Version 2.3 of mod_wsgi is now available.
Version 2.3 of mod_wsgi is now available. The software and documentation are both available from: http://www.modwsgi.org The mod_wsgi package consists of an Apache web server module designed and implemented specifically for hosting Python based web applications that support the WSGI interface specification. Examples of major Python web frameworks and applications which are known to work in conjunction with mod_wsgi include CherryPy, Django, MoinMoin, Pylons, Trac, TurboGears, Werkzeug and Zope. Version 2.3 of mod_wsgi is a bug fix update. The most important of the bug fixes addresses a data truncation issue when using wsgi.file_wrapper extension (on Windows or Apache 1.3 on UNIX) with file objects. Data truncation could also occur for all deployment configurations for any other file like objects used with wsgi.file_wrapper. It is highly recommended that if you are using version 2.0 or 2.1 of mod_wsgi that you upgrade, especially if using web applications such as Trac, which make use of the wsgi.file_wrapper extension. Note that version 2.3 of mod_wsgi was a quick fire release to fix issues caused in version 2.2 release which preceded 2.3 by a day or so. If you have already obtained version 2.2 of mod_wsgi, you should ensure you upgrade to version 2.3. A description of changes in version 2.2/2.3 can be found in the change notes at: http://code.google.com/p/modwsgi/wiki/ChangesInVersion0202 http://code.google.com/p/modwsgi/wiki/ChangesInVersion0203 If you have any questions about mod_wsgi or wish to provide feedback, use the Google group for mod_wsgi found at: http://groups.google.com/group/modwsgi Enjoy Graham Dumpleton -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-announce-list Support the Python Software Foundation: http://www.python.org/psf/donations.html
ANN: Leo 4.5 beta 4 released
Leo 4.5 beta 4 is now available at: http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=3458package_id=29106 This beta 4 release will likely be the last release before Leo 4.5 final. Leo 4.5 contains many important new features. See below for details. Leo is a text editor, data organizer, project manager and much more. See: http://webpages.charter.net/edreamleo/intro.html The highlights of Leo 4.5: -- - Full support for @shadow files in Leo's core. - Major improvements to Leo's key binding code. - The beginning of usable vim-like bindings. - uA's may now be associated with vnodes in @thin and @shadow files. - Several magor reorganizations of Leo's code: including sax-based parsing, support for the Graph world (unified nodes), simplified drawing code. - Leo is now an installable package. - Prepared code to be ready for Python 3.0. - Many small improvements and bug fixes. Links: -- Leo: http://webpages.charter.net/edreamleo/front.html Forum:http://groups.google.com/group/leo-editor Download: http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=3458 Bzr: http://code.launchpad.net/leo-editor/ Quotes: http://webpages.charter.net/edreamleo/testimonials.html Edward K. Ream email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Leo: http://webpages.charter.net/edreamleo/front.html -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-announce-list Support the Python Software Foundation: http://www.python.org/psf/donations.html
Elisa Media Center 0.5.7 Release
Dear Elisa users, The Elisa team is happy to announce the release of Elisa Media Center 0.5.7 codenamed The Tipping Point. This release fixes a handful of bugs and enhances the current user experience with the following new features: - Add Folders now allows you to browse all your devices (including external hard drives), not just your home folder as it was before. - Better feedback from the media scanner: it now informs you what is being scanned and the overall progress as a percentage. Installers and sources can be downloaded from http://elisa.fluendo.com/download/ Bug reports and feature requests are welcome at https://bugs.launchpad.net/elisa/+filebug Have a nice night/day, The Elisa team Elisa 0.5.7 The Tipping Point === This is Elisa 0.5.7, seventh release of the 0.5 branch. New features since 0.5.6: - Add Folders now allows you to browse all your devices (including external hard drives), not just your home folder as it was before. - Better feedback from the media scanner: it now informs you what is being scanned and the overall progress as a percentage. Bugs fixed since 0.5.6: - 257645: Seeking an audio playlist skip songs - 257691: Contextual actions not accessible with the keyboard in grid view mode - 259092: [win32] Streamzap and apple remotes do not work - 259428: Debian package needs to depend on python-cssutils - 249883: plugins configs not saved Download You can find source releases of Elisa on the download page: http://elisa.fluendo.com/download Elisa Homepage More details can be found on the project's website: http://elisa.fluendo.com Support and Bugs We use Launchpad for bug reports and feature requests: https://bugs.launchpad.net/elisa/+filebug Developers All code is in a Bazaar branch and can be checked out from there. It is hosted on Launchpad: https://code.launchpad.net/elisa Contributors to this release: - Alessandro Decina - Benjamin Kampmann - David McLeod - Florian Boucault - Guido Amoruso - Guillaume Emont - Gunnar Holmberg - Jesús Corrius - Joshua Eichen - Lionel Martin - Olivier Tilloy - Philippe Normand -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-announce-list Support the Python Software Foundation: http://www.python.org/psf/donations.html
Re: Interrupt python thread
James Matthews wrote: def __stop(self): self.__block.acquire() self.__stopped = True self.__block.notifyAll() self.__block.release() have you tried using that method? what happened? looking at the code, what do you think it does? /F -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to check in CGI if client disconnected
Hi, Thanks for the replies. In my case, the cgi is sending a large file to the client. In case the the stop button is pressed on the browser to cancel the download, i want to do some cleanup action. It's all one- way transfer in this case, so i can't expect the client to send anything to me. I read somewhere that apache sends the SIGTERM signal to a cgi when the client disconnects. However, my cgi is not getting the signal - is there a way to have the cgi catch and handle the SIGTERM? I tried using the signal module --- def sigtermHandler(signum, frame): # do some cleanup signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, sigtermHandler) --- But even this doesn't work. Regards, -vishal. On Aug 25, 2:58 am, Gabriel Genellina [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: En Sun, 24 Aug 2008 17:51:36 -0300, Wojtek Walczak [EMAIL PROTECTED] escribió: On Sun, 24 Aug 2008 17:21:52 -0300, Gabriel Genellina wrote: I am writing a CGI to serve files to the caller. I was wondering if there is any way to tell in my CGI if the client browser is still connected. If it is not, i want to execute some special code before exiting. Is there any way to do this? Any help on this is appreciated :) I don't think so. A CGI script runs once per request, and exits. The server may find that client disconnected, but that may happen after the script finished. I am not a web developer, but I think that the only way is to set a timeout on server side. You can't be sure that the client disconnected, but you can stop CGI script if there's no action on client side for too long. Which kind of client action? Every link clicked or form submitted generates a different request that triggers a CGI script; the script starts, reads its parameters, do its task, and exits. There is no long running process in CGI - the whole world must be recreated on each request (a total waste of resources, sure). If processing takes so much time, it's better to assign it a ticket - the user may come back later and see if its ticket has been finished, or the system may send an email telling him. -- Gabriel Genellina -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to check in CGI if client disconnected
On Aug 25, 4:26 pm, Vishal [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, Thanks for the replies. In my case, the cgi is sending a large file to the client. In case the the stop button is pressed on the browser to cancel the download, i want to do some cleanup action. It's all one- way transfer in this case, so i can't expect the client to send anything to me. I read somewhere that apache sends the SIGTERM signal to a cgi when the client disconnects. However, my cgi is not getting the signal - is there a way to have the cgi catch and handle the SIGTERM? I tried using the signal module --- def sigtermHandler(signum, frame): # do some cleanup signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, sigtermHandler) --- But even this doesn't work. Have you considered simply checking to see if the amount of POST content read matches the inbound Content-Length specified in the CGI environment. If your processing of POST content finds less than what was meant to be sent, then likely that the client browser aborted request before all content could be sent. Graham Regards, -vishal. On Aug 25, 2:58 am, Gabriel Genellina [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: En Sun, 24 Aug 2008 17:51:36 -0300, Wojtek Walczak [EMAIL PROTECTED] escribió: On Sun, 24 Aug 2008 17:21:52 -0300, Gabriel Genellina wrote: I am writing a CGI to serve files to the caller. I was wondering if there is any way to tell in my CGI if the client browser is still connected. If it is not, i want to execute some special code before exiting. Is there any way to do this? Any help on this is appreciated :) I don't think so. A CGI script runs once per request, and exits. The server may find that client disconnected, but that may happen after the script finished. I am not a web developer, but I think that the only way is to set a timeout on server side. You can't be sure that the client disconnected, but you can stop CGI script if there's no action on client side for too long. Which kind of client action? Every link clicked or form submitted generates a different request that triggers a CGI script; the script starts, reads its parameters, do its task, and exits. There is no long running process in CGI - the whole world must be recreated on each request (a total waste of resources, sure). If processing takes so much time, it's better to assign it a ticket - the user may come back later and see if its ticket has been finished, or the system may send an email telling him. -- Gabriel Genellina -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Best way to set/get an object property
On Aug 24, 7:12 pm, Steven D'Aprano [EMAIL PROTECTED]
cybersource.com.au wrote:
On Sun, 24 Aug 2008 12:28:53 +0200, Peter Otten wrote:
Hussein B wrote:
I noted that Python encourage the usage of: --
obj.prop = data
x = obj.prop
--
to set/get an object's property value. What if I want to run some logic
upon setting/getting a property? What is Python preferred method to do
so (using the new feature 'property')?
I don't think __getattr__ and __setattr__ are practical (I have to code
the property name into them).
Hussein, I don't think you'll learn much from asking these abstract
questions. At some point you have to get your hands dirty and write
actual code to get a feel for the language.
For example, it will then become obvious for you that property works
best for individual attributes while __getattr__ and friends are more
convenient if you want to treat multiple attributes the same way,
attributes whose names may not even be known until runtime (think
delegation).
I think you are misunderstanding Hussein's question. I believe that he is
using property to refer to what we would call an attribute. Naturally I
could be wrong, but this is how I interpret his question.
I think the actual answer to his question is that properties are the
preferred way to run some logic upon setting/getting an attribute, that
is, to implement getters and setters.
Hussein, the Java habit of writing setters and getters for everything
isn't considered good practice in Python, but if you need them, that's
exactly what the property() function is for.
--
Steven
Thank you Steven :)
--
public class JClass {
private int answer; // property
}
--
class PyClass(object):
doc __init__(self):
self.answer = None
--
AFAIUY (understand you), what it is called a property in Java, it is
called an attribute in Python?
Why Python encourages direct access to object's attributes? aren't
setters/getters considered vital in OOP (encapsulation)?
Thank you all for your time and help.
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
tkinter: Round Button - Any idea?
Hello everyone, I'm trying to implement a virtual instrument, which has buttons and displays, using Tkinter+Pmw. One of items on the virtual instrument is a round button. This is imitating a tact switch. Tkinter has a Button class, which I can assign a button image. However, when the button is depressed, the rectangle is sunken (rather than the round button). Probably I need to prepare two images, normal one and depressed one, and implement all button behaviours by myself. But before reinventing everything by myself, I'm wondering if there is an easy way to implement or there is existing widget example of such button. So far, I couldn't find any good examples. Any suggestions are highly appreciated. Best regards, Aki Niimura -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Interrupt python thread
On 24 Sie, 10:48, BlueBird [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Whenever an exception occurs, in the master thread or in one of the slave threads, I would like to interrupt all the threads and the main program. Threading API does not seem to provide a way to stop a thread, is there anyway to achieve that ? Note that killing, stopping, suspending and resuming Your thread at arbitrary time leads to unpredictable results. For this reason i.e. Java deprecated all such functions, and python didn't introduce them at all. It makes sense as it leads to better-designed-code. Regards JW -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python cx_Oracle and Apache
Raja [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: The code is working fine on the command line but when executing it on the browser i get the famouse Premature end of script headers error. Look at the server's error log to see what the real error message is. You are probably missing an environment variable such as ORACLE_HOME. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to check in CGI if client disconnected
Hi Graham, Thanks for the reply. In my case, it's the other way round. I need to check if the amount of data sent is equal to the file size i want to send. However, the question is - when do i check this? Currently, i am unable to call any cleanup code before exit. Regards, -vishal. On Aug 25, 11:44 am, Graham Dumpleton [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Aug 25, 4:26 pm, Vishal [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, Thanks for the replies. In my case, the cgi is sending a large file to the client. In case the the stop button is pressed on the browser to cancel the download, i want to do some cleanup action. It's all one- way transfer in this case, so i can't expect the client to send anything to me. I read somewhere that apache sends the SIGTERM signal to a cgi when the client disconnects. However, my cgi is not getting the signal - is there a way to have the cgi catch and handle the SIGTERM? I tried using the signal module --- def sigtermHandler(signum, frame): # do some cleanup signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, sigtermHandler) --- But even this doesn't work. Have you considered simply checking to see if the amount of POST content read matches the inbound Content-Length specified in the CGI environment. If your processing of POST content finds less than what was meant to be sent, then likely that the client browser aborted request before all content could be sent. Graham Regards, -vishal. On Aug 25, 2:58 am, Gabriel Genellina [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: En Sun, 24 Aug 2008 17:51:36 -0300, Wojtek Walczak [EMAIL PROTECTED] escribió: On Sun, 24 Aug 2008 17:21:52 -0300, Gabriel Genellina wrote: I am writing a CGI to serve files to the caller. I was wondering if there is any way to tell in my CGI if the client browser is still connected. If it is not, i want to execute some special code before exiting. Is there any way to do this? Any help on this is appreciated :) I don't think so. A CGI script runs once per request, and exits. The server may find that client disconnected, but that may happen after the script finished. I am not a web developer, but I think that the only way is to set a timeout on server side. You can't be sure that the client disconnected, but you can stop CGI script if there's no action on client side for too long. Which kind of client action? Every link clicked or form submitted generates a different request that triggers a CGI script; the script starts, reads its parameters, do its task, and exits. There is no long running process in CGI - the whole world must be recreated on each request (a total waste of resources, sure). If processing takes so much time, it's better to assign it a ticket - the user may come back later and see if its ticket has been finished, or the system may send an email telling him. -- Gabriel Genellina -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Interrupt python thread
On Aug 24, 8:35 pm, Dennis Lee Bieber [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Sun, 24 Aug 2008 01:48:46 -0700 (PDT), BlueBird [EMAIL PROTECTED] declaimed the following in comp.lang.python: Whenever an exception occurs, in the master thread or in one of the slave threads, I would like to interrupt all the threads and the main program. Threading API does not seem to provide a way to stop a thread, is there anyway to achieve that ? The only safe way to abort a thread is by having it exit on its own. This means one needs a means of setting an attribute that each thread periodically checks within a while loop. Unfortunately, this does not map very well with my program. Each of my threads are calling foreign code (still written in python though), which might be busy for 1 to 10 minutes with its own job. I wanted something to easily interrupt every thread to prevent my program to stall for 10 minutes if I want to stop it (getting tired of killing python all the time). Philippe -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Trouble importing modules in IDLE (Win32)
On Aug 22, 2:45 pm, Diez B. Roggisch [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: [EMAIL PROTECTED] schrieb: Hello, I wrote aprogram that imports odbc and dbi. Originally I used PyWin, but now I prefer IDLE for working in Windows. Anyway, when I start my program from IDLE, it can't import the odbc and dbi modules. However, when I restart the shell and type import odbc at the prompt by, I don't get an error. When I try to run the program now, I get the error again. When I now type import odbc at the prompt, I get the error as well. In short: In a freshly (re)started shell, I can use import odbc by hand. I can't import odbc from within a script, or by hand after trying to start such a script. Screen capture follows. robert RESTART import odbc # -no error here! RESTART # script started here Traceback (most recent call last): File H:\PythonProjekte\ADBExpress.py, line 1, in module import odbc ImportError: DLL load failed: Das angegebene Modul wurde nicht gefunden. In both shell and idle, do import sys print sys.prefix Most probably these differ, and you need to install the odbc-module to the python idle uses. No, they're the same: IDLE 1.2.2 import sys print sys.prefix C:\Python25 PythonWin 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Feb 21 2008, 13:11:45) [MSC v.1310 32 bit (Intel)] on win32. Portions Copyright 1994-2008 Mark Hammond - see 'Help/About PythonWin' for further copyright information. import sys print sys.prefix C:\Python25 Thanks, robert -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Trouble importing modules in IDLE (Win32)
On Aug 22, 10:43 pm, Terry Reedy [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Diez B. Roggisch wrote: By shell, he means the IDLE shell. But this is the direction to look first. In the IDLE shell (3.0) those two lines give me the Python directory, the same as the command line interpreter. When in a file that is *not* in that directory, ditto. Bob, if you run a file that consists of the one statement 'import odbc', what happens. If that works, then something in your script (or something it calls) is fiddling with sys.path or something. Try to find a *minimal* file that exhibits the problem. tjr Hello Dietz, 1. The output of print sys.prefix is the same in both shells (see my other posting). 2. The minimal file that exhibits the problem (in IDLE but not in PythonWin) is one that consists of the single line import odbc. Thanks, robert -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python String Immutability Broken!
