, *filesearch* errors (the "command not found" in the above line). Remember that the shell interfaces with the filesystem? Now lets create our file: $ echo pwd printpwd $ We redirect the pwd command to a filename printpwd. Redirection, once again, works via the command. printpwd didn't exist before this command; this command creates it. If the "target" of a command does not exist, it is created as a file. In this case, it is created by the shell, because the shell handles redirection (more about that in a later lesson). The pwd command stands for "print working directory". If we wish to see what is now in printpwd, we can cat it: $ cat printpwd pwd $ Now we will try (again) to execute our new file: $ printpwd bash: ./printpwd: Permission denied $ Notice the difference between this error and the previous error-- displayed again here: bash: printpwd: command not found At least the shell is able to *find* our command now (since we created a file with the filename printpwd). Permission? Oh yes! We need EXECUTE permission to execute a file. Lets look at the long listing of our new file: $ ls -l printpwd -rw-r--r-- 1 rtmyers other 4 Jul 28 16:20 printpwd $ Our permissions string is -rw-r--r-- There are no "x's" in our permissions string. The chmod command changes permissions for us, and +x gives us (global) execute permissions: $ chmod +x printpwd $ Lets take another look: $ ls -l printpwd -rwxr-xr-x 1 rtmyers other 4 Jul 28 16:20 printpwd $ Now we've got x's. (More about this in a later lesson) So now we should be able to execute our new command: $ printpwd /u02/home5/rtmyers/testdir $ Neat! It works! We have executed the pwd command, by calling the name of a file (which has been given execute permissions) that simply includes the pwd command. But now we are faced with a disturbing recognition: ...we
[newbie] UNIX INTRO: Pipes and Redirection
-- Pipes and Redirection -- Someone wrote: : OK...I thought I had it all straight in my mind but : I now find the difference between redirection and : pipes really foggy. Is there something absolute I : can put in my mind to clarify the two? EXCELLENT question!!! -- Digest -- Redirection is a mechanism in the shell that causes the standard input for a program to come from a file rather than from the terminal. It also causes the standard output and standard error to go to a file rather than to the terminal. (Standard output, standard error? Later lesson!) Input redirection is symbolized by the character. Output is the character, and output with append uses the characters. A pipe is a mechanism used by one command to pass information to a second command for processing; a pipe connects the standard output of one command to the standard input of the next, without creating an intermediate file. A pipe is symbolized by the vertical bar | character. -- In-depth -- I don't know of any easy way to learn the difference, other than to practice and see what works: $ echo this thisfile $ cat thisfile this $ We have redirected the output of echo to a file. We can then cat the file and display what is in it. Now try piping from echo to a file: $ echo this | thisfile -ksh: thisfile: cannot execute [Permission denied] $ As you can see, this does not work. However, we can pipe from one command to another: $ echo this | cat this $ This is a redundant operation. It would win the "useless use of cat" award (more about that later). However, it works without generating an error (important for our purposes), and this next step proves that *echo* isn't displaying "this" to the screen, *cat* is. Now lets try to redirect to cat and see what happens: $ echo this cat $ Well, what happened to our output? It didn't appear on the screen! We can find it if we look for redirection to a file using cat: $ cat cat this $ Aha! In the previous command we redirected the string "this" to a newly-created file called cat, and we can display that file with cat. As a general guideline, then, redirection seems to work with files, and piping works with commands. It does get a bit more complicated later on, but for now that is a good way to tell the difference. Lets try one more example. The wc command does word counting, and this particular behavior is turned on with the -w switch. Thus: $ echo this | wc -w 1 $ We have echoed one word to wc -w. $ echo this that | wc -w 2 $ $ echo this that other | wc -w 3 $ ...and a two, and a three... Now lets try redirecting three words to wc -w (instead of piping). $ echo this that other wc -w $ No output. No error. That means our command was successful, but maybe didn't do what we wanted (since we were expecting output to the screen). We can find the file created with redirection by using ls: $ ls wc $ And now for the mysterious part: $ cat wc this that other -w $ Our words were not counted, they were redirected into a file which has the filename wc. But how did that -w get in there? Ahhh, but that is the subject of a later lesson! ___ end ___ Errata: it IS possible to pipe to a file. How? Because (as we saw in the last lesson) a file can become a command. But piping to a user-created command is an advanced technique, and we aren't going to explore that right away. best wishes, richard myers
[newbie] Block device not found?
