select.poll returning strange file descriptors.
I'm using the poll object from select.poll to check for events on sockets. It seems to work, however when I call .poll() on the poll objects, I sometimes get a fileno 1 returned, which is strange, because none of the sockets I registered with the poll object have a fileno of 1. In fact, the sockets all start from fileno 3 and go up from there. Does anybody know why this is happening? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: writing on file not until the end
Alexzive wrote:
> I am a newby with python. I wrote the following code to extract a text
> from a file and write it to another file:
>
> linestring = open(path, 'r').read() #read all the inp file in
> linestring
>
> i=linestring.index("*NODE")
> i=linestring.index("E",i)
> e=linestring.index("*",i+10)
> textN = linestring[i+2:e-1] # crop the ELement+nodes list
> Nfile = open("N.txt", "w")
> Nfile.write(textN)
>
> unfortunately when I check N.txt some lines are missing (it only crop
> until "57, 0.231749688431, 0.0405121944142" but I espect the final
> line to be "242, 0.2979675, 0.224605896461". I check textN and it has
> all the lines until "242..")
>
> when I try Nfile.write(textN) again it writes some more lines but
> still not all!
> what is wrong whit this?
Do you check the contents of the resulting file by feeding it to another
program?
> 53, 0.170973146505, 0.0466686190136
> 57, 0.231749688431, 0.0405121944142
> t60, 0.250420691759, 0.0399644155193
> 58, 0.234883810317, 0.0488399925217
> 61, 0.2666025, 0.03541845
There's a "t" at the start of the line after the last line you claim to see,
so maybe your input file is corrupt and your reader stumbles over that line.
Peter
--
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RE: A fast way to read last line of gzip archive ?
Thanks David: excellent suggestions!
I couldn't really go with the shell utilities approach, as I have no say in my
user environment, and thus cannot assume which binaries are install on the
user's machine.
I'll try and implement your last suggestion, and see if the performance is
acceptable to (human) users.
Bye,
Ron.
> -Original Message-
> From: David Bolen [mailto:db3l@gmail.com]
> Sent: Monday, May 25, 2009 01:58
> To: python-list@python.org
> Subject: Re: A fast way to read last line of gzip archive ?
>
> "Barak, Ron" writes:
>
> > I thought maybe someone has a way to unzip just the end
> portion of the
> > archive (instead of the whole archive), as only the last part is
> > needed for reading the last line.
>
> The problem is that gzip compressed output has no reliable
> intermediate break points that you can jump to and just start
> decompressing without having worked through the prior data.
>
> In your specific code, using readlines() is probably not
> ideal as it will create the full list containing all of the
> decoded file contents in memory only to let you pick the last
> one. So a small optimization would be to just iterate
> through the file (directly or by calling
> readline()) until you reach the last line.
>
> However, since you don't care about the bulk of the file, but
> only need to work with the final line in Python, this is an
> activity that could be handled more efficiently handled with
> external tools, as you need not involve much intepreter time
> to actually decompress/discard the bulk of the file.
>
> For example, on my system, comparing these two cases:
>
> # last.py
>
> import gzip
> import sys
>
> in_file = gzip.open(sys.argv[1],'r')
> for line in in_file:
> pass
> print 'Last:', line
>
>
> # last-popen.py
>
> import sys
> from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
>
> # Implement gzip -dc | tail -1
> gzip = Popen(['gzip', '-dc', sys.argv[1]], stdout=PIPE)
> tail = Popen(['tail', '-1'], stdin=gzip.stdout, stdout=PIPE)
> line = tail.communicate()[0]
> print 'Last:', line
>
> with an ~80MB log file compressed to about 8MB resulted in
> last.py taking about 26 seconds, while last-popen took about
> 1.7s. Both resulted in the same value in "line". As long as
> you have local binaries for gzip/tail (such as Cygwin or
> MingW or equivalent) this works fine on Windows systems too.
>
> If you really want to keep everything in Python, then I'd
> suggest working to optimize the "skip" portion of the task,
> trying to decompress the bulk of the file as quickly as
> possible. For example, one possibility would be something like:
>
> # last-chunk.py
>
> import gzip
> import sys
> from cStringIO import StringIO
>
> in_file = gzip.open(sys.argv[1],'r')
>
> chunks = ['', '']
> while 1:
> chunk = in_file.read(1024*1024)
> if not chunk:
> break
> del chunks[0]
> chunks.append(chunk)
>
> data = StringIO(''.join(chunks))
> for line in data:
> pass
> print 'Last:', line
>
> with the idea that you decode about a MB at a time, holding
> onto the final two chunks (in case the actual final chunk
> turns out to be smaller than one of your lines), and then
> only process those for lines. There's probably some room for
> tweaking the mechanism for holding onto just the last two
> chunks, but I'm not sure it will make a major difference in
> performance.
>
> In the same environment of mine as the earlier tests, the
> above took about 2.7s. So still much slower than the
> external utilities in percentage terms, but in absolute
> terms, a second or so may not be critical for you compared to
> pure Python.
>
> -- David
>
>
--
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wxPython ICON constants
I've been wondering, is there a way to grab icon information just given the type of OS? So if I wanted to grab the Firefox icon, how would I do that since the user could have changed the default icon to something else? Is there a library of these constants? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: 4 hundred quadrillonth?
Dennis Lee Bieber wrote: On Mon, 25 May 2009 16:21:19 +1200, Lawrence D'Oliveiro declaimed the following in gmane.comp.python.general: Interesting kind of mindset, that assumes that the opposite of "real" must be "integer" or a subset thereof... No, but since PI (and e) are both transcendentals, there is NO representation (except by the symbols themselves) which is NOT an approximation. Sure there are; you can just use other symbolic representations. In fact, there are trivially an infinite number of them; e, e^1, 1/(1/e), e + 1 - 1, e + 2 - 2, etc. Even if you restrict yourself to base-b expansions (for which the statement is true for integer bases), you can cheat there too: e is 1 in base e. -- Erik Max Francis && m...@alcyone.com && http://www.alcyone.com/max/ San Jose, CA, USA && 37 18 N 121 57 W && AIM, Y!M, Skype erikmaxfrancis Men and women, women and men. It will never work. -- Erica Jong -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Can I get a technical explanation on the following error
And as an interesting exercise, try print r'test \' print r'test \\' Because of the way raw string parsing is defined, neither of these will pass the parser. In fact, a raw string cannot have a backslash as its last character. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Extending C++ class in python
On May 24, 9:03 pm, "Diez B. Roggisch" wrote: > nazia schrieb: > > > Hi all, > > I'm a newbie in Python and need help. Can anyone help me by explaining > > the steps ofextendingaC++classin Python with a simple example? > > I'm not interested to use SWIG like tools. > > Thanks for your time. > > If your are not interested in using the tools provided for this task, I > fear you won't get much help. I'd personally use SIP and can only > recommend it. > > Diez Thanks for your response. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: I need help building a data structure for a state diagram
On 25 Mai, 01:46, Matthew Wilson wrote:
> On Sun 24 May 2009 03:42:01 PM EDT, Kay Schluehr wrote:
>
>
>
> > General answer: you can encode finite state machines as grammars.