Patrick Maupin pmauail.com wrote: Very entertaining. Thanks. Nice to see that there is still some sense of humour left somewhere - its all been so serious here lately - people seem to forget that hacking is fun! But let me get this straight: Are you just complaining that if you pass a string to an arbitrary C function using ctypes, that that arbitrary function can modify the string? Actually, I am not complaining - I am asking for advice on the side effects of what I am doing, which is replacing a bunch of bits in what is essentially an output bit field with the corresponding input bits at the same addresses read back from a simulated i/o bus structure. And I would also like to know if there is a better way of doing this. The C code actually works, doing what was intended - the \xff that one sees appearing back comes from the pullup resistors on the eBox's i/o. I can show that it is working by adding some resistance and capacitance (by holding the connector against my tongue) in which case I get a munged version of the fox back. (- evidently my tongue is not such a perfect communications medium as I would like to believe.) Passing the fox is actually deceptive and misleading, as in real use there would be no such correlation sideways across bits, as they are just representations of output lines. (Think coils in PLC jargon) Because if you are, then I think you share a great deal of responsibility for the death of that string -- sending the poor thing to its grave through some unknown C function. This string is NOT dead - it is alive, and not even stunned - it just looks as if it is sleeping because of the \xff - which comes from the fact that there is no real hardware out there yet. The C functions are very simple ones actually - they just do what are essentially Linux I/O system calls - setting direction bits for a port (in or out) and then reading or writing the data. - Hendrik -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Best way to set/get an object property
On Aug 25, 4:56 pm, Hussein B [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: AFAIUY (understand you), what it is called a property in Java, it is called an attribute in Python? Why Python encourages direct access to object's attributes? The simplest answer is Because Python is not Java :) Speaking of which, have you read the blog post of the same name? It might be useful given your Java background: http://dirtsimple.org/2004/12/python-is-not-java.html aren't setters/getters considered vital in OOP (encapsulation)? Not at all. They're definitely part of the mechanism that Java provides for encapsulation, sure. However, because Python provides a consistent interface for accessing attributes and properties, you don't need to define a property unless your code requires it. If all your getters setters are doing is reading writing to an attribute, then why not just rw directly to the attribute? If you later need to add more complexity to that process, you can easily create a property without having to change how any other piece of code refers to that property, given it shares the same interface with attributes. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python cx_Oracle and Apache
def generate_output(): print 'htmlbody/body/html' generate_output() Raja You might try adding a Content-type header followed by a blank line to your generate_output() function def generate_output() : print 'Content-type: text/html' print print rest of your html -- Stanley C. Kitching Human Being Phoenix, Arizona -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
For loop inside an xml template
Hi, Is it possible to have a for loop within an xml template? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Python Google Chart 0.2.1 released
pygooglechart 0.2.1 has been released. http://pygooglechart.slowchop.com/ Here are the changes: * Added support for QR Code chart (#8) * Added legend positioning (chdlp) (Steve Brandt) * Added line styles (chm=D) (Steve Brandt) * Added colours within series option to chart (chco=xxx|xxx) (Steve Brandt) * Added QR codes and more line examples * Axis labels are now casted to strings automatically * Bug fixed where pie charts stopped working due to automatic scaling * Bug fixed where the module would download twice (#7) (Evan Lezar) * Bug fixed when automatic scaling is on and None values are in a data set (#5) (Alec Thomas) * Bug fixed with auto-scaling, where the minimum y range was always 0. (#6) (Rohit Jenveja) * Bug fixed, replaced 1 with 0 in add_horizontal_range and add_vertical_range (incorrect syntax for Google) (Steve Brandt) * Better clipping checks I've also updated the home page with more examples. Gerald -- Gerald Kaszuba http://geraldkaszuba.com/ -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Best way to set/get an object property
On Sun, 24 Aug 2008 23:56:27 -0700, Hussein B wrote:
On Aug 24, 7:12 pm, Steven D'Aprano [EMAIL PROTECTED]
cybersource.com.au wrote:
I noted that Python encourage the usage of: -- obj.prop = data
x = obj.prop
--
to set/get an object's property value. What if I want to run some
logic upon setting/getting a property? What is Python preferred
method to do so (using the new feature 'property')? I don't think
__getattr__ and __setattr__ are practical (I have to code the
property name into them).
...
I think the actual answer to his question is that properties are the
preferred way to run some logic upon setting/getting an attribute,
that is, to implement getters and setters.
Hussein, the Java habit of writing setters and getters for everything
isn't considered good practice in Python, but if you need them, that's
exactly what the property() function is for.
--
Steven
Thank you Steven :)
--
public class JClass {
private int answer; // property
}
--
class PyClass(object):
doc __init__(self):
self.answer = None
--
AFAIUY (understand you), what it is called a property in Java, it is
called an attribute in Python?
Why Python encourages direct access to object's attributes? aren't
setters/getters considered vital in OOP (encapsulation)?
Thank you all for your time and help.
Hussein, first let me ask you to please stop using -- as a separator
around code. Many News clients, including mine, expect -- on a line by
itself to mean everything from here on is the writer's signature, and
consequently that makes it harder to reply correctly to your posts. I had
to manually copy and paste your text in order to quote it. Perhaps you
could use === or +++ or *** as a separator?
Now, back to your actual question...
I'm not a Java coder, so the following should be read as my opinion.
Python attributes are equivalent to Java _public_ properties, not
private. If you can write:
public class JClass {
public int answer;
}
then that would be more or less equivalent to Python's
class PyClass(object):
def __init__(self):
self.answer = None
Yes, Python does encourage direct access to an object's attributes. The
Python philosophy is we're all adults here. If coders wish to shoot
themselves in the foot by accessing clearly marked private attributes,
then the language can't stop them and shouldn't try. It's easy to bypass
such private/public protection in C++, and harder, but still possible, in
Java.
The Python development team is certainly aware that such a tactic
introduces some costs, by reducing encapsulation, but it also has many
benefits (e.g. less boilerplate getter/setter methods, faster development
time). It is their belief that such costs are worth paying in order to
get the benefits. That's the philosophy of the language. Python is not
trying to be Java, and Java should not try to be Python.
Python does not enforce private attributes. By convention attributes
starting with a single underscore are considered private -- don't touch
unless you know what you're doing. Attributes starting with a double
underscore are really private, and Python mangles the name to (almost)
enforce it.
Example:
def Parrot(object):
colour = 'red' # public, free to use
_windspan = 15 # semi-private, use it at your own risk
__species = 'Norwegian Blue' # mangled to _Parrot__species
But it's quite rare to see double-underscore really private attributes
in Python code. It is considered to go against the spirit of the language.
I'm told that in Java it is quite difficult to change a class from using
public attributes to getters/setters, and therefore many Java developers
prefer to use getters/setters right from the beginning. But in Python it
is very easy to change from a bare attribute to a computed property
without messing up calling code. So there's no advantage to writing
something like this:
class Foo(object):
def __init__(self):
self.__x = None # private attribute
def setx(self, x): # setter
self.__x = x
def getx(self): # getter
return self.__x
x = property(getx, setx)
That is considered a waste of time in Python circles and is strongly
discouraged.
You should read Python Is Not Java and Java Is Not Python Either:
http://dirtsimple.org/2004/12/python-is-not-java.html
http://dirtsimple.org/2004/12/java-is-not-python-either.html
--
Steven
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
generate methods at runtime, but the wrong one gets called
Hello,
I am writing an application that controls robots. Different robots can
do different kinds of movements, such as e.g. open gripper, rotate
gripper, etc. My RobotControl class should support all kinds of
robots. I therefore delegate the actual control work to extra
control-specific classes, one class per movement type, e.g.
OpenGripperControl, RotateGripperControl. These movement control
classes are created by a simple class factory.
This is my class half-way through:
class RobotControl:
def __init__(self, movementTypes):
self.__controls = {}
motionControlFactory = MotionControlFactory()
for movementType in movementTypes:
self.__controls[movementType] =
motionControlFactory.create(movementType)
def __setMovementTypeValue(self, movementType, value):
control = self.__controls[movementType]
control.SetValue(value)
# I want to provide methods like these to the client app,
# but without typing them explicitely:
def SetOpenGripper(self, value):
self.__setMovementTypeValue('OpenGripper', value)
def SetRotateGripper(self, value):
self.__setMovementTypeValue('RotateGripper', value)
My application:
movementTypes = ['OpenGripper', 'RotateGripper']
robotCtrl = RobotControl(movementTypes)
robotCtrl.SetOpenGripper(1.0)
robotCtrl.SetRotateGripper(2.0)
While control object creation is abstracted out into the class
factory, SetOpenGripper(...) and SetRotateGripper(...) are still in
there and I obviously want to get rid of them, at least in their
explicitely implemented form. Instead, I want to generate them at
runtime, depending on what movement types are required.
I tried this in class RobotControl in __init__() in the 'for
movementType ...' loop:
funcName = 'Set' + movementType
function = lambda self, value:
self.__setMovementTypeValue(movementType, value)
method = new.instancemethod(function, self, self.__class__)
setattr(self, funcName, method)
and the code somewhat seems to work, but instead of SetOpenGripper,
SetRotateGripper is called.
My questions:
1.) Does this look like a somewhat reasonable approach to someone who
knows more about Python than me ?
2.) What could I be doing wrong ?
I have a suspicion that my error is not even related to all this fancy
runtime code generation stuff, but something really dumb and I've just
been coding for too long to see it.
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2007-June/446601.html
shows a somewhat comparable constellation and it was a good guideline.
But there, the function is created by the class factory, as well and I
unfortunately can't do that.
Thank you very much,
Steve
--
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Re: Python cx_Oracle and Apache
On Aug 25, 1:53 pm, Cousin Stanley [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: def generate_output(): print 'htmlbody/body/html' generate_output() Raja You might try adding a Content-type header followed by a blank line to your generate_output() function def generate_output() : print 'Content-type: text/html' print print rest of your html -- Stanley C. Kitching Human Being Phoenix, Arizona Hi, Thanks for the help. I actually got the solution. The problem was apache's timeout is set to 1second. I just changed that value and it worked. Thanks, Raja. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
I can't fetch dom node in svg file with getElementById method (module minidom and libxml2dom)
Hi, I've a xml svg file and I would like to update it with Python. First, I would like to fetch one dom node with getElementByID. I've one issue about this method. This is my example : My SVG file : ?xml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8 standalone=no? !-- Created with Inkscape (http://www.inkscape.org/) -- svg:svg xmlns:dc=http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/; xmlns:cc=http://creativecommons.org/ns#; xmlns:rdf=http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#; xmlns:svg=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg; xmlns:xlink=http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink; xmlns:sodipodi=http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd; xmlns:inkscape=http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape; width=210mm height=297mm id=svg2383 sodipodi:version=0.32 inkscape:version=0.46 sodipodi:docname=product_page.svg inkscape:output_extension=org.inkscape.output.svg.inkscape /svg:svg $ ipython In [1]: from xml.dom import minidom In [2]: dom1 = minidom.parse(myfile.svg) In [3]: print(dom1.getElementById(usvg2383)) None In [4]: print(dom1.getElementById(svg2383)) None I don't understand why getElementById return always None. Other example with libxml2dom library : $ ipython In [1]: import libxml2dom In [2]: dom2 = libxml2dom.parseFile(myfile.svg) In [3]: print(dom2.getElementById(usvg2383)) None In [4]: print(dom2.getElementById(svg2383)) I don't understand why getElementById return always None. Well, my final purpose isn't to fetch root dom node but to fetch many other sub node. Thanks for your informations. Stephane -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python String Immutability Broken!