Hi Hopefully a quick question (or at least easily answered)! I've just 'upgraded' from RedHat 5.2 + KDE 1.1 to Mandrake 6.0 - and wow, problems abound - enough to go back to win95 temporarily! 1 On boot I see the message 'hard linked hdd to dev/cdrom' but can never mount the cdrom (or play music CDs!). The system responds with a message like 'kernel does not recognise /dev/cdrom/ as a block device (maybe insmod driver?)' similar messages apply for /dev/hdd and for /dev/dsp (for sound purposes - sndconfig won't function) I ought to add I've tried both 'upgrading' and an clean install and on both occasions I cannot get either the cdrom or sound functioning as it did easily under 5.2. Is this a bug? Hope somebody can help a pressured sociologist! Bob Bob Jiggins Research Unit in South East European Studies University of Bradford West Yorkshire UK Tel: +44(0)7050 615511 Fax: +44(0)7050 644569 PGP 5.0i Encryption - Public Key Available E-Mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
[newbie] Website
I know this is not a help question about the Mandrake Linux but.. I would like to have you all check out my website and tell me what you think. Please if you do not like emails like this. Do not flame it, Skip over it. http://linuxuser.8m.com YOU MUST HAVE A JAVA ENABLED BROWSER TO VIEW IT. James J. Capone
Re: [newbie] Diamond Fire GL 1000 AGP Xfree??
On Wed, 28 Jul 1999, you wrote: I see the Diamond Fire GL 1000 (AGP version) under the supported list on xfree.org but I was wondering if anyone has had any experience in using it with X windows.Can I at least get 1024x768-16bit using that card? My distributor has it on sale for 35 bones and I could not lay off... Yes and more cu Helmut
Re: [newbie] SBlive! in Mandrake 2.2.9
I'm a little confused as to why it doesn't work (it does for me!), my 'conf.modules' can be found at http://www.whitem.demon.co.uk/my_conf_modules.htm if you want to check it out and make sure i gave you the correct syntax, etc. An alternative, but not as tidy method would be to insert the line that you are typing manually each boot into the end of '/etc/rc.d/rc.local'. This script is always the last init script to get run before starting X or the command prompt. Hope this helps. Martin. - Original Message - From: Cindy Pearce [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Thursday, July 29, 1999 3:21 AM Subject: RE: [newbie] SBlive! in Mandrake 2.2.9 Well, none of that works so I'll just stick to loading the module manually. Thanks anyway! Cindy -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]]On Behalf Of Martin White Sent: Wednesday, July 28, 1999 6:23 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: [newbie] SBlive! in Mandrake 2.2.9 Have you tried inserting either 'options emu10k1 -f' or 'insert emu10k1 insmod -f emu10k1' into your conf.modules. Either of these should do the trick although both are specifically NOT recommended by Creative - no idea why as it seems to work for everyone - just covering there backs i guess. Martin. - Original Message - From: Cindy Pearce [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Wednesday, July 28, 1999 4:17 AM Subject: [newbie] SBlive! in Mandrake 2.2.9 I have been following this thread and have been able to get my SBlive! to work but only by typing modprobe soundcore and insmod -f emu10k1 in a terminal window in KDE. I tried adding the recommended lines to the conf.modules file( the pre-install and post-remove lines) but I get nothing but errors and the sound doesn't work. Any ideas or do you need more specific info? Thanks, Cindy
[newbie] Re: your mail
On Wed, 28 Jul 1999 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I have heard htathat linux can only use 64MB of memory by deafault. Is this true? Where can I change this optioinn? It is no longer true with 2.2 kernels. LLaP bero
Re: [newbie] True type fonts
Sorry, I missed previous messages about fonts. Can I use windooze (.ttf) fonts? If I can, then how? I could not find this utility (mkttfdir)... Where I can look for it? Thanks in advance Kalju On Sat, 17 Jul 1999, Lloyd Osten wrote: I need to know if I need font metric files (the FON type files you see in Windows) to get them to work correctly.Or can I just copy them into the ttfonts directory? Just copy them to the ttfonts directory and run mkttfdir. LLaP bero