> > States as non-terminals and transition labels as terminals:
>
> > UNSTARTED: 'start' STARTED
> > STARTED: 'ok' FINISHED | 'cancel' ABANDONED
> > ABANDONED: 'done'
> > FINISHED: 'done'
>
> > In some sense each state-machine is also a little language.
>
> I've never formally studied grammars, but I've worked through trivial
> stuff that uses BNF to express ideas like
>
> ::=
>
> I don't really understand how to apply that notion to this statement:
>
> UNSTARTED: 'start' STARTED
>
> That doesn't seem to be BNF, and that's all I know about grammar stuff.
Some comments
1) The separator is arbitrary. You can use ':' or '->' or '::=' etc.
2) A full EBNF grammar can be described in itself:
GRAMMAR: RULE+
RULE: NAME ':' RHS
RHS: ALT ( '|' ALT )*
ALT: ITEM+
ITEM: '[' RHS ']' | ATOM [ '*' | '+' ]
ATOM: '(' RHS ')' | NAME | STRING
STRING: '"' any* '"'
NAME: char (digit | char)*
[A] zero or one repetition
A*zero or more repetitions
A+one or more repetitions
A|B A or B
A B first A next B
(A ..) parentheses for separation
"A" keyword A
In some sense all the words 'start', 'done', 'ok' etc. are keywords of
the language. If I actually attempted to use the grammar for parsing
it could parse a few sentences like:
'start ok done' or 'start cancel done'
and create parse trees [UNSTARTED, start, [STARTED, ok, [FINSIHED,
done]]] etc.
One can however use the Finite State Machine generated from the
grammar for totally different purposes: interpret each rule as a state
and the keywords as events that cause state transitions.
UNSTARTED -- start --> STARTED
STARTED -- ok --> FINISHED
STARTED -- cancel --> ABANDONED
FINISHED -- done --> .
ABANDONED -- done --> .
That's basically the same formal language with a different, more
intuitive notation.
--
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Re: 4 hundred quadrillonth?
On Mon, 25 May 2009 16:21:19 +1200, Lawrence D'Oliveiro wrote: > In message , Dennis > Lee Bieber wrote: > >> On Sun, 24 May 2009 22:47:51 +1200, Lawrence D'Oliveiro >> declaimed the following in >> gmane.comp.python.general: >> >>> As for exactitude in physics, Gregory Chaitin among others has been >>> trying to rework physics to get rid of real numbers altogether. >> >> By decreeing that the value of PI is 3? > > Interesting kind of mindset, that assumes that the opposite of "real" > must be "integer" or a subset thereof... (0) "Opposite" is not well-defined unless you have a dichotomy. In the case of number fields like the reals, you have more than two options, so "opposite of real" isn't defined. (1/3) Why do you jump to the conclusion that "pi=3" implies that only integers are defined? One might have a mapping where every real number is transferred to the closest multiple of 1/3 (say), rather than the closest integer. That would still give "pi=3", without being limited to integers. (1/2) If you "get rid of real numbers", then obviously you must have a smaller set of numbers, not a larger. Any superset of reals will include the reals, and therefore you haven't got rid of them at all, so we can eliminate supersets of the reals from consideration if your description of Chaitin's work is accurate. (2/3) There is *no* point (2/3). (1) I thought about numbering my points as consecutive increasing integers, but decided that was an awfully boring convention. A shiny banananana for the first person to recognise the sequence. -- Steven -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: PureData py/pyExt into standalone python
On May 23, 6:49 am, responsib...@gmail.com wrote: > Hi guys, > > Short version: > > I've written some python classes for py/pyExt extensions for the > "dataflow" graphical programming environment PureData. Here's an > example PureData screenshot for clarity: > > see:http://i40.tinypic.com/2rrx6gy.jpg > > My classes talk to eachother via the PureData system, and they talk to > the outside world via pyPortMIDI (which enables raw MIDI data > communication). > > PureData encourages modularisation, so I've written several classes: > * some that receive raw MIDI data, > * some that parse this into human-readable tokens, > * some that just generate human-readable tokens, > * and some that parse human-readable tokens then send raw MIDI data > > I want to join these together as a stand-alone python application, > using internal python communication instead of PureData... > > ...but I don't know how to do this. The only python I know comes from > writing using the pyExt API, and the PureData API (which is written in > C). > > > Long(er) version: > > Miller Pukette's PureData:http://puredata.info/ > Thomas Grill's Flext:http://puredata.info/Members/thomas/flext > Thomas Grill's Py/Pyext:http://puredata.info/Members/thomas/py/ > John Harrison's PyPortMIDI:http://www.media.mit.edu/~harrison/code.html > CMU's PortMIDI:http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~music/portmusic/ > > PureData is a graphical "dataflow" programming environment that (among > many, many other things!) allows for very rapid development of Audio > and MIDI processing. Objects in PureData (and MaxMSP) communicate by > sending messages through "patch cords" that connect an "outlet" to an > "inlet" of another object. > > Thomas Grill's py/pyExt allows python code to be embedded as a > PureData object. The benefit being that this python code can be > effortlessly ported across multiple platforms (win32/linux/osx) and > also to the highly related (but more commercial) Cycling'74 MaxMSP > system. (PureData object code is written in C and generally not easy > to port between platforms, nor between PD and MaxMSP - so writing > portable python objects is a boon!) > > a pyExt object sends messages from its outlets using the line: > > self._outlet(outlet_id,message_to_send) > > a pyExt object performs actions when a message arrives at an inlet. An > integer arriving at inlet 1 could be attached to this method code: > > def int_1(self,*arg): > print "received integer:",arg[0] > > If these pieces of code were in separate python classes - how would I > connect two objects together such that an integer was passed between > the two? > > If the first object sent 42, in puredata it would look like this: > > http://i44.tinypic.com/15eh74p.gif > > useless fact: the screenshot doubles up (i.e. "pyext sender sender") > due to the first word being the python file (i.e. sender.py), whilst > the second is the name of the object class (i.e class sender > (pyext._class) > > > Maybe a more tricky question is: > > PureData supports "message busses" - messages sent to named busses can > be broadcast to multiple locations. How would I connect objects up in > this way using python? > > a pyExt object registers to receive messages on a certain bus using: > > self._bind(bus_name,self.method_to_call) > > def method_to_call(self,*arg): > print "a message on", bus_name, "arrived" > print "the message was", len(arg), "long" > print "and had the values", arg, "inside" > > a pyExt object sends messages to a particular bus by using: > > self._send(bus_name,message_to_send) * some that parse this into human-readable tokens, * some that just generate human-readable tokens, This might be usefull do you intend to release this code?? There are some midi libraries that may be helpful, it is hard to tell what you need without seeing the code -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Compile python extensions under windows/cygwin
On May 25, 9:42 am, David Lyon wrote: > On Sun, 24 May 2009 15:34:42 -0700 (PDT), Joana > wrote: > > > I mantain Python on Windows, all installed packages are under c: > > \Python25\Lib\site-packages. Now I have to build C libraries used by > > python extensions and I am using cygwin, but I don't know how to > > install the module in Windows directory. > > > Can anyone help me? > > I think it is a problem because as far as I know cygwin cannot > see files outside of /cygwin. > > Where is python installed in cygwin? > > Can't you install the same packages into cygwin? > > and then do your building in there...? > > David I think I don't understand this comment. All the drives on my windows machine are visible using the scheme: /cygdrive For example: bash-3.2$ ls -l /cygdrive/c/windows/system32/drivers/etc/hosts -rwx--+ 1 johnbre mkgroup-l-d 820 Nov 8 2008 /cygdrive/c/windows/ system32/drivers/etc/hosts bash-3.2$ and you can mount things in cygwin as you choose: http://www.cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/using.html#mount-table The answer to the problem of compiling python packages was: * Download Visual C++ 2008 Express for free from Microsoft. * Find it was incompatible with compiling packages for my Python 2.5 (Visual Studio 2003). * Move to Python 2.6. * Problem solved, things compiled and worked -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: 4 hundred quadrillonth?