2008/8/25 Hendrik van Rooyen [EMAIL PROTECTED]: It is reputed to belong to a programmer who was flayed alive by the C.L.P. group, because he had violated the immutability of a python string. You can indeed use ctypes to modify the value of a string - see http://tinyurl.com/5hcnwl. You can use it to crash the OS, too. My advice - don't. -- Cheers, Simon B. [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.brunningonline.net/simon/blog/ GTalk: simon.brunning | MSN: small_values | Yahoo: smallvalues | Twitter: brunns -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: For loop inside an xml template
2008/8/25 Amie [EMAIL PROTECTED]: Hi, Is it possible to have a for loop within an xml template? Python has a whole bunch of template libraries. Which are you using? -- Cheers, Simon B. [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.brunningonline.net/simon/blog/ GTalk: simon.brunning | MSN: small_values | Yahoo: smallvalues | Twitter: brunns -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python String Immutability Broken!
You can also use ctypes to globally change the value of integers less than 101. Personally, I don't particularly like the number 14. I changed it to 9 and I am much happier now. I love ctypes. So cool. It's not supposed to be safe. Life is either a daring adventure or nothing. Security does not exist in nature, nor do the children of men as a whole experience it. Avoiding danger is no safer in the long run than exposure. *Helen Keller http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Helen_Keller/* /US blind deaf educator (1880 - 1968)/ Of course I would not hire anyone who believes this quote, other than Helen Keller, if she were still with us. It is quite possible to write a small program that works using abused strings. But my life better not depend on it. Among other things, if you use the abused string as a key anywhere, you will not get correct results. Trying to change the length of the string will cause disasters. Lengthening a string will corrupt memory, and shortening the string will not shorten it but rather embed '\0' in it. Ken Hendrik van Rooyen wrote: Patrick Maupin pmauail.com wrote: Very entertaining. Thanks. Nice to see that there is still some sense of humour left somewhere - its all been so serious here lately - people seem to forget that hacking is fun! But let me get this straight: Are you just complaining that if you pass a string to an arbitrary C function using ctypes, that that arbitrary function can modify the string? Actually, I am not complaining - I am asking for advice on the side effects of what I am doing, which is replacing a bunch of bits in what is essentially an output bit field with the corresponding input bits at the same addresses read back from a simulated i/o bus structure. And I would also like to know if there is a better way of doing this. The C code actually works, doing what was intended - the \xff that one sees appearing back comes from the pullup resistors on the eBox's i/o. I can show that it is working by adding some resistance and capacitance (by holding the connector against my tongue) in which case I get a munged version of the fox back. (- evidently my tongue is not such a perfect communications medium as I would like to believe.) Passing the fox is actually deceptive and misleading, as in real use there would be no such correlation sideways across bits, as they are just representations of output lines. (Think coils in PLC jargon) Because if you are, then I think you share a great deal of responsibility for the death of that string -- sending the poor thing to its grave through some unknown C function. This string is NOT dead - it is alive, and not even stunned - it just looks as if it is sleeping because of the \xff - which comes from the fact that there is no real hardware out there yet. The C functions are very simple ones actually - they just do what are essentially Linux I/O system calls - setting direction bits for a port (in or out) and then reading or writing the data. - Hendrik -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: generate methods at runtime, but the wrong one gets called
Le Monday 25 August 2008 11:37:23 Steven Samuel Cole, vous avez écrit :
Hello,
I am writing an application that controls robots. Different robots can
do different kinds of movements, such as e.g. open gripper, rotate
gripper, etc. My RobotControl class should support all kinds of
robots. I therefore delegate the actual control work to extra
control-specific classes, one class per movement type, e.g.
OpenGripperControl, RotateGripperControl. These movement control
classes are created by a simple class factory.
i don't get your design, it seems over-complicated to mee at first glance.
This is my class half-way through:
...
I tried this in class RobotControl in __init__() in the 'for
movementType ...' loop:
funcName = 'Set' + movementType
function = lambda self, value:
self.__setMovementTypeValue(movementType, value)
method = new.instancemethod(function, self, self.__class__)
setattr(self, funcName, method)
and the code somewhat seems to work, but instead of SetOpenGripper,
SetRotateGripper is called.
The free variable movementType in the lambda is evaluated lately as it were in
its last state once you return from __init__, if you want to early bind it to
its value in each step of a for loop, you must use :
func = lambda s, v, m_t=movementType : s.__setMovementTypeValue(m_t, v)
My questions:
1.) Does this look like a somewhat reasonable approach to someone who
knows more about Python than me ?
At first, what you do is creating instancemethod and bound them to an instance
of your class, I find this confusing. Why not just use __getattr__ special
method ?
(you don't need __setMovementTypeValue in this example)
def __getattr__(self, name) :
if name.startswith('Set') :
movement = name.lstrip('Set')
if movement in self.__controls :
return lambda value : self.__controls[movement].SetValue(value)
raise AttributeError
That said, if I understand you well, your class RobotControl seems to contain
only logic that is not specific to an instance, nor to a class of instances.
In other OOP language I would encourage you to implement this logic in some
sort of singleton, but in python we don't like this construct, module level
variables and function do perfectly the job, simple as they are.
2.) What could I be doing wrong ?
I have a suspicion that my error is not even related to all this fancy
runtime code generation stuff, but something really dumb and I've just
been coding for too long to see it.
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2007-June/446601.html
shows a somewhat comparable constellation and it was a good guideline.
But there, the function is created by the class factory, as well and I
unfortunately can't do that.
Thank you very much,
Steve
--
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--
_
Maric Michaud
--
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Re: Python String Immutability Broken!
Hendrik van Rooyen wrote: ... Actually, I am not complaining - I am asking for advice on the side effects of what I am doing, which is replacing a bunch of bits in what is essentially an output bit field with the corresponding input bits at the same addresses read back from a simulated i/o bus structure. And I would also like to know if there is a better way of doing this. Yes, there is a better way. Use a character array instead of a string. http://python.net/crew/theller/ctypes/tutorial.html#arrays ... - Ken -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: I can't fetch dom node in svg file with getElementById method (module minidom and libxml2dom)
On 25 Aug, 11:43, KLEIN Stéphane [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, I've a xml svg file and I would like to update it with Python. First, I would like to fetch one dom node with getElementByID. I've one issue about this method. [SVG file with id attribute on svg element] In [1]: from xml.dom import minidom In [2]: dom1 = minidom.parse(myfile.svg) In [3]: print(dom1.getElementById(usvg2383)) None In [4]: print(dom1.getElementById(svg2383)) None I don't understand why getElementById return always None. Here's a possible explanation: http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html#ID-getElBId Attributes with the name ID are not of type ID unless so defined. Implementations that do not know whether attributes are of type ID or not are expected to return null. Other example with libxml2dom library : $ ipython In [1]: import libxml2dom In [2]: dom2 = libxml2dom.parseFile(myfile.svg) In [3]: print(dom2.getElementById(usvg2383)) None In [4]: print(dom2.getElementById(svg2383)) I don't understand why getElementById return always None. Here it's because I programmed it to do so. ;-) In fact, the getElementById method provided by documents parsed by the libxml2dom.svg module also return None in this case, although if I were to take a look at the SVG DTD or schema, perhaps I should provide such behaviour for SVG documents specifically. Well, my final purpose isn't to fetch root dom node but to fetch many other sub node. You could always try using an XPath expression: node = (dom2.xpath(//[EMAIL PROTECTED]'svg2383']) or [None])[0] Similar things could be done in PyXML and other libraries, I'm sure, but minidom lacks XPath support, if I remember correctly. Paul P.S. There's so much I could be doing with libxml2dom, but we don't all have enough time for everything we'd like to do (as I'm sure many can understand). However, a Mercurial repository tracking the latest work is available here: https://hg.boddie.org.uk/libxml2dom -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to check in CGI if client disconnected
On Aug 25, 5:49 pm, Vishal [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi Graham, Thanks for the reply. In my case, it's the other way round. I need to check if the amount of data sent is equal to the file size i want to send. However, the question is - when do i check this? Currently, i am unable to call any cleanup code before exit. Best you will do for writing, is to catch exceptions around the call outputing the data. If an exception occurs then a problem has obviously occurred. Graham Regards, -vishal. On Aug 25, 11:44 am, Graham Dumpleton [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Aug 25, 4:26 pm, Vishal [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, Thanks for the replies. In my case, the cgi is sending a large file to the client. In case the the stop button is pressed on the browser to cancel the download, i want to do some cleanup action. It's all one- way transfer in this case, so i can't expect the client to send anything to me. I read somewhere that apache sends the SIGTERM signal to a cgi when the client disconnects. However, my cgi is not getting the signal - is there a way to have the cgi catch and handle the SIGTERM? I tried using the signal module --- def sigtermHandler(signum, frame): # do some cleanup signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, sigtermHandler) --- But even this doesn't work. Have you considered simply checking to see if the amount of POST content read matches the inbound Content-Length specified in the CGI environment. If your processing of POST content finds less than what was meant to be sent, then likely that the client browser aborted request before all content could be sent. Graham Regards, -vishal. On Aug 25, 2:58 am, Gabriel Genellina [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: En Sun, 24 Aug 2008 17:51:36 -0300, Wojtek Walczak [EMAIL PROTECTED] escribió: On Sun, 24 Aug 2008 17:21:52 -0300, Gabriel Genellina wrote: I am writing a CGI to serve files to the caller. I was wondering if there is any way to tell in my CGI if the client browser is still connected. If it is not, i want to execute some special code before exiting. Is there any way to do this? Any help on this is appreciated :) I don't think so. A CGI script runs once per request, and exits. The server may find that client disconnected, but that may happen after the script finished. I am not a web developer, but I think that the only way is to set a timeout on server side. You can't be sure that the client disconnected, but you can stop CGI script if there's no action on client side for too long. Which kind of client action? Every link clicked or form submitted generates a different request that triggers a CGI script; the script starts, reads its parameters, do its task, and exits. There is no long running process in CGI - the whole world must be recreated on each request (a total waste of resources, sure). If processing takes so much time, it's better to assign it a ticket - the user may come back later and see if its ticket has been finished, or the system may send an email telling him. -- Gabriel Genellina -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: For loop inside an xml template
On 25 Aug, 10:58, Amie [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Is it possible to have a for loop within an xml template? Yes it is: http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt.html#for-each Depending on what you mean by xml template, of course. Paul -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
python/xpath issue..
hey guys...
got a weird, hopefully simple issue.
the following sample bit of script is stripped down, and simply gets the
form node from the specified site schedule.psu.edu.
the problem i run into is that the dom/xpath from the libxml2dom works, and
i get the dom object everytime i run the app, but that the xpath is
intermittent!!! in other words, i can run the script 10 times.. and it might
work 7 or 8 times.. the other times, the xpath doesn't give the nodes
back...
when it works, name1_ in the app should be a list of nodes (for the 2 forms
in the page). and len_ should be 2.
is there anything you might suggest that i try in order to get a better
handle on exactly what might be going on here...
keep in mind, i'm not a python guy, just trying to get this to consistently
work... my suspicion is that the culprit might be memory related...
i'm running linux, on a x86 dual core with 4G ram. the python is 2.5.1.
thoughts/comments/etc would be appreciated...
-thanks!!!
#!/usr/bin/python
#
# test.py
#
# scrapes/extracts the basic data for the college
#
#
# the app gets/stores
# name
# url
# address (street/city/state
# phone
#
##
#test python script
import re
import libxml2dom
import urllib
import urllib2
import sys, string
from mechanize import Browser
import mechanize
#import tidy
import os.path
import cookielib
from libxml2dom import Node
from libxml2dom import NodeList
import subprocess
import time
#
# Parse pricegrabber.com
##cj = p
##COOKIEFILE = 'cookies.lwp'
#cookielib = 1
urlopen = urllib2.urlopen
#cj = urllib2.cookielib.LWPCookieJar()
##cj = cookielib.LWPCookieJar()
Request = urllib2.Request
br = Browser()
br2 = Browser()
##if cj != None:
## print sss
###install the CookieJar for the default CookieProcessor
## if os.path.isfile(COOKIEFILE):
## cj.load(COOKIEFILE)
## print foo\n
## if cookielib:
## opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
## urllib2.install_opener(opener)
## print foo2\n
user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
values1 = {'name' : 'Michael Foord',
'location' : 'Northampton',
'language' : 'Python' }
headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }
url=http://schedule.psu.edu/;
#===
if __name__ == __main__:
# main app
txdata = None
#
##br.set_cookiejar(cj)
br.set_handle_redirect(True)
br.set_handle_referer(True)
br.set_handle_robots(False)
br.addheaders = [('User-Agent', 'Firefox')]
print url =,url
br.open(url)
##cj.save(COOKIEFILE)# resave cookies
res = br.response() # this is a copy of response
s = res.read()
print slen=,len(s)
# s contains HTML not XML text
d = libxml2dom.parseString(s, html=1)
print d,d
name_=[]
len_=0
name_ = d.xpath(//form)
#name_ = d.xpath(/html/body/form)
print name1,name_
len_ = len(name_)
print len,len(name_)
#print sdlfs
sys.exit()
# else:
# print err in form_ID
print here...