[newbie] boot problems
Wondering if anyone else has had the problem where, when linux is installed to a partition (i.e. hda1) nothing happens after the "linux" image is chosen in LILO. I've reinstalled multiple times and nothing happens. It's like the hard drive won't 'kick in' and my computer sits stupidly, doing nothing. The only time I actually encountered an error message is when I tried running the setup via lnx4win on the first mandrake CD. It reported an error initializing hdax (where x was whatever number partition I had it on that time...) , but I haven't had problems with any other OS but linux. I tried using the 'linear' mode for the hard drive, but it still didn't work. The partition was within the first 1024 cylinders so should be bootable. Most of the components of the machine are fairly new (K6-2 350, 128 MB PC100 RAM, Microstar MS-5169 Motherboard, Voodoo 3 2000 AGP, SB PCI 128, 8.4 GB Fujitsu HDD, DLink 528CT NIC, Generic 36X CDROM, Memorex 2x2x6 CD-RW). Booting from a floppy results in the same thing. LILO comes up fine but when it's told to boot to linux the system just sits there. __ Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com
[newbie] looking at my pc files from Linux
I'm running Mandrake 6 Linux. It's on a Pentium 166 (cyrix) and I boot Windows 95 from the hard disk and Linux from a floppy. I have 2 separate hard drives. The first one if for Windows stuff, the second is for Linux. This setup works fine but I would like to be able to get files from the Windows hard disk. For example, I have Oracle's DB (for Linux) on the Windows hard disk. Why? Because I have a winmodem and can download it there and not from Linux. Until I get a non-Windows modem how can I get the files. In linuxconf it identifies the Windows disk as 2 partisions (16 bit if I remember correctly) but can I just mount it somehow and then CP or ftp the file across to the Linux disk? Thx. in advance. ___ Get Free Email and Do More On The Web. Visit http://www.msn.com
[newbie] changing video card driver
How would I change my video card driver after my setup is complete? My icons are quite small, and I am wondering if there is a way to change this? Nighthawk
Re: [newbie] Removing LILO
At 07:08 PM 7/29/99 , you wrote: Hello , here is my dilemma . I have to clean out this computer , remove linux and set it up with windows 98 for my daughter for college . Anyway , I MS Fdisked it , then formatted it . When it goes to boot , LILO kicks in . I thought that would be gone . MS Fdisk doesn't find it , neither does disk druid , or linux Fdisk . How do I get LILO out of here ? Just boot from your Windows 98 floppy and type "fdisk /mbr" at the a: prompt. Jonathan Dlouhy Principal Oboe, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Quote me as saying I was mis-quoted.
RE: [newbie] Removing LILO
On 29-Jul-99 Dennis Podein wrote: Hello , here is my dilemma . I have to clean out this computer , remove linux and set it up with windows 98 for my daughter for college . Anyway , I MS Fdisked it , then formatted it . When it goes to boot , LILO kicks in . I thought that would be gone . MS Fdisk doesn't find it , neither does disk druid , or linux Fdisk . How do I get LILO out of here ? With the DOS/Windows fdisk, type 'fdisk /mbr' to delete LILO from the Master Boot Record. Also if I remember correctly (and if Win98 is as rude as 95), the Windows installation wipes the MBR without asking for permission anyway. -Tom
RE: [newbie] Removing LILO
fdisk /mbr that´s it! -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]]On Behalf Of Dennis Podein Sent: Thursday, July 29, 1999 8:09 PM To: Linux Group; Mandrake help Subject: [newbie] Removing LILO Hello , here is my dilemma . I have to clean out this computer , remove linux and set it up with windows 98 for my daughter for college . Anyway , I MS Fdisked it , then formatted it . When it goes to boot , LILO kicks in . I thought that would be gone . MS Fdisk doesn't find it , neither does disk druid , or linux Fdisk . How do I get LILO out of here ?