In message , Dennis Lee Bieber wrote: > On Sun, 24 May 2009 22:47:51 +1200, Lawrence D'Oliveiro > declaimed the following in > gmane.comp.python.general: > >> As for exactitude in physics, Gregory Chaitin among others has been >> trying to rework physics to get rid of real numbers altogether. > > By decreeing that the value of PI is 3? Interesting kind of mindset, that assumes that the opposite of "real" must be "integer" or a subset thereof... -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: 4 hundred quadrillonth?
On Sun, May 24, 2009 at 7:51 PM, Dave Angel wrote: >> By decreeing that the value of PI is 3? >> > > Only in Ohio. Please, we're smarter than that in Ohio. In fact, while the Indiana legislature was learning about PI, we had guys inventing the airplane. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Pi_Bill -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to reuse TCP listening socket immediately after it was connected at least once?
In message , Roy Smith wrote: > In article , > Lawrence D'Oliveiro wrote: > >> The right thing to do is try to ensure that all your connections are >> properly closed at shutdown. That may not be enough (if your server >> crashes due to bugs), so the other thing you need to do is retry the >> socket open, say, at 30-second intervals, until it succeeds. > > That may be a reasonable thing to do for production code, but when you're > building and debugging a server, it's a real pain to not be able to > restart it quickly whenever you want (or need) to. On the contrary, I run exactly the same logic--and that includes socket- handling logic--in both test and production servers. How else can I be sure it'll work properly in production? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: how to get rid of pyc files ?
On Sun, 24 May 2009 15:01:51 +0200, Stef Mientki wrote: > Is there a way to prevent generating pyc-files ? Put the .py files in a read-only directory. > Or is there a way to > redirect the generated pyc-files to a dedicated location ? No. > btw, What commandline switches are available for python ? (googling > didn't give me any relevant hits ) python --help at the shell (not Python) prompt. -- Steven -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: making a python program in windows
rustom wrote: > >Thanks for this (and all other) tips. >Strangely now my m/c shows things exactly like so. A new .py file gets >associated with python but two days ago it was with pythonw?! No, .py files are always associated with python.exe. .pyw files are associated with pythonw.exe. -- Tim Roberts, t...@probo.com Providenza & Boekelheide, Inc. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Need Help
On Mon, 25 May 2009 00:16:19 +0200, Piet van Oostrum wrote: > By the way, it is better to add python code as attachment instead of > inline text because some news software might fold the lines like in your > posting, making it difficult to reconstruct the code. Except that some news software might not show the attachment at all. -- Steven -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How can I get access to the function called as a property?
Matthew Wilson schrieb: > I use a @property decorator to turn some methods on a class into > properties. I want to be able to access some of the attributes of the > original funtion, but I don't know how to get to it. > > Any ideas? Here you are: >>> class Example(object): ... @property ... def func(self): ... pass ... >>> Example.func.fget >>> example = Example() >>> example.__class__.func >>> example.__class__.func.fget -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How can I get access to the function called as a property?
Matthew Wilson tplus1.com> writes: > > I use a @property decorator to turn some methods on a class into > properties. I want to be able to access some of the attributes of the > original funtion, but I don't know how to get to it. my_class.__dict__["some_property].(fget|fdel|fset) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
About Standard Numerics (was Re: 4 hundred quadrillonth?)