--
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Tkinter - How to create combo box using Tix with the existing Tkinter widgets/
Hi, I'm using Tkinter module to create a GUI application. I found that the combo box is not present in Tkinter module. It comes with Tix module. Could some one give me an example to create a combo box whilst using Tix and Tkinter? I've been using the following to create my tkinter widgets: myRoot = Tk() and in my Gui code, I've been using self.lbAnalysisLib = Listbox(master, \ yscrollcommand = self.vsbAnalysisLib.set,\ height = 1, width = 30) Please suggest how could I call the Tix's combo box from my existing GUI application that heavily uses the Tkinter widgets? Kindly provide me some code examples. Thanks and regards, Rajat -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: swig double[], under the gun and need help
Sells, Fred wrote:
I'm using python 2.4 under linux (centos 5.1).
I need to pass an array of doubles to a c function
but am getting an error, shown near the bottom of
this post.
my swig interface file looks like this
* File: rug520.i */
%module rug520
%include typemaps.i
%include carrays.i
%array_class(double, doubleArray);
%{
#define SWIG_FILE_WITH_INIT
#include rug520.h
extern double[] nCmiArray;
%}
%apply int *OUTPUT { char *sRugHier,
char * sRugMax,
int * iRugHier,
int * iRugMax,
double * nCmiValueHier,
double * nCmiValueMax,
int * iAdlSum,
int * iCpsCode,
char * sRugsVersion,
char * sDllVersion,
int * iError };
int RugCalc( char * sMdsRecord,
char * sRehabType,
char * sModel,
int iQuarterlyFlag,
double nCmiArray[],
char * sRugHier,
char * sRugMax,
int * iRugHier,
int * iRugMax,
double * nCmiValueHier,
double * nCmiValueMax,
int * iAdlSum,
int * iCpsCode,
char * sRugsVersion,
char * sDllVersion,
int * iError );
--
my test code looks like this:
import sys, os, rug520
cmi=[0.0] *59
def getrug(mds):
results = rug520.RugCalc(mds, 'mcare', '34', 0, cmi)
print 'results', results
datafile = open('mdsdata.txt')
for d in datafile:
if d[0]=='B':
getrug(d)
I get this error message
File testrug520.py, line 11, in ?
getrug(d)
File testrug520.py, line 5, in getrug
results = rug520.RugCalc(mds, 'mcare', '34', 0, cmi)
TypeError: in method 'RugCalc', argument 5 of type 'double []'
--
I'm guessing that I am not passing a double array to the c code. I cannot
change
the c code due to politics. I could write a c wrapper if I had to, but
would rather stay within python or the swig interface definitions if
possible/practical.
I'm not much of a c programmer; mostly java and python with a little c++.
I've looked in the swig docs and tried google, but either have not found
it or just don't understand what they are telling me here.
I don't know swig, but if all you have is a real C-API, try use ctypes.
It's much easier to create bindings for, keeps you fully in the warm and
cozy womb of python programming and doesn't need no compilation to create
the actual binding.
Diez
--
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Re: Best way to set/get an object property
On Aug 25, 4:31 am, Steven D'Aprano
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
On Sun, 24 Aug 2008 23:56:27 -0700, Hussein B wrote:
On Aug 24, 7:12 pm, Steven D'Aprano [EMAIL PROTECTED]
cybersource.com.au wrote:
I noted that Python encourage the usage of: -- obj.prop = data
x = obj.prop
--
to set/get an object's property value. What if I want to run some
logic upon setting/getting a property? What is Python preferred
method to do so (using the new feature 'property')? I don't think
__getattr__ and __setattr__ are practical (I have to code the
property name into them).
...
I think the actual answer to his question is that properties are the
preferred way to run some logic upon setting/getting an attribute,
that is, to implement getters and setters.
Hussein, the Java habit of writing setters and getters for everything
isn't considered good practice in Python, but if you need them, that's
exactly what the property() function is for.
--
Steven
Thank you Steven :)
--
public class JClass {
private int answer; // property
}
--
class PyClass(object):
doc __init__(self):
self.answer = None
--
AFAIUY (understand you), what it is called a property in Java, it is
called an attribute in Python?
Why Python encourages direct access to object's attributes? aren't
setters/getters considered vital in OOP (encapsulation)?
Thank you all for your time and help.
Hussein, first let me ask you to please stop using -- as a separator
around code. Many News clients, including mine, expect -- on a line by
itself to mean everything from here on is the writer's signature, and
consequently that makes it harder to reply correctly to your posts. I had
to manually copy and paste your text in order to quote it. Perhaps you
could use === or +++ or *** as a separator?
Now, back to your actual question...
I'm not a Java coder, so the following should be read as my opinion.
Python attributes are equivalent to Java _public_ properties, not
private. If you can write:
public class JClass {
public int answer;
}
then that would be more or less equivalent to Python's
class PyClass(object):
def __init__(self):
self.answer = None
Yes, Python does encourage direct access to an object's attributes. The
Python philosophy is we're all adults here. If coders wish to shoot
themselves in the foot by accessing clearly marked private attributes,
then the language can't stop them and shouldn't try. It's easy to bypass
such private/public protection in C++, and harder, but still possible, in
Java.
The Python development team is certainly aware that such a tactic
introduces some costs, by reducing encapsulation, but it also has many
benefits (e.g. less boilerplate getter/setter methods, faster development
time). It is their belief that such costs are worth paying in order to
get the benefits. That's the philosophy of the language. Python is not
trying to be Java, and Java should not try to be Python.
Python does not enforce private attributes. By convention attributes
starting with a single underscore are considered private -- don't touch
unless you know what you're doing. Attributes starting with a double
underscore are really private, and Python mangles the name to (almost)
enforce it.
Example:
def Parrot(object):
colour = 'red' # public, free to use
_windspan = 15 # semi-private, use it at your own risk
__species = 'Norwegian Blue' # mangled to _Parrot__species
But it's quite rare to see double-underscore really private attributes
in Python code. It is considered to go against the spirit of the language.
I'm told that in Java it is quite difficult to change a class from using
public attributes to getters/setters, and therefore many Java developers
prefer to use getters/setters right from the beginning. But in Python it
is very easy to change from a bare attribute to a computed property
without messing up calling code. So there's no advantage to writing
something like this:
class Foo(object):
def __init__(self):
self.__x = None # private attribute
def setx(self, x): # setter
self.__x = x
def getx(self): # getter
return self.__x
x = property(getx, setx)
That is considered a waste of time in Python circles and is strongly
discouraged.
You should read Python Is Not Java and Java Is Not Python Either:
http://dirtsimple.org/2004/12/python-is-not-java.html
http://dirtsimple.org/2004/12/java-is-not-python-either.html
--
Steven
Thank you all guys and big thank you Steven, I owe you a beer.
Sorry, I wasn't aware of the two dashes problem as I use Google Group/
Reader.
comp.lang.python really rocks much more friendly and useful than
comp.lang.ruby
--
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Re: urllib2 HTTPBasicAuthHandler and resumingbroken downloads
On Aug 22, 1:59 pm, Gabriel Genellina [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: En Fri, 22 Aug 2008 08:55:57 -0300, Brendan [EMAIL PROTECTED] escribi : On Aug 21, 3:57 pm, Gabriel Genellina [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: En Thu, 21 Aug 2008 15:37:41 -0300, Brendan [EMAIL PROTECTED] escribi : Is there any way to resume an https file download using urllib2 and an HTTPBasicAuthHandler? You should provide the Range header (and probably If-Range too) in the request.http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.35 Ug. Why does everything in Python boil down to reading rfcs? It really slows us non computer science types down. I'll probably spend a day on this instead of an hour. I did search the web but had no luck finding an example, so I posted here as a last resort. The easy way is to use wget... If you want a Python example, go to the Python cookbook:http://code.activestate.com/recipes/langs/python/ enter resume download in the search box, and the very first recipe shows how to use the Range header. -- Gabriel Genellina- Hide quoted text - - Show quoted text - Thanks for the link. Much appreciated. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Equivalents of Ruby's ! methods?
Hi All,
Quick question, I can't seem to find the answer online (well, at the
moment I think the answer is a simple no but I would like to
confirm).
Consider the following hash:
h = { 1 : a\r, 2 : b\n }
In order to strip the dict values in Python I (think) I can only do
something like:
for k,v in h.items:
h[k] = v.strip()
While in Ruby - for the equivale dict/hash - I have the option of an
in-place method:
h.each_value { |v| val.strip! }
Are there Python equivalents to the ! methods in Ruby?
The reason I ask is that I have some fairly complex data-structures
and this would make my code alot cleaner... If this is not an accepted
and pythonic way of doing things then please let me know... and I'll
stop!
Thanks in advance
SM
--
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_
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rspec for python
Is there anything equivalent to rspec for python? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: I can't fetch dom node in svg file with getElementById method (module minidom and libxml2dom)
Le Mon, 25 Aug 2008 04:30:00 -0700, Paul Boddie a écrit : Well, my final purpose isn't to fetch root dom node but to fetch many other sub node. You could always try using an XPath expression: node = (dom2.xpath(//[EMAIL PROTECTED]'svg2383']) or [None])[0] Similar things could be done in PyXML and other libraries, I'm sure, but minidom lacks XPath support, if I remember correctly. Thanks ! It work. Regards, Stephane -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Tkinter - How to create combo box using Tix with the existing Tkinter widgets/
On Mon, Aug 25, 2008 at 12:57 PM, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, I'm using Tkinter module to create a GUI application. I found that the combo box is not present in Tkinter module. It comes with Tix module. Could some one give me an example to create a combo box whilst using Tix and Tkinter? I've been using the following to create my tkinter widgets: myRoot = Tk() and in my Gui code, I've been using self.lbAnalysisLib = Listbox(master, \ yscrollcommand = self.vsbAnalysisLib.set,\ height = 1, width = 30) Please suggest how could I call the Tix's combo box from my existing GUI application that heavily uses the Tkinter widgets? Kindly provide me some code examples. Thanks and regards, Rajat Ok...now I found the way to do that. But I'm stuck further. my code is as below: main module ** myRoot = Tix.Tk() myAppGUIObject = myAppGUI(myRoot) Gui module class myAppGUI: def __init__(self, master): self.cbAnalysisLib = Tix.ComboBox(master, label = Analysis Library:) self.cbAnalysisLib.grid(row = 3, column = 1, padx = 30, pady = 30, sticky = W) self.cbAnalysisLib.config(editable = 0) self.cbAnalysisLibVersion = Tix.ComboBox(master, label = Reference Analysis Library Version:, \ labelside = 'left') self.cbAnalysisLibVersion.grid(row = 5, column = 1, padx = 30, pady = 30, sticky = W) self.cbAnalysisLibVersion.config(editable = 0) The problem is that the labelside option is not working. I'm not able to use even the wraptext option. -- Regrads, Rajat -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Equivalents of Ruby's ! methods?
On Mon, Aug 25, 2008 at 8:52 PM, Simon Mullis [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Hi All,
Quick question, I can't seem to find the answer online (well, at the
moment I think the answer is a simple no but I would like to
confirm).
Consider the following hash:
h = { 1 : a\r, 2 : b\n }
In order to strip the dict values in Python I (think) I can only do
something like:
for k,v in h.items:
h[k] = v.strip()
While in Ruby - for the equivale dict/hash - I have the option of an
in-place method:
h.each_value { |v| val.strip! }
Are there Python equivalents to the ! methods in Ruby?
The reason I ask is that I have some fairly complex data-structures
and this would make my code alot cleaner... If this is not an accepted
and pythonic way of doing things then please let me know... and I'll
stop!
how about this one:
h = { 1 : a\r, 2 : b\n }
dict((k, h[k].strip()) for k in h)
{'1': 'a', '2': 'b'}
--
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Leo Jay
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Re: For loop inside an xml template
On Aug 25, 1:33 pm, Paul Boddie [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On 25 Aug, 10:58, Amie [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Is it possible to have a for loop within an xml template? Yes it is: http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt.html#for-each Depending on what you mean by xml template, of course. Paul Thanks, that seems to help a bit Cheers -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Equivalents of Ruby's ! methods?
Simon Mullis [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes:
Consider the following hash:
h = { 1 : a\r, 2 : b\n }
This is a 'dict' instance in Python. A 'hash' is a different concept.
In order to strip the dict values in Python I (think) I can only do
something like:
for k,v in h.items:
h[k] = v.strip()
The above won't do what you describe, since 'h.items' evaluates to
that function object, which is not iterable. If you want the return
value of the function, you must call the function:
for (k, v) in h.items():
h[k] = v.strip()
This will create a new value from each existing value, and re-bind
each key to the new value for that key. Clear, straightforward, and
Pythonic.
You can also create a new dict from a generator, and re-bind the name
to that new dict:
h = dict(
(k, v.strip())
for (k, v) in h.items())
Also quite Pythonic, but rather less clear if one hasn't yet
understood generator expressions. Very useful to have when needed,
though.
While in Ruby - for the equivale dict/hash - I have the option of an
in-place method:
h.each_value { |v| val.strip! }
Are there Python equivalents to the ! methods in Ruby?
I'm not overly familiar with Ruby, but the feature you describe above
seems to rely on mutating the string value in-place. Is that right?
Strings in Python are immutable (among other reasons, this allows them
to meet the requirement of dict keys to be immutable, which in turn
allows dict implementations to be very fast), so you can only get a
new value for a string by creating a new string instance and re-bind
the reference to that new value.
Either of the above Python implementations will do this.
--
\ “Kissing a smoker is like licking an ashtray.” —anonymous |
`\ |
_o__) |
Ben Finney
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Re: Python String Immutability Broken!
On Mon, 25 Aug 2008 03:43:01 -0700, Ken Seehart wrote: You can also use ctypes to globally change the value of integers less than 101. Personally, I don't particularly like the number 14. I changed it to 9 and I am much happier now. Okay, you've got me curious. How do you do that, and why only up to 101? -- Steven -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Equivalents of Ruby's ! methods?
On Aug 25, 7:52 am, Simon Mullis [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Consider the following hash:
h = { 1 : a\r, 2 : b\n }
In Python, this called a dict. hash sounds so... perlish.