Re: [newbie] Removing LILO
Even though this is a kludge solution, here is what I've done in the past. Boot to a dos floppy. Run windows setup. I don't know what windows does, but both win 98 and win 95 remove LILO and make it boot like windows normally would. At 06:08 PM 7/29/1999 -0500, you wrote: Hello , here is my dilemma . I have to clean out this computer , remove linux and set it up with windows 98 for my daughter for college . Anyway , I MS Fdisked it , then formatted it . When it goes to boot , LILO kicks in . I thought that would be gone . MS Fdisk doesn't find it , neither does disk druid , or linux Fdisk . How do I get LILO out of here ?
Re: [newbie] Removing LILO
Lilo resides in the Master Boot Record (MBR) which is, I think, the first sector of the drive, not included in any partitions. Thus, you can wipe all the partitions without touching the MBR. To clear it, run `fdisk /mbr` from DOS. This will clear LILO out of the MBR. -Matt On Thu, 29 Jul 1999, Dennis Podein wrote: Hello , here is my dilemma . I have to clean out this computer , remove linux and set it up with windows 98 for my daughter for college . Anyway , I MS Fdisked it , then formatted it . When it goes to boot , LILO kicks in . I thought that would be gone . MS Fdisk doesn't find it , neither does disk druid , or linux Fdisk . How do I get LILO out of here ?
[newbie] Changing/Deleting KDE Desktop Icons
On Mandrake 6.0 KDE desktop, I can move icons into folders (eg: updates to a Mandrake folder). However, the original icons reappear on the main desktop, although copies are in the folders. I have tried, both as user and root, to delete the unwanted items, but they reappear when the computer is started again. I can't find any reference to this in KDE Help. Art
Re: [newbie] Re: X lockup
I still want to know how to shut either X or the process down instantly. Ctrl-Alt-Backspace shuts down X It's supposed to, but it took maybe an hour for it to respond. Usually it's instant, but it wasn't in this case.
Re: [newbie] UNIX INTRO: Pipes and Redirection
Input redirection is symbolized by the character. Output is the character, and output with append uses the characters. That's like DOS (except that MORE FILE doesn't seem to work). $ echo this | thisfile -ksh: thisfile: cannot execute [Permission denied] KSH? Korn Shell? This is a redundant operation. It would win the "useless use of cat" award How about ls | cat | cat ? That's even worse! $ echo this that other wc -w $ cat wc this that other -w $ Our words were not counted, they were redirected into a file which has the filename wc. But how did that -w get in there? Ahhh, but that is the subject of a later lesson! Weird... I want to know! Errata: it IS possible to pipe to a file. How? Because (as we saw in the last lesson) a file can become a command. And what about piping STDERR? But piping to a user-created command is an advanced technique, and we aren't going to explore that right away. I wrote a DOS program that would accept piped input (STDIN, I believe...) and display it to a graphics mode using a custom font. It locked up since I didn't know when to stop taking input! There is some character to flag the end, but I am unsure But that was DOS. We're talking UNIX here.