In message <9mwdntfmpprjqotxnz2dnuvz_vadn...@giganews.com>, Erik Max Francis wrote: > Lawrence D'Oliveiro wrote: > >> In message , >> Christian Heimes wrote: >> >>> Welcome to IEEE 754 floating point land! :) >> >> It used to be worse in the days before IEEE 754 became widespread. >> Anybody remember a certain Prof William Kahan from Berkeley, and the >> foreword he wrote to the Apple Numerics Manual, 2nd Edition, published in >> 1988? It's such a classic piece that I think it should be posted >> somewhere... > > I only see used versions of it available for purchase. Care to hum a > few bars? Part I of this book is mainly for people who perform scientific, statistical, or engineering computations on Apple® computers. The rest is mainly for producers of software, especially of language processors, that people will use on Apple computers to perform computations in those fields and in finance and business too. Moreover, if the first edition was any indication, people who have nothing to do with Apple computers may well buy this book just to learn a little about an arcane subject, floating-point arithmetic on computers, and will wish they had an Apple. Computer arithmetic has two properties that add to its mystery: * What you see is often not what you get, and * What you get is sometimes not what you wanted. Floating-point arithmetic, the kind computers use for protracted work with approximate data, is intrinsically approximate because the alternative, exact arithmetic, could take longer than most people are willing to wait-- perhaps forever. Approximate results are customarily displayed or printed to show only as many of their leading digits as matter instead of all digits; what you see need not be exactly what you've got. To complicate matters, whatever digits you see are /decimal/ digits, the kind you saw first in school and the kind used in hand-held calculators. Nowadays almost no computers perform their arithmetic with decimal digits; most of them use /binary/, which is mathematically better than decimal where they differ, but different nonetheless. So, unless you have a small integer, what you see is rarely just what you have. In the mid 1960's, computer architects discovered shortcuts that made arithmetic run faster at the cost of what they reckoned to be a slight increase in the level of rounding error; they thought you could not object to slight alterations in the rightmost digits of numbers since you could not see those digits anyway. They had the best intentions, but they accomplished the opposite of what they intended. Computer throughputs were not improved perceptibly by those shortcuts, but a few programs that had previously been trusted unreservedly turned treacherous, failing in mysterious ways on extremely rare occasions. For instance, a very Important Bunch of Machines launched in 1964 were found to have two anomalies in their double-precision arithmetic (though not in single): First, multiplying a number /Z/ by 1.0 would lop off /Z/'s last digit. Second, the difference between two nearly equal numbers, whose digits mostly canceled, could be computed wrong by a factor almost as big as 16 instead of being computed exactly as is normal. The anomalies introduced a kind of noise in the feedback loops by which some programs had compensated for their own rounding errors, so those programs lost their high accuracies. These anomalies were not "bugs"; they were "features" designed into the arithmetic by designers who thought nobody would care. Customers did care; the arithmetic was redesigned and repairs were retrofitted in 1967. Not all Capriciously Designed Computer arithmetics have been repaired. One family of computers has enjoyed notoriety for two decades by allowing programs to generate tiny "partially underflowed" numbers. When one of these creatures turns up as the value of /T/ in an otherwise innocuous statement like if T = 0.0 then Q := 0.0 else Q := 702345.6 / (T + 0.00189 / T); it causes the computer to stop execution and emit a message alleging "Division by Zero". The machine's schizophrenic attitude toward zero comes about because the test for T = 0.0 is carried out by the adder, which examines at least 13 of /T/'s leading digits, whereas the divider and multiplier examine only 12 to recognize zero. Doing so saved less than a dollar's worth of transistors and maybe a picosecond of time, but at the cost of some disagreement about whether a very tiny number /T/ is zero or not. Fortunately, the divider agrees with the multiplier about whether /T/ is zero, so programmers could prevent spurious divisions by zero by slightly altering the foregoing statement as follows: if 1.0 * T = 0.0 then Q := 0.0 else Q := 702345.6 / (T + 0.00189 / T); Unfortunately, the Same Computer designer responsible for "partial underflow" designed another machine that can generate "partially underflowed" numbers /T/ for which this statement malfuncti
Re: how to get rid of pyc files ?
Stef Mientki wrote: btw, What commandline switches are available for python ? The set of documents on the site and at least on Windows comes with Using Python. First chapter: Command Line -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Compile python extensions under windows/cygwin
Joana wrote > hmm.. but the problem with mingw32 is that it does not have the > libraries I need. The module I want to install includes netinet/in.h. > So the answer is that I can't install that module in Windows? What's the name of the package? Perhaps it doesn't work on Windows. Or it hasn't been ported to Windows yet. On Windows most definition are in the files winsock.h and winsock2.h rather than in netinet/*.h. Christian -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: 4 hundred quadrillonth?
Lawrence D'Oliveiro wrote: In message , Christian Heimes wrote: Welcome to IEEE 754 floating point land! :) It used to be worse in the days before IEEE 754 became widespread. Anybody remember a certain Prof William Kahan from Berkeley, and the foreword he wrote to the Apple Numerics Manual, 2nd Edition, published in 1988? It's such a classic piece that I think it should be posted somewhere... I only see used versions of it available for purchase. Care to hum a few bars? -- Erik Max Francis && m...@alcyone.com && http://www.alcyone.com/max/ San Jose, CA, USA && 37 18 N 121 57 W && AIM, Y!M, Skype erikmaxfrancis I get my kicks above the wasteline, sunshine -- The American, _Chess_ -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
How can I get access to the function called as a property?
I use a @property decorator to turn some methods on a class into properties. I want to be able to access some of the attributes of the original funtion, but I don't know how to get to it. Any ideas? Matt -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: 4 hundred quadrillonth?
Dennis Lee Bieber wrote: On Sun, 24 May 2009 22:47:51 +1200, Lawrence D'Oliveiro declaimed the following in gmane.comp.python.general: As for exactitude in physics, Gregory Chaitin among others has been trying to rework physics to get rid of real numbers altogether. By decreeing that the value of PI is 3? Only in Ohio. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: I need help building a data structure for a state diagram
On Sun 24 May 2009 03:42:01 PM EDT, Kay Schluehr wrote: > > General answer: you can encode finite state machines as grammars. > States as non-terminals and transition labels as terminals: > > UNSTARTED: 'start' STARTED > STARTED: 'ok' FINISHED | 'cancel' ABANDONED > ABANDONED: 'done' > FINISHED: 'done' > > In some sense each state-machine is also a little language. I've never formally studied grammars, but I've worked through trivial stuff that uses BNF to express ideas like ::= I don't really understand how to apply that notion to this statement: UNSTARTED: 'start' STARTED That doesn't seem to be BNF, and that's all I know about grammar stuff. Can you explain a little more? This idea of using grammars for my workflow sounds *really* fun and I'd love to learn this stuff, but I could benefit from some more explanation. Matt -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: writing on file not until the end
Alexzive wrote:
Hello,
I am a newby with python. I wrote the following code to extract a text
from a file and write it to another file:
linestring = open(path, 'r').read() #read all the inp file in
linestring
i=linestring.index("*NODE")
i=linestring.index("E",i)
e=linestring.index("*",i+10)
textN = linestring[i+2:e-1] # crop the ELement+nodes list
Nfile = open("N.txt", "w")
Nfile.write(textN)
unfortunately when I check N.txt some lines are missing (it only crop
until "57, 0.231749688431, 0.0405121944142" but I espect the final
line to be "242, 0.2979675, 0.224605896461". I check textN and it has
all the lines until "242..")
when I try Nfile.write(textN) again it writes some more lines but
still not all!
what is wrong whit this?
Many thanks for your help!
Alex
the original file to crop (in path) looks like this:
Is there a reason you used e-1 instead of e in the slice? That's going
to chop off the last newline. And in some (broken) text viewers, you
might not see the partial line. Also, it'll behave a bit different in
Windows than in one of the Unix variants, due to newline being
represented by two characters instead of one.
e=linestring.index("*",i+10)
textN = linestring[i+2:e-1] # crop the ELement+nodes list
--
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Re: Compile python extensions under windows/cygwin
On Sun, 24 May 2009 15:34:42 -0700 (PDT), Joana wrote: > I mantain Python on Windows, all installed packages are under c: > \Python25\Lib\site-packages. Now I have to build C libraries used by > python extensions and I am using cygwin, but I don't know how to > install the module in Windows directory. > > Can anyone help me? I think it is a problem because as far as I know cygwin cannot see files outside of /cygwin. Where is python installed in cygwin? Can't you install the same packages into cygwin? and then do your building in there...? David -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Compile python extensions under windows/cygwin
On 25 Maio, 00:13, Christian Heimes wrote: > Joana wrote: > > I mantain Python on Windows, all installed packages are under c: > > \Python25\Lib\site-packages. Now I have to build C libraries used by > > python extensions and I am using cygwin, but I don't know how to > > install the module in Windows directory. > > Are you sure you want to use Cygwin? Binaries build with and for Cygwin > are not compatible with ordinary Windows binaries. I assume that you > want to build C extensions with the open source MinGW32 compiler? That's > easy: > > * Install MinGW32 > * Add its bin directory to PATH > * Add a file distutils.cfg in C:\Python25\Lib\distutils with > this content: > > [build] > compiler=mingw32 > > * Have fun :) > > Christian hmm.. but the problem with mingw32 is that it does not have the libraries I need. The module I want to install includes netinet/in.h. So the answer is that I can't install that module in Windows? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: how to get rid of pyc files ?