In order to strip the dict values in Python I (think) I can only do
something like:
for k,v in h.items:
h[k] = v.strip()
While in Ruby - for the equivale dict/hash - I have the option of an
in-place method:
h.each_value { |v| val.strip! }
Are there Python equivalents to the ! methods in Ruby?
You have pretty much answered your own question. ! methods are not
specially named or annotated in Python, str.strip is the method that
corresponds to strip!. It looks a little different since you left off
the ()'s in the Ruby example (as is your privilege and right in Ruby).
Pythonistically speaking, even though a dict is a mutable thing, I'm
learning that the accepted practice for methods like this is not so
much to update in place as it is to use generator expressions to
construct a new object. For example, given a list of integers to 100,
instead of removing all of the even numbers (with the attendant
hassles of updating a list while iterating over it), just create a new
list of the numbers that are not even.
In your dict case, this would just be:
h = dict( k,v.strip() for k,v in h.iteritems() )
Perhaps I am overgeneralizing from comments I have read here on c.l.py
about creating new lists instead updating old ones. But in your loop,
you *will* end up doing a re-assignment of every value in the dict,
even if the original value had no whitespace to strip.
-- Paul
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Re: Equivalents of Ruby's ! methods?
Thanks to all for the quick responses.
2008/8/25 Ben Finney [EMAIL PROTECTED]:
This is a 'dict' instance in Python. A 'hash' is a different concept.
In order to strip the dict values in Python I (think) I can only do
something like:
for k,v in h.items:
h[k] = v.strip()
The above won't do what you describe, since 'h.items' evaluates to
that function object, which is not iterable. If you want the return
value of the function, you must call the function:
for (k, v) in h.items():
h[k] = v.strip()
Yes - absolutely, a typo on my part.
This will create a new value from each existing value, and re-bind
each key to the new value for that key. Clear, straightforward, and
Pythonic.
You can also create a new dict from a generator, and re-bind the name
to that new dict:
h = dict(
(k, v.strip())
for (k, v) in h.items())
Also quite Pythonic, but rather less clear if one hasn't yet
understood generator expressions. Very useful to have when needed,
though.
Thanks for this - I'll have a look!
While in Ruby - for the equivale dict/hash - I have the option of an
in-place method:
h.each_value { |v| val.strip! }
Are there Python equivalents to the ! methods in Ruby?
I'm not overly familiar with Ruby, but the feature you describe above
seems to rely on mutating the string value in-place. Is that right?
There are a number of methods that can be used to change things
in-place such as:
String.new().grep_methods(!)
= [upcase!, gsub!, downcase!, chop!, capitalize!, tr!,
chomp!, swapcase!, tr_s!, succ!, strip!, delete!,
lstrip!, squeeze!, next!, rstrip!, slice!, reverse!,
sub!]
Or,
Array.new().grep_methods(!)
= [map!, shuffle!, uniq!, reject!, compact!, slice!,
sort!, flatten!, collect!, reverse!]
They normally have a non-! partner which is used only for a return
value and does not affect the original object.
But! This isn't a Ruby group so I'll stop now... ;-)
Strings in Python are immutable (among other reasons, this allows them
to meet the requirement of dict keys to be immutable, which in turn
allows dict implementations to be very fast), so you can only get a
new value for a string by creating a new string instance and re-bind
the reference to that new value.
Normally I would use a Ruby symbol as a hash key:
h = { :key1 = val1, :key2 = val2 }
From the stdlib docs:
The same Symbol object will be created for a given name or string for
the duration of a program's execution, regardless of the context or
meaning of that name. Thus if Fred is a constant in one context, a
method in another, and a class in a third, the Symbol :Fred will be
the same object in all three contexts.
There is no equivalent in Python (as far as I know, and I'm only in my
second week of Python so I'm more than likely incorrect!).
If you're interested:
http://www.randomhacks.net/articles/2007/01/20/13-ways-of-looking-at-a-ruby-symbol
Thanks again for the pointers.
--
Simon Mullis
_
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passing arguments to exec
i want to execute a python script using exec open('script.py'). how do
I pass arguments?
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Re: passing arguments to exec
On Mon, 25 Aug 2008 06:31:53 -0700 (PDT), Alexandru Mosoi wrote:
i want to execute a python script using exec open('script.py'). how do
I pass arguments?
Take a look at subprocess module. It comes with a set of examples.
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Wojtek Walczak,
http://tosh.pl/gminick/
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signal and threading
Hello group, in following example, a signal handler is registered and a thread started. if I call self.doSomethin() directly the code works as I would expect. as i send a SIGINT shutdown is called and the script terminates. as soon as I call doSomething() in a thread the the SIGINT handler is never called again and i have to terminate the script with a SIGTERM or SIGKILL. well, i would expect the handler to be called in both cases, am i missing something? by the way. calling os.kill(os.getpid(), signal.SIGINT) works as I would expect, what don't is kill -s SIGINT pid # where pid is the actual process id the code: class Runner(object): def __init__(self): print os.getpid() self.shd = False signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self.shutdown) threading.Thread(target=self.doSomething).start() # the following works fine: #os.kill(os.getpid(), signal.SIGINT) def doSomething(self): while not self.shd: pass def shutdown(self, signo, frm): self.shd = True if __name__ == '__main__': Runner() ~levon -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python String Immutability Broken!
Steven D'Aprano wrote: On Mon, 25 Aug 2008 03:43:01 -0700, Ken Seehart wrote: You can also use ctypes to globally change the value of integers less than 101. Personally, I don't particularly like the number 14. I changed it to 9 and I am much happier now. Okay, you've got me curious. How do you do that, and why only up to 101? Up to 256 in current Python. Small integers are shared to save memory. After a quick look into the ctypes tutorial and the python source I came up with # 64-bit linux from ctypes import * libc = cdll.LoadLibrary(libc.so.6) libc.memset(id(14)+16, 0, 8) 7742336 14 0 14 == 0 True Peter -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
When I do from lxml import etree I've this error : AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'BytesIO'
Hi, I'm on Ubuntu 8.04.1 I've installed lxml with easy_install lxml command. Now, when I load etree I've this error : $ python Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Apr 21 2008, 11:12:42) [GCC 4.2.3 (Ubuntu 4.2.3-2ubuntu7)] on linux2 Type help, copyright, credits or license for more information. from lxml import etree Traceback (most recent call last): File stdin, line 1, in module File lxml.etree.pyx, line 40, in lxml.etree (src/lxml/ lxml.etree.c:119415) AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'BytesIO' Have you some idea about this issue ? Thanks for your help, Stephane -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: When I do from lxml import etree I've this error : AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'BytesIO'
Le Mon, 25 Aug 2008 13:50:50 +, KLEIN Stéphane a écrit : Hi, I'm on Ubuntu 8.04.1 I've installed lxml with easy_install lxml command. Now, when I load etree I've this error : $ python Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Apr 21 2008, 11:12:42) [GCC 4.2.3 (Ubuntu 4.2.3-2ubuntu7)] on linux2 Type help, copyright, credits or license for more information. from lxml import etree Traceback (most recent call last): File stdin, line 1, in module File lxml.etree.pyx, line 40, in lxml.etree (src/lxml/ lxml.etree.c:119415) AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'BytesIO' Have you some idea about this issue ? I've this bug only with lxml2, lxml 1.3.3 work very well. Regards, Stephane -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Equivalents of Ruby's ! methods?
Simon Mullis:
h = { 1 : a\r, 2 : b\n }
I have the option of an in-place method:
h.each_value { |v| val.strip! }
This in-place version may be the closer code for Python 2.x:
d = {1: a\r, 2: b\n}
d.update((k, v.strip()) for k, v in d.iteritems())
You may also want to use v.rstrip() there instead.
Bye,
bearophile
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windows / Tkinter - Tix - combo box - how to bind function to an event
Hi, I'm using Tkinter and Tix. I've created a combo box which I am able to fill it up. I'm want to call a function as soon as user selects some thing from the combo box. More precisely, I want to know how can i bind my function to this selection event. What this event is technically called? Please suggest how can I do this? -- Regrads, Rajat -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
newbie question
hi all, i am new to python. i fetch a webpage with urllib, extract a few numbers in a format as follow; 10,884 24,068 my question is how to remove the comma between the number, since i have to add them up later. sorry for my bad english. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Equivalents of Ruby's ! methods?
Simon Mullis [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: There is no equivalent in Python (as far as I know, and I'm only in my second week of Python so I'm more than likely incorrect!). Python uses strings for that purpose, which works well due to their immutability. Python automatically interns strings used in source code that look like identifiers, so memory is saved. An even closer equivalent of symbols are interned strings (see the intern built-in), but they are not as nice to work with as real symbols. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: What is class method?
Steven D'Aprano [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes:
On Sun, 24 Aug 2008 11:09:46 +0200, Hrvoje Niksic wrote:
Use [classmethod] when your method needs to know what class it is
called from.
Ordinary methods know what class they are called from
I guess I should have added and no more. :-)
Why is this useful? Consider the dict method fromkeys. You can
call it from any dictionary, but it doesn't care which dict you call
it from, only that it is being called from a dict:
That's also a good example of the difference between classmethod and
staticmethod, since fromkeys is smart enough to use the type
information.
class X(dict):
... pass
...
x = X.fromkeys({1: 2})
type(x)
class '__main__.X' # not type 'dict'
If 'fromkeys' were a staticmethod, it would have to be hardcoded to
always create dicts.
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Re: Filling in Degrees in a Circle (Astronomy)
W. eWatson wrote:
The other night I surveyed a site for astronomical use by measuring the
altitude (0-90 degrees above the horizon) and az (azimuth, 0 degrees
north clockwise around the site to 360 degrees, almost north again) of
obstacles, trees. My purpose was to feed this profile of obstacles
(trees) to an astronomy program that would then account for not sighting
objects below the trees.
When I got around to entering them into the program by a file, I found
it required the alt at 360 azimuth points in order from 0 to 360 (same
as 0). Instead I have about 25 points, and expected the program to be
able to do simple linear interpolation between those.
Is there some simple operational device in Python that would allow me to
create an array (vector) of 360 points from my data by interpolating
between azimuth points when necessary? All my data I rounded to the
nearest integer. Maybe there's an interpolation operator?
As an example, supposed I had made 3 observations: (0,0) (180,45) and
(360,0). I would want some thing like (note the slope of the line from 0
to 179 is 45/180 or 0.25):
alt: 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, ... 44.75, 45.0
az : 0, 1,2,3, 180
Of course, I don't need the az.
Using one of the Python maths packages (scipy, sage, ...) is no doubt
better, but out of interest here is some first-principles interpolation:
8-
class NewtonInterpolatingPolynomial(object):
def __init__(self):
self._domain = []
self._codomain = []
self._diffs = None
self._coeffs = []
def add_data_point(self, x, y):
self._domain.append(x)
self._codomain.append(y)
if self._diffs is None:
self._diffs = {}
else:
degree = len(self._domain) - 2
_x = self._domain[-2]
_y = self._codomain[-2]
self._diffs[(degree, degree+1)] = (y - _y) / (x - _x)
indices = range(degree+2)
for t in ( tuple(indices[i:]) for i in
reversed(indices[:-2]) ):
denominator = self._domain[t[0]] - self._domain[t[-1]]
k, _k = self._diffs[t[1:]], self._diffs[t[:-1]]
self._diffs[t] = (_k - k) / denominator
self._coeffs.append(self._diffs[tuple(indices)])
def __str__(self):
N = len(self._domain)
if not N:
return ''
parts = [str(self._codomain[0])]
multipliers = [''.join(('(X - ',str(C),')')) for C in
self._domain[:-1]]
for i, k in enumerate(self._coeffs):
parts.append('*'.join([str(k)] + multipliers[:i+1]))
return ' + '.join(parts)
def interpolate(self, gamma):
#return eval(str(self).replace('X', str(gamma)))
ret = self._codomain[0]
K = 1
multipliers = [gamma-C for C in self._domain[:-1]]
for i, k in enumerate(multipliers):
K *= k
ret += self._coeffs[i] * K
return ret
def __call__(self, x):
return self.interpolate(x)
rawdata = '''
018
18 18
27 16
34 20
48 20
59 28
72 32
'''
data = [map(float, line.split() ) for line in rawdata.splitlines() if line]
newton = NewtonInterpolatingPolynomial()
for x, y in data:
newton.add_data_point(x, y)
print newton
for P in range(80):
print P, '- ', newton(P)
18.0 + 0.0*(X - 0.0) + -0.0082304526749*(X - 0.0)*(X - 18.0) +
0.00170098903759*(X - 0.0)*(X - 18.0)*(X - 27.0) + -8.87803681143e-05*(X
- 0.0)*(X - 18.0)*(X - 27.0)*(X - 34.0) + 3.29057245545e-06*(X - 0.0)*(X
- 18.0)*(X - 27.0)*(X - 34.0)*(X - 48.0) + -8.98633510787e-08*(X -
0.0)*(X - 18.0)*(X - 27.0)*(X - 34.0)*(X - 48.0)*(X - 59.0)
0 - 18.0
1 - 26.0156268043
2 - 31.8038369501
3 - 35.719116702
4 - 38.0797664434
5 - 39.1701395406
6 - 39.2428165062
7 - 38.5207144606
8 - 37.1991318912
9 - 35.4477287116
10 - 33.4124416172
11 - 31.2173347409
12 - 28.9663856061
13 - 26.7452063785
14 - 24.6227004166
15 - 22.6526541194
16 - 20.8752640745
17 - 19.3185995022
18 - 18.0
19 - 16.9274085845
20 - 16.1006400316
21 - 15.5125845157
22 - 15.1503465468
23 - 14.996319206
24 - 15.0291936797
25 - 15.2249040921
26 - 15.5575076355
27 - 16.0
28 - 16.525066101
29 - 17.1057661048
30 - 17.7161567532
31 - 18.3318479864
32 - 18.9304948638
33 - 19.4922247833
34 - 20.0
35 - 20.4399154416
36 - 20.8014318237
37 - 21.0775440624
38 - 21.2648849859
39 - 21.3637643445
40 - 21.3781431185
41 - 21.3155431251
42 - 21.1868919232
43 - 21.0063030167
44 - 20.7907913565
45 - 20.5599241405
46 -
Re: newbie question
sharon k wrote: hi all, i am new to python. i fetch a webpage with urllib, extract a few numbers in a format as follow; 10,884 24,068 my question is how to remove the comma between the number, since i have to add them up later. Strings have a replace method. Calling replace(,, ) on the string will do the trick here. -- Gerhard -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: newbie question
-BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-
Hash: SHA1
Hi sharon,
as I understand, you want to remove certain characters of a string. Try:
number = int(fetched_number.replace(',', ''))
this will first remove any , characters and then convert the string
into an integer.