Re: [newbie] ISDN configuration
Question, is the isdn line hooked into a router? Or is it going through the linux machine first? If it is going through a router, all you should need to do is set your gateway address to the ip address of the router. Otherwise I am not sure but I believe there are several tools included on the CD that are for ISDN configuration. - Original Message - From: Tom Fisher To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Thursday, July 29, 1999 4:04 PM Subject: [newbie] ISDN configuration This is my first start at linux, and I am stuck I installed Mandrake 6.0 from CD. Configured everything to the best of my knowledge (not much) set it for custom not server, but running a network at office (I set theIP address and host name to what is on my WindowsOS, it is a dual boot) I want to know how to configure an ISDN line. I can't figure out how to make Linux recognize the ISDN line and not a dial-up. Thanx, Tom
[newbie] Changing/Deleting KDE Desktop Icons
"Art" == Art Rowe [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: Art On Mandrake 6.0 KDE desktop, I can move icons into folders Art (eg: updates to a Mandrake folder). However, the original Art icons reappear on the main desktop, although copies are in Art the folders. I have tried, both as user and root, to delete Art the unwanted items, but they reappear when the computer is Art started again. I can't find any reference to this in KDE Art Help. Art Art Remove the ones you want from the desktop. Then go to /usr/share/apps/kfm/preconf and move the folders to temp. Worked here no more mass of useless icons in my face. -- __ / ) +--+ ( \ / / | | \ \ _( /_ | _ Robert Sheskin _ | _) )_ (((\ \ |/ )[EMAIL PROTECTED]( \| / /))) ( \_/ /ICQ:5788323 \ \_/ ) \ / AIM:RobertLS \/ \_/ \_ / / / +--+ \\ / /\\
Re: [newbie] shuting down by ord. user..
Has anyone ever bothered pressing Ctrl+D at the shell prompt? Just try it. On my computer, it appears to be another way of logging out.
Re: [newbie] UNIX INTRO: Shells, redirection
When you encounter an error detected by the shell, it is normally flagged by the shell. In this example, the shell is Korn Shell, and the shell designation is "ksh": $ thisfile -ksh: thisfile: cannot execute [Permission denied] So I was right. I was expecting pdksh, though (the Public Domain Korn SHell). Three common shells are: Bourne Shell = sh Korn Shell = ksh BASH Shell = bash And what of the C Shell? I read about one version called "tcsh" in a Linux book. I'm pretty sure it comes with Red Hat 5.0. I really really wish those guys would hurry up fixing the laptop with Mandrake on it! All they have to do is fix a broken wire! o We change shells simply by naming the new shell When you name a new shell, you run it. You can exit the new shell with the "exit" command. Then you'll find yourself in the old shell. It's like a function call in C--you enter a new function by calling it but you leave it with a return statement. So now we should be able to execute our new command: $ printpwd /u02/home5/rtmyers/testdir $ Neat! It works! Alternately, you can call a shell and tell it to run the shell script file. "sh printpwd" should do the trick... is this right? In most shells, ". printpwd" (notice the period) will run a shell script as well, regardless of the X permission (or the lack thereof). Right? And the answer is profound: with this simple procedure, we have created our first simple executable script! Isn't there a convention that the first line of all shell scripts should be a comment identifying which shell it is to be run with? I believe I have seen things like: #!/bin/sh before. The C Shell requires that shell scripts start with a # comment line (or was that the Korn Shell?). We don't have to content ourself with one command, we can put in multiple commands. Also, data structures, and program logic, and other nifty stuff. Shell scripts look very flexible (from what I've read). I haven't had occasion to write any yet--all I've done is modified existing ones.
Re: [newbie] Removing LILO
Run FDISK /MBR from a Windows disk. This will take care of it FDISK does not remove the Master boot recordwhich is where LILO resides. John - Original Message - From: Dennis Podein [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: Linux Group [EMAIL PROTECTED]; Mandrake help [EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Thursday, July 29, 1999 7:08 PM Subject: [newbie] Removing LILO Hello , here is my dilemma . I have to clean out this computer , remove linux and set it up with windows 98 for my daughter for college . Anyway , I MS Fdisked it , then formatted it . When it goes to boot , LILO kicks in . I thought that would be gone . MS Fdisk doesn't find it , neither does disk druid , or linux Fdisk . How do I get LILO out of here ?
Re: [newbie] shuting down by ord. user..