On Sun, 24 May 2009 15:01:51 +0200, Stef Mientki wrote: > hello, > > Moving my entire program section between windows and Ubuntu, > sometimes causes problems, due to the existence of pyc-files > (and probably because my program still has hard coded paths). > > Is there a way to prevent generating pyc-files ? > Or is there a way to redirect the generated pyc-files to a dedicated > location ? Yes.. I see your problem... try something else linking the files in linux... Try this: - create a windows "run-directory" as in 'mkdir win-run' - create symbolic link in the win-run directory for each script - 'cd win-run' - 'ln -s /home/user/mypythondir/hello.py hello.py' - for every source file... Now you'll be able to run both... Under windows the .pyc files will be created in the win-run directory and under linux in /home/user/mypythondir David -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Searching for pyvm
Hello, I'm looking for the sources to pyvm, a python virtual machine implementation which can run Python 2.4 bytecode. If someone could point me in the right direction, I would appreciate it. Thanks. --- Vladimir P.S. The link on the author's pyvm page is broken, and I have been unable to find a copy elsewhere (Google, FTP servers, All-the-Web search, etc.) -- Vladimir G. Ivanovic signature.asc Description: OpenPGP digital signature -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Compile python extensions under windows/cygwin
Joana wrote: > I mantain Python on Windows, all installed packages are under c: > \Python25\Lib\site-packages. Now I have to build C libraries used by > python extensions and I am using cygwin, but I don't know how to > install the module in Windows directory. Are you sure you want to use Cygwin? Binaries build with and for Cygwin are not compatible with ordinary Windows binaries. I assume that you want to build C extensions with the open source MinGW32 compiler? That's easy: * Install MinGW32 * Add its bin directory to PATH * Add a file distutils.cfg in C:\Python25\Lib\distutils with this content: [build] compiler=mingw32 * Have fun :) Christian -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: A fast way to read last line of gzip archive ?
"Barak, Ron" writes:
> I thought maybe someone has a way to unzip just the end portion of
> the archive (instead of the whole archive), as only the last part is
> needed for reading the last line.
The problem is that gzip compressed output has no reliable
intermediate break points that you can jump to and just start
decompressing without having worked through the prior data.
In your specific code, using readlines() is probably not ideal as it
will create the full list containing all of the decoded file contents
in memory only to let you pick the last one. So a small optimization
would be to just iterate through the file (directly or by calling
readline()) until you reach the last line.
However, since you don't care about the bulk of the file, but only
need to work with the final line in Python, this is an activity that
could be handled more efficiently handled with external tools, as you
need not involve much intepreter time to actually decompress/discard
the bulk of the file.
For example, on my system, comparing these two cases:
# last.py
import gzip
import sys
in_file = gzip.open(sys.argv[1],'r')
for line in in_file:
pass
print 'Last:', line
# last-popen.py
import sys
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
# Implement gzip -dc | tail -1
gzip = Popen(['gzip', '-dc', sys.argv[1]], stdout=PIPE)
tail = Popen(['tail', '-1'], stdin=gzip.stdout, stdout=PIPE)
line = tail.communicate()[0]
print 'Last:', line
with an ~80MB log file compressed to about 8MB resulted in last.py
taking about 26 seconds, while last-popen took about 1.7s. Both
resulted in the same value in "line". As long as you have local
binaries for gzip/tail (such as Cygwin or MingW or equivalent) this
works fine on Windows systems too.
If you really want to keep everything in Python, then I'd suggest
working to optimize the "skip" portion of the task, trying to
decompress the bulk of the file as quickly as possible. For example,
one possibility would be something like:
# last-chunk.py
import gzip
import sys
from cStringIO import StringIO
in_file = gzip.open(sys.argv[1],'r')
chunks = ['', '']
while 1:
chunk = in_file.read(1024*1024)
if not chunk:
break
del chunks[0]
chunks.append(chunk)
data = StringIO(''.join(chunks))
for line in data:
pass
print 'Last:', line
with the idea that you decode about a MB at a time, holding onto the
final two chunks (in case the actual final chunk turns out to be
smaller than one of your lines), and then only process those for
lines. There's probably some room for tweaking the mechanism for
holding onto just the last two chunks, but I'm not sure it will make
a major difference in performance.
In the same environment of mine as the earlier tests, the above took
about 2.7s. So still much slower than the external utilities in
percentage terms, but in absolute terms, a second or so may not be
critical for you compared to pure Python.
-- David
--
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Re: how to get rid of pyc files ?