Best,
Manuel
On Aug 25, 2008, at 4:15 PM, sharon k wrote:
hi all,
i am new to python.
i fetch a webpage with urllib, extract a few numbers in a format as
follow;
10,884
24,068
my question is how to remove the comma between the number, since i
have to add them up later.
sorry for my bad english.
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Version: GnuPG v1.4.7 (Darwin)
iD8DBQFIssKJcZ70OCIgLecRAkxTAJ4wWKxmlAS8hdQZK0Eoj7pAxwx41wCaA/eI
NY9GZKX6+PNIYIGaaghNvZg=
=JN2/
-END PGP SIGNATURE-
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Re: rspec for python
Rustom Mody wrote: Is there anything equivalent to rspec for python? I had to Google to see what it is: A Behaviour Driven Development framework for Ruby. In a blog article from Ian Bicking says that it is impossible to have a Python port of this because Python doesn't allow you to inject methods into the object class and suggests Python's doctest module as an alternative. Have you actually used this rspec thing in Ruby? I always wonder with such things. Same with all the other hyped technologies of yesteryear. Anybody out there who really uses model-driven development? -- Gerhard -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: newbie question
thank you for your prompt reply.
sorry seems i run into another problem, as follow;
a = 12,123
b = str(a)
c = int(b.replace(',', ''))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File stdin, line 1, in module
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '(12 123)'
the comma has become an empty space, it cannot be converted to an integer.
i try the above in a winxp python command line.
On Mon, Aug 25, 2008 at 10:48 PM, Gerhard Häring [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
sharon k wrote:
hi all,
i am new to python.
i fetch a webpage with urllib, extract a few numbers in a format as
follow;
10,884
24,068
my question is how to remove the comma between the number, since i have
to add them up later.
Strings have a replace method. Calling replace(,, ) on the string will
do the trick here.
-- Gerhard
--
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ANN: python-unixtools 0.0.1
I'm pleased to announce python-unixtools 0.0.1, a set of Unix tools implemented in pure Python. These tools are currently only meant as supplement to be able to use distutils's sdist_tar, sdist_bztar and sdist_gztar on Windows/Wine. Thus they currently only support the flags required by distutils. But perhaps this will grow. Feel free to enhance. Includes tools: * tar * gzip * bzip2 :Quick Installation: easy_install -U python-unixtools :Download: http://python-unixtools.origo.ethz.ch/download/ :Author:Hartmut Goebel [EMAIL PROTECTED] :Copyright: GNU Public Licence v3 (GPLv3) :Homepage: http://python-unixtools.origo.ethz.ch/ -- Schönen Gruß - Regards Hartmut Goebel Dilp.-Informatiker (univ.), CISSP Goebel Consult Spezialist für IT-Sicherheit in komplexen Umgebungen http://www.goebel-consult.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Read dbf file as read only
Hi, How can I access a foxpro dbf file from my python program. I just want to read it as a read only file. Regards, -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
ANN: pyspread 0.0.9
pyspread 0.0.9 has been released. About: pyspread is a spreadsheet that accepts a pure python expression in each cell. New features: + Find Replace + Undo Redo + New context menu in grid + Improved speed especially for large grids + Relative addressing revamped + CSV import improved + Icons changed to Tango iconset + Docstrings improved + Bug fixes in print framework Highlights: + Numpy high performance arrays for spreadsheet calculation + Full access to python batteries from each cell + No non-python syntax add-ons + 3D grid + Cell access via slicing of numpy array S + X, Y, and Z yield current cell location for relative reference Notes: Please use distutils for installation. Make sure that the old files are deleted: $ su $ rm -Rf [MyPythonPath]/site-packages/pyspread* $ python setup.py install $ exit $ pyspread.py Requires: Python =2.4, Numpy =1.1.0, and wxPython =2.8.7.1. License: GPL Project page: http://pyspread.sourceforge.net Enjoy Martin -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Equivalents of Ruby's ! methods?
On Mon, 25 Aug 2008 06:21:09 -0700, Paul McGuire wrote:
On Aug 25, 7:52 am, Simon Mullis [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Consider the following hash:
h = { 1 : a\r, 2 : b\n }
In Python, this called a dict. hash sounds so... perlish.
A hash is also a mixture, a jumble or mess, as in hash browns, or as in
to make a hash of something.
Also, a hash table is the conventional Computer Science term for what
Python calls dicts and Perl calls associative arrays.
--
Steven
--
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Re: Python String Immutability Broken!
En Mon, 25 Aug 2008 17:31:22 -0300, Hendrik van Rooyen [EMAIL PROTECTED] escribió: Patrick Maupin pmauail.com wrote: But let me get this straight: Are you just complaining that if you pass a string to an arbitrary C function using ctypes, that that arbitrary function can modify the string? Actually, I am not complaining - I am asking for advice on the side effects of what I am doing, which is replacing a bunch of bits in what is essentially an output bit field with the corresponding input bits at the same addresses read back from a simulated i/o bus structure. And I would also like to know if there is a better way of doing this. To avoid altering the equilibrium of the whole universe, use ctypes.create_string_buffer: http://python.net/crew/theller/ctypes/tutorial.html#fundamental-data-types -- Gabriel Genellina -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: newbie question
Hi sharon,
the problem is here that
a = 12,123
will actually create a tuple with two elements (namely 12 and 123):
a = 12,123
a
(12, 123)
Converting this to a string yields '(12, 123)', which is not what you
want (sounds confusing, bit soon you'll see how many amazing things
can be done like this :-)
Try:
a = 12,123
a = int(a.replace(',', ''))
I don't know the urllib, but I suppose if you use it to fetch content
from a web page it will return strings anyway.
On Aug 25, 2008, at 5:14 PM, sharon k wrote:
thank you for your prompt reply.
sorry seems i run into another problem, as follow;
a = 12,123
b = str(a)
c = int(b.replace(',', ''))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File stdin, line 1, in module
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '(12 123)'
the comma has become an empty space, it cannot be converted to an
integer. i try the above in a winxp python command line.
On Mon, Aug 25, 2008 at 10:48 PM, Gerhard Häring [EMAIL PROTECTED]
wrote:
sharon k wrote:
hi all,
i am new to python.
i fetch a webpage with urllib, extract a few numbers in a format as
follow;
10,884
24,068
my question is how to remove the comma between the number, since i
have to add them up later.
Strings have a replace method. Calling replace(,, ) on the
string will do the trick here.
-- Gerhard
--
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--
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--
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Re: rspec for python
On Aug 25, 8:58 am, Gerhard Häring [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Rustom Mody wrote: Is there anything equivalent to rspec for python? I had to Google to see what it is: A Behaviour Driven Development framework for Ruby. In a blog article from Ian Bicking says that it is impossible to have a Python port of this because Python doesn't allow you to inject methods into the object class and suggests Python's doctest module as an alternative. Have you actually used this rspec thing in Ruby? I always wonder with such things. Same with all the other hyped technologies of yesteryear. Anybody out there who really uses model-driven development? -- Gerhard In this case Ian (for whom I have a great deal of respect) is simply wrong. I know because I did it. Of course, it wasn't a port - I implemented the underlying language of an earlier version from scratch before I lost interest. Injecting methods into the object class is a tactical decision. There are a lot of things that make Ruby more suitable than Python for writing embedded DSLs; that is only one of them. Compare Rake and Scons - the Ruby and Python embedded DSL build systems that are intended to replace Make, Ant and similar external build DSLs. You can see the difference in fluency. John Roth Python FIT -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python String Immutability Broken!
On Aug 25, 3:31 pm, Hendrik van Rooyen [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Actually, I am not complaining - I am asking for advice on the side effects of what I am doing, which is replacing a bunch of bits in what is essentially an output bit field with the corresponding input bits at the same addresses read back from a simulated i/o bus structure. And I would also like to know if there is a better way of doing this. Whenever I do low-level stuff like this, I'm in one of two modes: Mode #1: I'm using somebody else's C library and the overhead of doing so is small. Mode #2: I need to code my own low-level stuff (for speed, IO access, whatever). In mode 1, I try not to break out a compiler. ctypes is great for this, and the results are pure python to the extent that you can give pure python to someone else with the same C library, and it will work. No muss, no fuss, no makefile, no question that ctypes is awesome stuff. In mode 2, I have to break out a compiler. I almost never do this without ALSO breaking out Pyrex. Pyrex is also awesome stuff, and in Pyrex, you can easily create a (new) Python string for your results without having to worry about reference counting or any other really nasty low level interpreter details. You can code a lot of stuff in pure Pyrex, and you can easily mix and match Pyrex and C. Pyrex and ctypes are both tools which let me connect to non-Python code without having to remember to handle Python interpreter internals correctly. If I can get by with ctypes, I do, but if I actually have to code in something other than Python to get the job done, I bypass ctypes and go straight for Pyrex. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: When I do from lxml import etree I've this error : AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'BytesIO'
KLEIN Stéphane wrote: Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Apr 21 2008, 11:12:42) from lxml import etree Traceback (most recent call last): File stdin, line 1, in module File lxml.etree.pyx, line 40, in lxml.etree (src/lxml/ lxml.etree.c:119415) AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'BytesIO' Do you have a module called io lying around in your Python path somewhere? lxml.etree checks for io.BytesIO (Py2.6/3.0) being available when it starts up, and only failing that, falls back to StringIO.StringIO (Py = 2.5). Stefan -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: newbie question
much thanks, your instructions are clear, problem solved!
:)
On Mon, Aug 25, 2008 at 11:43 PM, Manuel Ebert [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Hi sharon,
the problem is here that
a = 12,123
will actually create a tuple with two elements (namely 12 and 123):
a = 12,123
a
(12, 123)
Converting this to a string yields '(12, 123)', which is not what you want
(sounds confusing, bit soon you'll see how many amazing things can be done
like this :-)
Try:
a = 12,123
a = int(a.replace(',', ''))
I don't know the urllib, but I suppose if you use it to fetch content from
a web page it will return strings anyway.
On Aug 25, 2008, at 5:14 PM, sharon k wrote:
thank you for your prompt reply.
sorry seems i run into another problem, as follow;
a = 12,123
b = str(a)
c = int(b.replace(',', ''))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File stdin, line 1, in module
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '(12 123)'
the comma has become an empty space, it cannot be converted to an integer.
i try the above in a winxp python command line.
On Mon, Aug 25, 2008 at 10:48 PM, Gerhard Häring [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
sharon k wrote:
hi all,
i am new to python.
i fetch a webpage with urllib, extract a few numbers in a format as
follow;
10,884
24,068
my question is how to remove the comma between the number, since i have to
add them up later.
Strings have a replace method. Calling replace(,, ) on the string will
do the trick here.
-- Gerhard
--
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--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
--
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Re: tkinter: Round Button - Any idea?
akineko wrote: Hello everyone, I'm trying to implement a virtual instrument, which has buttons and displays, using Tkinter+Pmw. One of items on the virtual instrument is a round button. This is imitating a tact switch. Tkinter has a Button class, which I can assign a button image. However, when the button is depressed, the rectangle is sunken (rather than the round button). Probably I need to prepare two images, normal one and depressed one, and implement all button behaviours by myself. But before reinventing everything by myself, I'm wondering if there is an easy way to implement or there is existing widget example of such button. So far, I couldn't find any good examples. Any suggestions are highly appreciated. Best regards, Aki Niimura Try http://search.cpan.org/~darnold/Tk-StyledButton-0.10/lib/Tk/StyledButton.pod. This is Perl, but it might be worthwhile to take a look at implementation. George -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Why do all my loggers start auto-disabled?
I am a relative newbie to Python and its logging infrastructure;
however, I have programmed extensively with Java/C# and log4j and
log4net. That, I suppose, could be the root of my problem :)
I am trying to setup one logger per module (as this is roughly
analogous to how I've used log4j/log4net). However, I've noticed that
my loggers have the disabled flag set to true (more accurately, 1)
when they are initialized. For each logger, do I have to force
disabled = False? To make this more concrete, here is an example.
In example.py:
import logging
import logging.config
_log = logging.getLogger(prediction.predict)
def main():
logging.config.fileConfig('logconfig.conf')
_log.warn(test warning!)
if __name__ == __main__:
main()
Unfortunately, this does not print out test warning! and if I put a
breakpoint at the _log.warn(test warning!) line, _log.disabled
equals 1. If I change main to:
def main():
logging.config.fileConfig('predict_logconfig.conf')
_log.disabled = False
_log.warn(test warning!)
It works! So, am I doing something wrong or do I always have to force
my loggers to be enabled? Should I update my configuration file so
that loggers start as enabled? Here is my config file
(logconfig.conf):
[formatters]
keys: detailed,simple
[handlers]
keys: console,filelog
[loggers]
keys: root
[formatter_simple]
format: %(levelname)s : %(module)s.%(funcName)s (%(lineno)d): %
(message)s
[formatter_detailed]
format: %(asctime)s %(levelname)s : %(module)s.%(funcName)s (%
(lineno)d): %(message)s
[handler_console]
class: StreamHandler
args: []
formatter: simple
[handler_filelog]
class: FileHandler
args: [predictionLog.txt]
formatter: detailed
[logger_root]
level: INFO
handlers: filelog, console
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How to setup environment for python?