From: Andy Goth [EMAIL PROTECTED] Has anyone ever bothered pressing Ctrl+D at the shell prompt? Just try it. On my computer, it appears to be another way of logging out. Yes, it is. It's also the "end-of-file" character in Unix. Just a bit of theory: In Unix, everything is a file, including the keyboard, mouse, hard drive, etc, hence all the /dev/something stuff. The shell takes input from from "standard input" (usually your keyboard) and processes it. When it gets the EOF character, it figures that its job is done, and so it closes. Some shells (like csh, I think) have an option to disable this behavior.
[newbie] lnx4win.exe
A brief review of lnx4win.exe is at http://linuxforum.com/ Hoyt
Re: [newbie] UNIX INTRO: Shells, redirection
From: Andy Goth [EMAIL PROTECTED] Alternately, you can call a shell and tell it to run the shell script file. "sh printpwd" should do the trick... is this right? In most shells, ". printpwd" (notice the period) will run a shell script as Both of those will run a script, but there's a difference. "sh printpwd" will run the script in a new instance of the shell.
Re: [newbie] Konsole problem within Mandrake 6.0
On Thu, 29 Jul 1999, Dominique Deleris wrote: Hello. I'm having problems using konsole (the KDE console) in Mandrake 6.0. You certainly remember that I am a color-addicted user of VIM ;-) Since I have resolved my color problem in vi (I've removed the "vi-minimal" package, and installed "vim-improved"), I'd like to use the You might want to reinstall vi-minimal if /bin and /usr are not on the same partition, and reorder the $PATH to use /usr/bin (or call /usr/bin/vi directly). scheme "Linux Console" by default when launching konsole (it enables colors !). I've done "Options-Save Options" after selecting my favorite schema, but when I leave konsole and run it again, nothing has been saved... Any idea ? Make sure you have the only one open when you make the setting it's not that smart, if all else fails manualy edit ~/.kde/share/config/konsolerc* Thanks. Dominique
Re: [newbie] shuting down by ord. user..
On Thu, 29 Jul 1999, Theo Brinkman wrote: Axalon wrote: On Tue, 27 Jul 1999, Theo Brinkman wrote: Can you control what Ctrl-Alt-Del does by user? (i.e.: Let root reboot the system that way, but have it just log everyone else out?) - Theo In theory it is not that hard, you need a program to check the currect virtual console then check whos logged into it. All you need todo now is find it or write it. How about creating a quick script '/etc/threefingersalute', like the one below: - - if [ $USERNAME = "ROOT" ]; then $USER $USERNAME or $LOGNAME, bash manpages will give you info on what each is, the "ROOT" should be "root" it's case sensitive. This might work, but without double checking i'm pretty sure it'll be a problem that init runs as root and this does not actualy run on the current console when you call it with. halt else logout fi - - and putting a call to it in /etc/inittab like this: - - ca::ctrlaltdel:/etc/threefingersalute - - Please bear in mind, this is my first attempt at a script, so any debugging comments will come in handy.
[newbie] Past messages file?
Where do I need to go to find a collection of the past newsgroups postings? I remember somebody awhile back asking but I don't remember the location. Thanks. NetZero - We believe in a FREE Internet. Shouldn't you? Get your FREE Internet Access and Email at http://www.netzero.net/download/index.html
Re: [newbie] UNIX INTRO: Shells, redirection
From: Dan Brown [EMAIL PROTECTED] From: Andy Goth [EMAIL PROTECTED] Alternately, you can call a shell and tell it to run the shell script file. "sh printpwd" should do the trick... is this right? In most shells, ". printpwd" (notice the period) will run a shell script as Both of those will run a script, but there's a difference. "sh printpwd" will run the script in a new instance of the shell. now to finish the message... Running the script in a new instance of the shell means it spawns another shell which runs the script, and then terminates. Running ". printpwd" (or "source printpwd", which is the same thing) runs the shell in the currently-running shell, not spawning a new one. Usually, this doesn't make much difference. However, if you are using the script to set environment variables (like the prompt, for example), the difference is significant.