On May 24, 4:08 pm, Dave Angel wrote: > pythoncuri...@gmail.com wrote: > > On May 24, 3:58 pm, John Machin wrote: > > >> What problems? Like avoiding having to recompile your .py files makes > >> your app run too fast? > > > There are real problems with this. I'm having similar problems when > > switching > > between Solaris and Windows. > > The code is in clearcase, which uses some sort of network file > > system. > > In our case, that means that I'll be accessing the same directories > > from both > > platforms, so .pyc-files from one platform will be visible when I run > > the > > code on the other platform. > > > The .pyc-file will contain a string pointing to the file is was built > > from. > > The path to that file will be different under different platforms, so > > when the > > string is used, there will be error printouts. > > At least I think that's the problem, the error printouts contains > > paths that > > are only valid on the other platform. > > I don't have access to those computers atm, so I can't show the exact > > message. > > > The only solution I've seen is to make sure to clean up the .pyc files > > each > > time I switch platform. > > Is Clearcase still around? I hope it works better than it did in 1992. > > Somebody else has already pointed out that you can tell Python not to > create those files (during your development stages). > > But if that won't work for some reason, perhaps you can do something > with symbolic links. I remember that RCS, for example, required that > the archives be located in a directory immediately below the one with > the sources. So in order to share those archives, you made the > subdirectory actually a link to a common network location. > > Your case would seem to be the opposite. But I don't know enough about > the current state of either Solaris or Clearcase to know the best answer. > > Perhaps Clearcase supports some form of "exclusion" parameter, wherein > you say not to do version control on files with certain patterns, like .pyc ClearCase gives you tremendous control over what can be seen at any point. Assuming that you are using dynamic views, the simplest way to fix this is to use a different view for each platform. They would both be able to see the py files (although you could control that with the configspec)as checked in, but the pyc files would not be checked in and would automatically be view private. So with two different views, each platform would only see its own pyc files. HTH, Jon Peck -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: wxPython gurus, please help
Jive Dadson wrote: >I have an application that opens an image file of the user's choice. > I have an exception handler for the case that the user selected a bad > or unsupported image file. My code is catching the exception, but > unfortunately for me, after I exit the except-clause, wxPython is > popping up its own message dialog from somewhere in deepest, darkest > __core__. > >How do I make it not do that? > >Thankee much, >Jive In your line creating your app object do it like this to avoid redirecting error output to a popup window: app=wx.App(False) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Compile python extensions under windows/cygwin
I mantain Python on Windows, all installed packages are under c: \Python25\Lib\site-packages. Now I have to build C libraries used by python extensions and I am using cygwin, but I don't know how to install the module in Windows directory. Can anyone help me? Thanks in advance Joana -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Need Help
> abosalim (a) a écrit:
>a> #Gui
>a> import re, collections
>a> from Tkinter import *
>a> from nltk_lite import tokenize
>a> def words(text): return re.findall('[a-z]+', text.lower())
>a> def train(features):
>a> model = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 1)
>a> for f in features:
>a> model[f] += 1
>a> return model
The return statement should be shifted left 4 spaces. Now it is inside
the loop instead of after the loop.
By the way, it is better to add python code as attachment instead of
inline text because some news software might fold the lines like in your
posting, making it difficult to reconstruct the code.
...
>a> def new(self):
>a> self.string = self.contents.get()
>a> #pass contents of textfield to words()method above
>a> self.res= words(self.string)
>a> self.frame2 = Frame()
>a> self.frame2.pack()
>a> self.words = Label(self.frame2, text=self.res, fg="blue", font=
>a> ("Arial", 16))
>a> self.words.pack()
>a> It print text without correction.I think it didn't enter the method or
>a> any method above the gui.
>a> Please if you have any information,inform me
You don't call correct() or textcorrect() anywhere in your GUI code.
I think instead of self.res= words(self.string) you should call one of
these.
--
Piet van Oostrum
URL: http://pietvanoostrum.com [PGP 8DAE142BE17999C4]
Private email: p...@vanoostrum.org
--
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Re: how to get rid of pyc files ?
On May 25, 3:09 am, pythoncuri...@gmail.com wrote: > On May 24, 3:58 pm, John Machin wrote: > > > > > What problems? Like avoiding having to recompile your .py files makes > > your app run too fast? > > There are real problems with this. I'm having similar problems when > switching > between Solaris and Windows. > The code is in clearcase, which uses some sort of network file > system. > In our case, that means that I'll be accessing the same directories > from both > platforms, so .pyc-files from one platform will be visible when I run > the > code on the other platform. "switching" scarcely seems to be the right description. You appear to be running the same code from one repository simultaneously available to two different platforms. Try this: Instead of running your code straight from your repository, set up a run-time "launch pad" in an appropriate place for each platform. When there is a new release of your app, install it in each launchpad. > > The .pyc-file will contain a string pointing to the file is was built > from. > The path to that file will be different under different platforms, so > when the > string is used, there will be error printouts. > At least I think that's the problem, the error printouts contains > paths that > are only valid on the other platform. > I don't have access to those computers atm, so I can't show the exact > message. > > The only solution I've seen is to make sure to clean up the .pyc files > each > time I switch platform. I'm a bit lost here ... your clearcase repository uses a mysterious "some sort of network file system" to which you have access permissions which allow you to delete individual files?? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Re: how to get rid of pyc files ?
pythoncuri...@gmail.com wrote: On May 24, 3:58 pm, John Machin wrote: What problems? Like avoiding having to recompile your .py files makes your app run too fast? There are real problems with this. I'm having similar problems when switching between Solaris and Windows. The code is in clearcase, which uses some sort of network file system. In our case, that means that I'll be accessing the same directories from both platforms, so .pyc-files from one platform will be visible when I run the code on the other platform. The .pyc-file will contain a string pointing to the file is was built from. The path to that file will be different under different platforms, so when the string is used, there will be error printouts. At least I think that's the problem, the error printouts contains paths that are only valid on the other platform. I don't have access to those computers atm, so I can't show the exact message. The only solution I've seen is to make sure to clean up the .pyc files each time I switch platform. Is Clearcase still around? I hope it works better than it did in 1992. Somebody else has already pointed out that you can tell Python not to create those files (during your development stages). But if that won't work for some reason, perhaps you can do something with symbolic links. I remember that RCS, for example, required that the archives be located in a directory immediately below the one with the sources. So in order to share those archives, you made the subdirectory actually a link to a common network location. Your case would seem to be the opposite. But I don't know enough about the current state of either Solaris or Clearcase to know the best answer. Perhaps Clearcase supports some form of "exclusion" parameter, wherein you say not to do version control on files with certain patterns, like .pyc -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How does Python's OOP feel?
On May 24, 5:54 am, Ikon wrote: Be prepared for a slight wave of depression as you remember all the pointless interfaces, abstract classes, and getters/setters you created. I keep reminding myself that Java pays the bills. Having said that, the dynamic nature of Python lets you experiment with some more advanced OO concepts that Java doesn't have, like mixins (like multiple inheritance) and multimethods (dispatching on parameter types). Then there are metaclasses.. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: writing on file not until the end
On Sun, 24 May 2009 19:46:01 +0100, Alexzive
wrote:
Hello,
I am a newby with python. I wrote the following code to extract a text
from a file and write it to another file:
linestring = open(path, 'r').read() #read all the inp file in
linestring
i=linestring.index("*NODE")
i=linestring.index("E",i)
e=linestring.index("*",i+10)
textN = linestring[i+2:e-1] # crop the ELement+nodes list
Nfile = open("N.txt", "w")
Nfile.write(textN)
unfortunately when I check N.txt some lines are missing (it only crop
until "57, 0.231749688431, 0.0405121944142" but I espect the final
line to be "242, 0.2979675, 0.224605896461". I check textN and it has
all the lines until "242..")
when I try Nfile.write(textN) again it writes some more lines but
still not all!
what is wrong whit this?
Cutting and pasting (and substituting the sample file for `path`),
it works for me on Python 2.6.2 (Ubuntu Linux). It must be something
to do with the context you're calling the code in. Are you checking
the output before the program has finished running or something?