Hi, I'm running on Linux and I'm executing a python script as a subversion post-commit hook. I'm finding that I'm running into a lot of random issues, and I'm guessing this has to do with my environment not being properly setup. From what I've gathered, the environment is not setup when the script is run from Subversion. I've setup my Shebang to look like: #!/usr/bin/env python and: #!/usr/bin/python But still it continues to fail. The 'import' statements work perfectly fine, but when I do something like: raise Exception( os.getlogin() ) This fails, saying that is an invalid argument (when run by Subversion), however when I run it manually from the console it works perfectly fine. I'm assuming that os.getlogin(), when run by Subversion, is returning None, or something similar, which is why this is failing. So, basically if someone could tell me what I need to setup in my script file to make sure Python has everything it needs to function properly I'd appreciate it. Thank you. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python String Immutability Broken!
Ken Seehart wrote: Hendrik van Rooyen wrote: ... Actually, I am not complaining - I am asking for advice on the side effects of what I am doing, which is replacing a bunch of bits in what is essentially an output bit field with the corresponding input bits at the same addresses read back from a simulated i/o bus structure. And I would also like to know if there is a better way of doing this. Yes, there is a better way. Use a character array instead of a string. http://python.net/crew/theller/ctypes/tutorial.html#arrays Which essentially is the bytearray type of 3.0. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
ANN: Leo 4.5 beta 4 released
Leo 4.5 beta 4 is now available at: http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=3458package_id=29106 This beta 4 release will likely be the last release before Leo 4.5 final. Leo 4.5 contains many important new features. See below for details. Leo is a text editor, data organizer, project manager and much more. See: http://webpages.charter.net/edreamleo/intro.html The highlights of Leo 4.5: -- - Full support for @shadow files in Leo's core. - Major improvements to Leo's key binding code. - The beginning of usable vim-like bindings. - uA's may now be associated with vnodes in @thin and @shadow files. - Several magor reorganizations of Leo's code: including sax-based parsing, support for the Graph world (unified nodes), simplified drawing code. - Leo is now an installable package. - Prepared code to be ready for Python 3.0. - Many small improvements and bug fixes. Links: -- Leo: http://webpages.charter.net/edreamleo/front.html Forum:http://groups.google.com/group/leo-editor Download: http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=3458 Bzr: http://code.launchpad.net/leo-editor/ Quotes: http://webpages.charter.net/edreamleo/testimonials.html Edward K. Ream email: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Leo: http://webpages.charter.net/edreamleo/front.html -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
QT 4.4 and timedelta
Maybe I'm missing something obvious, but is there a QT object to represent time intervals, a la datetime.timedelta? I'm working on a utility that displays database query results from a postgres database (using psycopg2) in a QTableView. For columns created using age(some_date_column), I get a datetime.timedelta object from psycopg2. What I'd like is to be able to format this column in a friendly way (say 7 years, 2 months, 4 days), yet have the QTableView treat it properly (e.g. for sorting purposes, not sorting it lexically but by the actual length of time). Anyone have any input or ideas on this? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: QT 4.4 and timedelta
I'm not very sure about this , but it's logicallay enough to be said i think the QTableView ordering mechanism must provide some overriding functionality through accepting a comparing function from you check it On Mon, Aug 25, 2008 at 7:48 PM, admoore [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Maybe I'm missing something obvious, but is there a QT object to represent time intervals, a la datetime.timedelta? I'm working on a utility that displays database query results from a postgres database (using psycopg2) in a QTableView. For columns created using age(some_date_column), I get a datetime.timedelta object from psycopg2. What I'd like is to be able to format this column in a friendly way (say 7 years, 2 months, 4 days), yet have the QTableView treat it properly (e.g. for sorting purposes, not sorting it lexically but by the actual length of time). Anyone have any input or ideas on this? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Equivalents of Ruby's ! methods?
Paul McGuire wrote: Pythonistically speaking, even though a dict is a mutable thing, I'm learning that the accepted practice for methods like this is not so much to update in place as it is to use generator expressions to construct a new object. I disagree. The convention is that mutation methods should return None. For example, given a list of integers to 100, instead of removing all of the even numbers (with the attendant hassles of updating a list while iterating over it), just create a new list of the numbers that are not even. This is because each removal is O(n), making the entire process O(n*2), whereas a new list is O(n) -- and the hassle of remembering to iterate in reverse when doing removals. Perhaps I am overgeneralizing from comments I have read here on c.l.py about creating new lists instead updating old ones. I think so. Removals and insertions are importantly different from change in place. If I wanted to square each number in a list, and *did not need the original list*, I would not hesitate to do it in place. The newish sorted() and reversed() built-ins were meant to complement list.sort and list.reverse, not replace them. tjr -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: The Importance of Terminology's Quality
Arne Vajhøj wrote: Paul Wallich wrote: Martin Gregorie wrote: On Fri, 22 Aug 2008 22:56:09 +, sln wrote: On Thu, 21 Aug 2008 09:11:48 -0500, [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Rob Warnock) wrote: [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: ...(snip) I thought microcode was relative well defined as being the software used to implement instructions that were not fully implemented in hardware. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode does not make me think otherwise. Arne -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list Right on. Microcode is the CPU's macro(s). Machine language is the bit patterns that cause whatever. The CPU designer decides these. Assembly is the human memory aid nmenonices assigned to the bit patterns. This allows re-assigning bit patterns to the nmenonices when changing designers. An Assembler usually has a few computing aids so the poor human doesn't have to keep using his fingers to decide the address of or distance to something. :) Later models of Assemblers try to emulate a high level compiler in terms of added functions supplied. At any rate: Assembly is the nmenonices , Assembler is the program that converts the nmenonices to machine code. ld a,02h ld b,1Ah Call OS 0E021E1ACD20 (or z0: db 0E021E1ACD20h for direct implant) 1110001011010110011010010 On the Z80: The first set is Assembly The second is the hexadecimal version of the Assembly The third is the machine language it generates represented in binary. (Do you really want to write Excel solely in machine language? You do realize the program would be completely non-portable?) On a Televideo screen this is the CLEAR SCREEN command. It was the standard clear screen for most terminals of the CP/M days. One could simply use the debugger, type in the hex and save as z.com. Then when one typed zcr the jumbled up screen cleared to system prompt in the upper left. (Naturally Microsoft couldn't allow the standards long in use so today this would be stated as CLSENTER. :) Question: What does any of this have to do with: The Importance of Terminology's Quality when using Webster to define the words in the above line? Been fun. Steve [EMAIL PROTECTED] -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Equivalents of Ruby's ! methods?
On 25.08.2008, Terry Reedy [EMAIL PROTECTED] wroted: The newish sorted() and reversed() built-ins were meant to complement list.sort and list.reverse, not replace them. BTW, is there a reason why sorted() on a list returns a list, while reversed() on the same list returns an iterator? GS -- Grzegorz Staniak gstaniak _at_ wp [dot] pl -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Why do all my loggers start auto-disabled?
jonfroehlich wrote:
I am a relative newbie to Python and its logging infrastructure;
however, I have programmed extensively with Java/C# and log4j and
log4net. That, I suppose, could be the root of my problem :)
I am trying to setup one logger per module (as this is roughly
analogous to how I've used log4j/log4net). However, I've noticed that
my loggers have the disabled flag set to true (more accurately, 1)
when they are initialized. For each logger, do I have to force
disabled = False? To make this more concrete, here is an example.
In example.py:
import logging
import logging.config
_log = logging.getLogger(prediction.predict)
def main():
logging.config.fileConfig('logconfig.conf')
_log.warn(test warning!)
if __name__ == __main__:
main()
Unfortunately, this does not print out test warning! and if I put a
breakpoint at the _log.warn(test warning!) line, _log.disabled
equals 1. If I change main to:
def main():
logging.config.fileConfig('predict_logconfig.conf')
_log.disabled = False
_log.warn(test warning!)
It works! So, am I doing something wrong or do I always have to force
my loggers to be enabled? Should I update my configuration file so
that loggers start as enabled? Here is my config file
I think you have to put the logger into your config file to avoid that it
will be disabled by fileConfig():
(logconfig.conf):
[formatters]
keys: detailed,simple
[handlers]
keys: console,filelog
[loggers]
keys: root, predict
# ...
[logger_predict]
qualname: prediction.predict
handlers:
Peter
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Micro-threading PEP proposal announcement
I wanted to make everybody aware that I've posted a (rather long and involved) PEP proposal for adding micro-threading to Python on python-ideas for feedback and review. In a nutshell, this proposal implements the Twisted Deferred/Reactor at the C level so that the Python programmer gets the advantages that Twisted offers without having to write their code in an event driven style. Thus, legacy Python code not written in the Twisted style (Django, TurboGears, WSGI apps) will gain the benefits of Twisted with almost no additional work. This PEP provides similar benefits to GUI toolkits where, again, Python programmers have been faced with event driven programming. So using this PEP, GUI toolkits could hide this event driven programming from the Python programmer, making GUI programming much easier. For example, you would no longer have to use a modal dialog just to make the programming easier. The C-level Deferreds and Reactor are not made visible to the Python programmer (as they are in Twisted). Rather, what is visible is a very simple micro-thread that allows for start_and_forget threads, parallel threads (where you're only interested in the final return value) and fully cooperative threads communicating over micro-pipes (which, BTW, gives us a new way to write generators that allows one generator to simply call another one to have the second generator's output included with its own output without having to capture and pass back values). As there is a great deal of traffic on comp.lang.python, I don't expect to be able to keep up with the posts here and would prefer to discuss this on python-ideas... If there is any interest in this, please let me know! If I don't see any interest, I'll assume that it's not solving a real problem and will let it quietly die on the vine... Thank you for your attention! -bruce -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Equivalents of Ruby's ! methods?
Grzegorz Staniak wrote: BTW, is there a reason why sorted() on a list returns a list, while reversed() on the same list returns an iterator? the algorithm required to sort a sequence is something entirely different from the algorithm required to loop over a sequence in reverse. we went through this a few days ago. /F -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: generate methods at runtime, but the wrong one gets called
On Mon, 25 Aug 2008 12:52:44 +0200, Maric Michaud wrote: In other OOP language I would encourage you to implement this logic in some sort of singleton, but in python we don't like this construct, module level variables and function do perfectly the job, simple as they are. Modules are some sort of singletons in Python. Ciao, Marc 'BlackJack' Rintsch -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: py2exe importing a package not in library.zip
On Aug 20, 4:48 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Hi,
I'm sorry if this has been asked before, but I can't seem to find an
answer to this anywhere and so far, trial and error hasn't gotten me
far either.
Using python 2.4, I've created a testing application. When the app
starts up, I do a [code]from tests import *[/code] and it looks at
the /tests directory and loads up all the tests it finds at that
time. This works fine when interpreting the python code directly.
The problem I'm having is trying to create an executable for
distribution.
What I'd like to be able to do is to include everything in the
library.zip *except* the tests directory and then as I (or whoever)
creates more and more tests, have the ability to simply drop them into
the directory and the next time the app starts, it'll pick them up.
However, if I don't include the tests in library.zip, then when I hit
the [code]from tests import *[/code], it complains AttributeError:
'module' object has no attribute 'test1' when it gets to the first
test. And If I do include the tests in the library.zip, it works with
the tests that I have now, but then I still can't add any new ones
without the attribute error unless I regenerate the exe every time.
Basically, it seems like it comes down to importing a package outside
the library.zip. So, is there any way to do this with py2exe? Or
even another exe creating application?
Thanks,MyPetSlug
Hi Again,
So, someone responded with some tips about paths, so my paths are
correct in the exe and I verified this by printing them out. So, my
problem is not that, I guess. And in my original email, I simplified
my scenario because I thought it was a problem with paths. So, let me
back up a little.
My tests directory actually has several sub-directories, so it's laid
out like this: tests/testCategory1, tests/testCategory2, tests/
testCategory1/subCategory1/test1, and so on. With potentially
hundreds of tests, I needed some organization. Anyway, in my tests
directory, I have an __init__.py with __all__=[testCategory1,
testCategory2] and it's this that the exe keeps choking on. Even
though I append the path directly above the __all__ via
sys.path.append(os.path.abspath('') + '\\tests') and
sys.path.append(os.path.abspath('') + '\\tests\\testCategory1') (the
second one just to be safe), when I execute the import *, it still
tells me AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute
'testCategory1'
Again, this works fine when just executing the python code without the
exe. What am I doing wrong? Or can anyone even point me to the right
place to possibly find an answer?
Thanks,
MyPetSlug
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RE: python/xpath issue..
never mind...
it was an issue with the targeted site... it's sending screwed up html the
times when i get an err...
thanks though!
-Original Message-
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
[mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Behalf
Of bruce
Sent: Monday, August 25, 2008 4:49 AM
To: python-list@python.org
Subject: python/xpath issue..
hey guys...
got a weird, hopefully simple issue.
the following sample bit of script is stripped down, and simply gets the
form node from the specified site schedule.psu.edu.
the problem i run into is that the dom/xpath from the libxml2dom works, and
i get the dom object everytime i run the app, but that the xpath is
intermittent!!! in other words, i can run the script 10 times.. and it might
work 7 or 8 times.. the other times, the xpath doesn't give the nodes
back...
when it works, name1_ in the app should be a list of nodes (for the 2 forms
in the page). and len_ should be 2.
is there anything you might suggest that i try in order to get a better
handle on exactly what might be going on here...
keep in mind, i'm not a python guy, just trying to get this to consistently
work... my suspicion is that the culprit might be memory related...
i'm running linux, on a x86 dual core with 4G ram. the python is 2.5.1.
thoughts/comments/etc would be appreciated...
-thanks!!!