Re: [newbie] Boot from hard drive
You'll need to set the bootable flag on atleast one partition On Fri, 30 Jul 1999 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I installed Mandrake Linux 6.0 in my hard drive (linux only). It works fine when it boot from floppy disk. But I can't boot from hard drive and error message prompted. ERROR LOADING OS How do I get LILO boot from hard drive?
[newbie] Loading modules?
Where do I specify what modules to load at boot time? Currently, some modules load, while others do not. Particularly, the tulip and sg modules do not load. I can manually load them as root by typing /sbin/insmod, but that's a bit of a pain. Thanks for any info!
Re: [newbie] Re: X lockup
Ctrl-Alt-Backspace shuts down X It's supposed to, but it took maybe an hour for it to respond. Usually it's instant, but it wasn't in this case. A second is more like it. You've got something stealing cycles in a big way!
Re: [newbie] UNIX INTRO: Shells, redirection
$ thisfile -ksh: thisfile: cannot execute [Permission denied] On Thu, 29 Jul 1999, Andy Goth wrote: So I was right. I was expecting pdksh, though (the Public Domain Korn SHell). It appears that the maillist switched the order of my two posts. Yes, Korn Shell. In my experience pdksh is not a good substitute for ksh (although my experience was years ago; not sure of the current status). And what of the C Shell? I have used the C Shell, and it provides a nice interface. However, csh is worse than worthless for creating scripts: quote Unix Support frequently advises people not to use /bin/csh. Here is the classic document by Tom Christiansen on why you shouldn't use it for scripts. Csh Programming Considered Harmful Resolved: The csh is a tool utterly inadequate for programming, and its use for such purposes should be strictly banned. I am continually shocked and dismayed to see people write test cases, install scripts, and other random hackery using the csh. /quote See the complete article at: http://vega.ing.iac.es/~cfg/notes/pub_notes/csh.html ...I read about one version called "tcsh" in a Linux book. I've heard it is improved. I'd do some research before I started using it, however. The above URL is a good place to start, it mentions tcsh. Isn't there a convention that the first line of all shell scripts should be a comment identifying which shell it is to be run with? I believe I have seen things like: #!/bin/sh In the UNIX world, there are basically two types of shell scripts-- those based upon the Bourne Shell (including Korn Shell and BASH), and those based upon the C Shell. The common shell language for writing portable scripts is the Bourne Shell. Advanced features of other shells are to be avoided unless the script is never expected to leave the target system. There may be other considerations for Linux. It seems that BASH has become pretty much a standard. The #! convention is an interesting story. Too long for posting here; I refer you to: unix/faq Digest part 3 of 7 by Ted Timar - [EMAIL PROTECTED] It is a regular posting in comp.unix.shell, or check out: http://www.faqs.org/faqs/by-newsgroup/comp/comp.unix.shell.html Here is just an excerpt: quote 3.16) Why do some scripts start with #! ... ? [...] The Berkeley folks had a neat idea to extend how the kernel starts up programs. They hacked the kernel to recognize the magic number `#!'. (Magic numbers are 16-bits and two 8-bit characters makes 16 bits, right?) When the `#!' magic number was recognized, the kernel would read in the rest of the line and treat it as a command to run upon the contents of the file. With this hack you could now do things like: #! /bin/sh #! /bin/csh #! /bin/awk -F: This hack has existed solely in the Berkeley world, and has migrated to USG kernels as part of System V Release 4. [...] /quote best wishes, richard myers
Re[2]: [newbie] Boot from hard drive
My Hard drive partition as following: mount bootable flag devfs type -- / * hda1 linux native hda2 linux swap /home hda3 linux native I set bootable flag on first partition which contain first sector and MBR, but still can't boot from hard drive. You'll need to set the bootable flag on atleast one partition On Fri, 30 Jul 1999 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I installed Mandrake Linux 6.0 in my hard drive (linux only). It works fine when it boot from floppy disk. But I can't boot from hard drive and error message prompted. ERROR LOADING OS How do I get LILO boot from hard drive?