--
Rhodri James *-* Wildebeeste Herder to the Masses
--
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Re: Can I get a technical explanation on the following error
On Sun, 24 May 2009 21:14:44 +0100, grocery_stocker wrote: On May 24, 11:47 am, Hans Müller wrote: Try this: print "\\" \ is the escape character, it masks the meaning of the next chararcter. If you write print "\" python tries to print " (the meaning of " as the string delimiter is beeing masked) and finds no closing " This is why you got the error. So something like "\" changes the meaning of " ? How? Does it just shift the ASCII bit(s)? No. There is a fixed set of "escape sequences" as they're called. The Fine Manual lists them here: http://docs.python.org/reference/lexical_analysis.html#literals -- Rhodri James *-* Wildebeeste Herder to the Masses -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: LaTeXing python programs
> On May 20, 10:10 pm, John Reid wrote:
>> Alan G Isaac wrote:
>> > The listings package is great and highly configurable.
>> > Note that you can also input entire files of Python code
>> > or pieces of them based on markers. Really quite great.
>>
>> I tried listings. I believe pygments makes better formatted output (at
>> least out of the box).
>
> I'm trying to figure out how to use pygments. Are there any good usage
> examples out there?
It's not really difficult. First choose a pygments style and create the
latex definitions for it (STYLENAME serves as placeholder here):
pygmentize -S STYLENAME -f latex > pygments_style.tex
Now import the required packages and the style definitions:
\usepackage{color]
\usepackage{fancyvbr}
\input{pygments_style.tex}
These packages are included in Tetex as well as in Texlive, if not, you can
of course install them from CTAN.
To format a snippet of code, run pygmentize and copy the output into your
document:
pygmentize -f latex a_python_file.py
That's it.
--
Freedom is always the freedom of dissenters.
(Rosa Luxemburg)
--
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Re: writing on file not until the end
On Sun, May 24, 2009 at 2:46 PM, Alexzive wrote:
> Hello,
> I am a newby with python. I wrote the following code to extract a text
> from a file and write it to another file:
>
> linestring = open(path, 'r').read() #read all the inp file in
> linestring
>
> i=linestring.index("*NODE")
> i=linestring.index("E",i)
> e=linestring.index("*",i+10)
> textN = linestring[i+2:e-1] # crop the ELement+nodes list
> Nfile = open("N.txt", "w")
> Nfile.write(textN)
>
> unfortunately when I check N.txt some lines are missing (it only crop
> until "57, 0.231749688431, 0.0405121944142" but I espect the final
> line to be "242, 0.2979675, 0.224605896461". I check textN and it has
> all the lines until "242..")
>
> when I try Nfile.write(textN) again it writes some more lines but
> still not all!
> what is wrong whit this?
>
> Many thanks for your help!
> Alex
>
> the original file to crop (in path) looks like this:
[snip file]
I didn't test this, but I would guess you're seeing this because of
buffering. Try adding Nfile.flush() to the end.
--
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Re: Can I get a technical explanation on the following error
On May 24, 11:47 am, Hans Müller wrote: > Try this: > > print "\\" > > \ is the escape character, it masks the meaning of the next chararcter. > > If you write print "\" python tries to print " (the meaning of " as > the string delimiter is beeing masked) and finds no closing " > This is why you got the error. > So something like "\" changes the meaning of " ? How? Does it just shift the ASCII bit(s)? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: I need help building a data structure for a state diagram
On 24 Mai, 20:16, Matthew Wilson wrote: > I'm working on a really simple workflow for my bug tracker. I want > filed bugs to start in an UNSTARTED status. From there, they can go to > STARTED. > > From STARTED, bugs can go to FINISHED or ABANDONED. > > I know I can easily hard-code this stuff into some if-clauses, but I > expect to need to add a lot more statuses over time and a lot more > relationships. > > This seems like a crude state diagram. So, has anyone on this list done > similar work? > > How should I design this so that users can add arbitrary new statuses > and then define how to get to and from those statuses? > > TIA > > MAtt General answer: you can encode finite state machines as grammars. States as non-terminals and transition labels as terminals: UNSTARTED: 'start' STARTED STARTED: 'ok' FINISHED | 'cancel' ABANDONED ABANDONED: 'done' FINISHED: 'done' In some sense each state-machine is also a little language. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Problems with StaticBitmaps and events
Hm, so it seems that it was just a sizing issue with my wx.Panels. I defined my own size, and that fixed the weird box problem. Although, now that I'm defining the size, that may not be good for when I expand the window. Everything will be stretched. Anyone know a way around that? Still having trouble with the GenStaticBitmap and the events. Can't seem to find an event that uses 'clickable' as a trigger (like EVT_BUTTON, but that doesn't work with GenStaticBitmap) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: I need help building a data structure for a state diagram
I'm working on a really simple workflow for my bug tracker. I want
filed bugs to start in an UNSTARTED status. From there, they can go to
STARTED.
From STARTED, bugs can go to FINISHED or ABANDONED.
I know I can easily hard-code this stuff into some if-clauses, but I
expect to need to add a lot more statuses over time and a lot more
relationships.
This seems like a crude state diagram. So, has anyone on this list done
similar work?
I've got a similar workflow in one of my applications at work. I
use a database to persist the available states along with their
transitions. Both the states themselves and the transitions have
various attributes to them to facilitate my workflows. The
following schema should work in most databases such as sqlite
(included with Python2.5+) with minor syntactic tweaks (such as
auto-increment)
CREATE TABLE States (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
description VARCHAR(50),
other_attributes ...
);
CREATE TABLE Transitions (
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
from_state INT NOT NULL REFERENCES States(id),
to_state INT NOT NULL REFERENCES States(id),
other_attributes ...
);
INSERT INTO States (description) VALUES
('Started'),
('Finished'),
('Abandoned');
INSERT INTO Transitions (from_state, to_state) VALUES
(1, 2), -- Started -> Finished
(1, 3), -- Started -> Abandoned
(3, 2); -- Abandoned -> Finished
You can then query states you can transition to:
SELECT s1.description, s2.description, t.other_attributes
FROM Transitions t
INNER JOIN States s1
ON s1.id = t.from_id
INNER JOIN States s2
ON s2.id = t.to_id
-- WHERE t.from_id = @current_id
ORDER BY s1.description, s2.description
You can easily add more state rows as well as transition rows to
the tables. Then use the other_attributes of either the
transition or the state to control the workflows (we have
transition attributes for things like "notifies account-manager",
"notifies customer", "number of days that must pass from initial
workflow-start", "number of days that must pass from most recent
status change", "does this transition happen manually or
automatically via an overnight script", etc.) The workflow
processing code then looks at these attributes for the transition
that's being attempted, and behaves accordingly.