#!/usr/bin/python
#
# test.py
#
# scrapes/extracts the basic data for the college
#
#
# the app gets/stores
# name
# url
# address (street/city/state
# phone
#
##
#test python script
import re
import libxml2dom
import urllib
import urllib2
import sys, string
from mechanize import Browser
import mechanize
#import tidy
import os.path
import cookielib
from libxml2dom import Node
from libxml2dom import NodeList
import subprocess
import time
#
# Parse pricegrabber.com
##cj = p
##COOKIEFILE = 'cookies.lwp'
#cookielib = 1
urlopen = urllib2.urlopen
#cj = urllib2.cookielib.LWPCookieJar()
##cj = cookielib.LWPCookieJar()
Request = urllib2.Request
br = Browser()
br2 = Browser()
##if cj != None:
## print sss
###install the CookieJar for the default CookieProcessor
## if os.path.isfile(COOKIEFILE):
## cj.load(COOKIEFILE)
## print foo\n
## if cookielib:
## opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
## urllib2.install_opener(opener)
## print foo2\n
user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
values1 = {'name' : 'Michael Foord',
'location' : 'Northampton',
'language' : 'Python' }
headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }
url=http://schedule.psu.edu/;
#===
if __name__ == __main__:
# main app
txdata = None
#
##br.set_cookiejar(cj)
br.set_handle_redirect(True)
br.set_handle_referer(True)
br.set_handle_robots(False)
br.addheaders = [('User-Agent', 'Firefox')]
print url =,url
br.open(url)
##cj.save(COOKIEFILE)# resave cookies
res = br.response() # this is a copy of response
s = res.read()
print slen=,len(s)
# s contains HTML not XML text
d = libxml2dom.parseString(s, html=1)
print d,d
name_=[]
len_=0
name_ = d.xpath(//form)
#name_ = d.xpath(/html/body/form)
print name1,name_
len_ = len(name_)
print len,len(name_)
#print sdlfs
sys.exit()
# else:
# print err in form_ID
print here...
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RE: swig or ctypes , under the gun and need help
Diez wrote...
I don't know swig, but if all you have is a real C-API, try
use ctypes.
It's much easier to create bindings for, keeps you fully in
the warm and
cozy womb of python programming and doesn't need no
compilation to create
the actual binding.
You're right the ctypes does seem more pythonesque; however I'm still stuck
trying return all these parameters
that the c api uses. my ctypes code is below. It just quits running when I
try to print
one of the args I did a pass byref on, no error out, nothing. admittedly I'm a
newbie to ctypes and not much of a c programmer
but I could sure use some help. my ctypes test code follows...
from ctypes import *
'''
create shared object file like so.
gcc -shared -o rug520.so rug520.c
the c api I want to call is like this.
int RugCalc( char * sMdsRecord,
char * sRehabType,
char * sModel,
int iQuarterlyFlag,
double nCmiArray[],
char * sRugHier,
char * sRugMax,
int * iRugHier,
int * iRugMax,
double * nCmiValueHier,
double * nCmiValueMax,
int * iAdlSum,
int * iCpsCode,
char * sRugsVersion,
char * sDllVersion,
int * iError );
'''
libc = CDLL(rug520.so)
CmiArrayDef = c_double * 59
ZeroCmi = CmiArrayDef( ) #this is a table used internally, but 0.0 should work
until I figure out the rest.
def getrug(mds):
#print mds
sMdsRecord = c_char_p()
sRehabType = c_char_p()
sModel = c_char_p()
iQuarterlyFlag = c_int()
sRugHier = c_char_p()
sRugMax = c_char_p()
iRugHier = c_int()
iRugMax = c_int()
nCmiValueHier = c_double()
nCmiValueMax = c_double()
iAdlSum = c_int()
iCpsCode = c_int()
sRugsVersion = c_char_p()
sDllVersion = c_char_p()
iError = c_int()
sMdsRecord.value = mds
sRehabType = 'mcare'
sModel = '34'
results = libc.RugCalc(sMdsRecord, sRehabType, sModel, iQuarterlyFlag,
ZeroCmi,
byref(sRugHier),
byref(sRugMax),
byref(iRugHier),
byref(iRugMax),
byref(nCmiValueHier),
byref(nCmiValueMax),
byref(iAdlSum),
byref(iCpsCode),
byref(sRugsVersion),
byref(sDllVersion),
byref(iError ))
print 'results', results
print iQuarterlyFlag.value
print 'sRugMax', sRugMax #this print causes an exit, tried .value with
same results
print 'return' #I never see this print.
datafile = open('mdsdata.txt')
for d in datafile:
if d[0]=='B':
getrug(d)
break
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Re: Interrupt python thread
En Mon, 25 Aug 2008 05:00:07 -0300, BlueBird [EMAIL PROTECTED] escribi�: On Aug 24, 8:35 pm, Dennis Lee Bieber [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: The only safe way to abort a thread is by having it exit on its own. This means one needs a means of setting an attribute that each thread periodically checks within a while loop. Unfortunately, this does not map very well with my program. Each of my threads are calling foreign code (still written in python though), which might be busy for 1 to 10 minutes with its own job. I wanted something to easily interrupt every thread to prevent my program to stall for 10 minutes if I want to stop it (getting tired of killing python all the time). If the foreign Python code is running on your own process, can't you make it check a flag periodically? If it runs as another process, killing it is a lot safer than killing a thread. -- Gabriel Genellina -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Private attribute
I have a class with an attribute called 'gridsize' and I want a derived class to force and keep it at 0.8 (representing 8mm). Is this a correct, or the most pythonic approach? def __getattr__(self,attrname): if attrname == 'gridsize': return 0.8 def __setattr__(self,attrname,value): if attrname == 'gridsize': pass else: self.__dict__[attrname]=value # Cheers, Ken. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
os.popen() interferes with os.fork()?
On Linux I get a close failed: [Errno 10] No child processes msg for
each fork. But only if I have a pipe open. I don't understand the
connection between the popen and the forks. Am I doing something
wrong?
#! /usr/bin/env python
import os
import sys
import time
p = os.popen('top -b -d1')
n = 3
t1 = time.time()
for i in range(n):
pid = os.fork()
if pid == 0:
sys.exit(0)
delay = time.time() - t1
print 'rate: %.1f fork/sec' % (n/delay)
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Re: Private attribute
Ken Starks wrote: I have a class with an attribute called 'gridsize' and I want a derived class to force and keep it at 0.8 (representing 8mm). Is this a correct, or the most pythonic approach? def __getattr__(self,attrname): if attrname == 'gridsize': return 0.8 def __setattr__(self,attrname,value): if attrname == 'gridsize': pass else: self.__dict__[attrname]=value # Cheers, Ken. Perhaps I should mention the alternative I had in mind: ### class xyz: def __init__(self): self.__dict__['a'] = 123 self.b=456 def __setattr__(self,attrname,value): if attrname == 'a': pass else: self.__dict__[attrname]=value # __getattr__() not redefined. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: os.popen() interferes with os.fork()?
JohnMudd [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: On Linux I get a close failed: [Errno 10] No child processes msg for each fork. But only if I have a pipe open. I don't understand the connection between the popen and the forks. Am I doing something wrong? Yes: don't use sys.exit, use os._exit. This is not specific to Python; in C you'd also need to use _exit(2) in preference to exit(3) to exit a forked process. With sys.exit(0) changed to os._exit(0), the program outputs: rate: 2962.1 fork/sec -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Private attribute
On Aug 25, 2:09 pm, Ken Starks [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Ken Starks wrote: I have a class with an attribute called 'gridsize' and I want a derived class to force and keep it at 0.8 (representing 8mm). Is this a correct, or the most pythonic approach? def __getattr__(self,attrname): if attrname == 'gridsize': return 0.8 def __setattr__(self,attrname,value): if attrname == 'gridsize': pass else: self.__dict__[attrname]=value # Cheers, Ken. Perhaps I should mention the alternative I had in mind: ### class xyz: def __init__(self): self.__dict__['a'] = 123 self.b=456 def __setattr__(self,attrname,value): if attrname == 'a': pass else: self.__dict__[attrname]=value # __getattr__() not redefined. This is just me, but I don't think that Python is the right language for your program. In Python it's extra easy to get around that obstacle. Python is more about freedom and discipline. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
python - firefox dom/xpath question/issue
Hi.
Got a test web page, that basically has two html tags in it. Examining
the page via Firefox/Dom Inspector, I can create a test xpath query
/html/body/form which gets the target form for the test.
The issue comes when I examine the page's source html. It looks like:
html
body
/body
/html
html
body
.
.
.
/body
/html
I've simplified things a bit... but basically, the 1st html/body is empty,
with the 2nd containing the data/nodes I need.
In using xpath(/html/body/form), the app returns nothing/crashes.. I've
tried to do something like xpath(/html[position()=0]) as well with no
luck... It's as if xpath only looks at the 1st html that it sees in a given
page. I can't seem to find any docs for xpath to work around this. I'm using
the libxml2dom for python 2.5.1.
Any thoughts/comments...
If I comment out the 1st html section, things work as they should. The test
code is below...
thanks
--
#!/usr/bin/python
#
# test.py
#
# scrapes/extracts the basic data for the college
#
#
# the app gets/stores
# name
# url
# address (street/city/state
# phone
#
##3
#test python script
import re
import libxml2dom
import urllib
import urllib2
import sys, string
from mechanize import Browser
import mechanize
#import tidy
import os.path
import cookielib
from libxml2dom import Node
from libxml2dom import NodeList
import subprocess
import time
#
# Parse pricegrabber.com
##cj = p
##COOKIEFILE = 'cookies.lwp'
#cookielib = 1
urlopen = urllib2.urlopen
Request = urllib2.Request
br = Browser()
br2 = Browser()
user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
values1 = {'name' : 'Michael Foord',
'location' : 'Northampton',
'language' : 'Python' }
headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }
url=http://schedule.psu.edu/;
#===
if __name__ == __main__:
# main app
txdata = None
#
##br.set_cookiejar(cj)
br.set_handle_redirect(True)
br.set_handle_referer(True)
br.set_handle_robots(False)
br.addheaders = [('User-Agent', 'Firefox')]
print url =,url
#br.open(url)
##cj.save(COOKIEFILE)# resave cookies
#res = br.response() # this is a copy of response
#s = res.read()
#print slen=,len(s)
tfile = open(/college/psu1.dat)
s = tfile.read()
print s
# s contains HTML not XML text
d=[]
d = libxml2dom.parseString(s, html=1)
print d,d
name_=[]
len_=0
br.open(url)
##cj.save(COOKIEFILE)# resave cookies
#res = br.response() # this is a copy of response
#s = res.read()
print slen=,len(s)
# s contains HTML not XML text
#d=[]
#d = libxml2dom.parseString(s, html=1)
#print d,d
#name_ = d.xpath(//form)
name_ = d.xpath(/html/body/form)
len_ = len(name_)
print len=,len_
print name1,name_
print len,len(name_)
#print sdlfs
sys.exit()
# else:
# print err in form_ID
print here...
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Struct class random access
struct.Struct lets you encode Python objects into structured memory. It accepts a format string, and optionally a buffer and offset to/from which to read/write the structure. What do you think of random access for the results? (unproduced) packer= struct.Struct( 'IIIf255p' ) packer.pack_into( buf, off, 10, 20, 30, 0.5, 'abc' ) packer.unpack_from( buf, off, 2 ) #reads field 2 30 Does this take a PEP, or just a patch submission? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Private attribute
On Aug 25, 3:47 pm, Ken Starks [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I have a class with an attribute called 'gridsize' and I want a derived class to force and keep it at 0.8 (representing 8mm). Is this a correct, or the most pythonic approach? def __getattr__(self,attrname): if attrname == 'gridsize': return 0.8 def __setattr__(self,attrname,value): if attrname == 'gridsize': pass else: self.__dict__[attrname]=value # Cheers, Ken. Why not make gridsize a property with no set method? André -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Unexpected global variable behaviour
I'm seeing something which make me think I'm missing something about how global var's behave. I've defined a global string, right at the start of my .py file. outXMLfile = abc I define a class and do a bunch of stuff below that. Then I have another class, and in it, there is a method 'def' that has: def OnOutfileButton(self,evt): (fPath, fName)=os.path.split(fullName) print Selected output file: + fName outXMLfile = fName print output file: + outXMLfile Print statements in random other places in the project, show outXMLfile prints as abc however, in this def, it comes out as the same as fName (e.g. myfile.xml) If the print line for outXMLfile is before the assignment to fName, it throws the error: UnboundLocalError: local variable 'outXMLfile' referenced before assignment If I remove the line that says outXMLfile = fName then the print statement gives me the value abc What am I missing? When I assign a value to update my global variable, it becomes a local variable. If I don't try to update it, it stays global. I assume it's acting like a constant, though I have a couple of global lists and I seem to be able to append to them okay. I guess I can move the variable into the parent class and get at it that way, but want to understand the error of my ways... Ross. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: iterparse and unicode
On Aug 24, 1:12 am, Stefan Behnel [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
George Sakkis wrote:
On Aug 21, 1:48 am, Fredrik Lundh [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
George Sakkis wrote:
It's interesting that the element text attributes after a successful
parse do not necessarily have the same type, i.e. all be str or all
unicode. I ported some text extraction code from BeautifulSoup (which
handles all text as unicode) and I was surprized to find out that in
xml.etree the returned text's type is not fixed, even within the same
file. Although it's not a bug, having a mixed collection of byte and
unicode strings from the same source makes me somewhat uneasy.
If you don't care about memory and execution performance, there are
plenty of toolkits that guarantee that you always get Unicode strings.
As long as they are documented, both approaches are fine for different
cases. Currently the only reference I found about unicode in
ElementTree is All strings can either be Unicode strings, or 8-bit
strings containing US-ASCII only. [1], which is rather ambiguous
It's not ambiguous in Py2.x, where ASCII byte strings and unicode strings are
compatible. No need to feel uneasy. :)
It depends on what you mean by compatible; e.g. you can't safely do
[s.decode('utf8') for s in strings] if you have byte strings mixed
with unicode.
George
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