Hope this gives you some ideas. If you want to read more, the
magic google-words are "finite state automaton" (FSA) or "finite
state machine" (FSM)[1]
-tkc
[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_state_machine
--
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Re: Problems with StaticBitmaps and events
Okay, I found the root of the weird box problem on the top left corner. It has something to do with my panels. I changed the code so that I directly used the StaticBitmap and TextCtrl inside the Frame class and the weird box was gone. I'm not sure what I'm doing wrong with the Panels. Can anyone help? Also, I poked around other forums and it seems StaticBitmaps doesn't really trigger events (it's a static control). I tried using GenStaticBitmaps in the wx.lib.statbmp, and was able to achieve some triggers (for example, wx.EVT_ENTER_WINDOW). However, I want to make it so that my picture is a button without having to look like one of the standard looking buttons (like you have in wx.BitmapButton). Is there some sort of way to do that? Thanks. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Can I get a technical explanation on the following error
Try this: print "\\" \ is the escape character, it masks the meaning of the next chararcter. If you write print "\" python tries to print " (the meaning of " as the string delimiter is beeing masked) and finds no closing " This is why you got the error. hth. Greetings Hans -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
writing on file not until the end
Hello,
I am a newby with python. I wrote the following code to extract a text
from a file and write it to another file:
linestring = open(path, 'r').read() #read all the inp file in
linestring
i=linestring.index("*NODE")
i=linestring.index("E",i)
e=linestring.index("*",i+10)
textN = linestring[i+2:e-1] # crop the ELement+nodes list
Nfile = open("N.txt", "w")
Nfile.write(textN)
unfortunately when I check N.txt some lines are missing (it only crop
until "57, 0.231749688431, 0.0405121944142" but I espect the final
line to be "242, 0.2979675, 0.224605896461". I check textN and it has
all the lines until "242..")
when I try Nfile.write(textN) again it writes some more lines but
still not all!
what is wrong whit this?
Many thanks for your help!
Alex
the original file to crop (in path) looks like this:
*HEADING
ABAQUS-style file created by OOF2 on 2009-03-05 03:23:49.204607 from a
mesh of the microstructure A.
** Materials defined by OOF2:
** C:
** W:
** Master elements used in OOF2:
** 2: D2_2, Isoparametric 2-noded edge element
** 3: T3_3, Isoparametric 3 noded triangle with linear interpolation
for both fields and positions.
** 4: Q4_4, Isoparametric 4 noded quadrilateral with bilinear
interpolation for both positions and fields
** Boundary Conditions:
** Notes:
** The set of nodes and elements may be different from the set
created from a skeleton
**depending on the element type and if the mesh was refined.
** The materials and boundary conditions provided by OOF2 may be
translated into ABAQUS by the user.
** The element type provided below should be verified and modified
accordingly.
** Only elements (and nodes of such elements) that have an
associated material are included in this file.
*NODE
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17, 0.12546, 0.0
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29, 0.18819, 0.0
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38, 0.282285, 0.0
245, 0.31365, 0.0
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68, 0.0, 0.0708369
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128, 0.188401966746, 0.118578758447
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138, 0.0, 0.1416738
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147, 0.287968204391, 0.138882348861
151, 0.0, 0.1652861
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153, 0.06273, 0.1652861
154, 0.094095, 0.1652861
156, 0.124683249222, 0.165861357563
189, 0.156825, 0.1652861
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193, 0.219555, 0.1652861
170, 0.251953134991, 0.166067888686
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179, 0.0, 0.1888984
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181, 0.0948683944207, 0.186105991855
184, 0.12546, 0.1888984
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2, 0.0150409063102, 0.0175241129844
5, 0.0, 0.0143072034694
3, 0.0156
Re: Can I get a technical explanation on the following error
'\' starts a escape sequence. You need to escape '\' with a '\' to make it work. >>> print 'test \\' test \ -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
I need help building a data structure for a state diagram
I'm working on a really simple workflow for my bug tracker. I want filed bugs to start in an UNSTARTED status. From there, they can go to STARTED. >From STARTED, bugs can go to FINISHED or ABANDONED. I know I can easily hard-code this stuff into some if-clauses, but I expect to need to add a lot more statuses over time and a lot more relationships. This seems like a crude state diagram. So, has anyone on this list done similar work? How should I design this so that users can add arbitrary new statuses and then define how to get to and from those statuses? TIA MAtt -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Set a variable as in setter
On 24 mayo, 15:33, Kless wrote: > On 24 mayo, 12:27, Duncan Booth wrote: > > > Kless wrote: > > > Is there any way to simplify the next code? Because I'm setting a > > > variable by default of the same way than it's set in the setter. > > > > --- > > > class Foo(object): > > > def __init__(self, bar): > > > self._bar = self._change(bar) # !!! as setter > > > What's wrong with just doing this?: > > self.bar = bar > > Because 'bar' is going to be modified before of be saved. Sorry! It works well. The problem was because I was using it from iPython. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Can I get a technical explanation on the following error
How come something like '\' causes an error? Here is what I mean. [cdal...@localhost ~]$ python Python 2.6.2 (r262:71600, May 3 2009, 17:04:44) [GCC 4.1.1 20061011 (Red Hat 4.1.1-30)] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> print "test \" File "", line 1 print "test \" ^ SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal >>> I mean, isn't the '\' a character just like the letter 't'? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: command prompt: the ntvdm cpu has encountered an illegal instruction
On 24 May, 18:32, Gerhard Häring wrote: > > Running Python from the Cygwin shell? Try from outside Cygwin, then. > No I am running from the windows command prompt. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: command prompt: the ntvdm cpu has encountered an illegal instruction
Daniel wrote: > If I try to invoke python via the command prompt I get an error > "command prompt: the ntvdm cpu has encountered an illegal > instruction..." > > I don't get this problem if I first cd to the python directory. I am > running python 3.0 on windows. Running Python from the Cygwin shell? Try from outside Cygwin, then. -- Gerhard -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
command prompt: the ntvdm cpu has encountered an illegal instruction
If I try to invoke python via the command prompt I get an error "command prompt: the ntvdm cpu has encountered an illegal instruction..." I don't get this problem if I first cd to the python directory. I am running python 3.0 on windows. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: how to get rid of pyc files ?
On May 24, 3:58 pm, John Machin wrote: > > What problems? Like avoiding having to recompile your .py files makes > your app run too fast? > There are real problems with this. I'm having similar problems when switching between Solaris and Windows. The code is in clearcase, which uses some sort of network file system. In our case, that means that I'll be accessing the same directories from both platforms, so .pyc-files from one platform will be visible when I run the code on the other platform. The .pyc-file will contain a string pointing to the file is was built from. The path to that file will be different under different platforms, so when the string is used, there will be error printouts. At least I think that's the problem, the error printouts contains paths that are only valid on the other platform. I don't have access to those computers atm, so I can't show the exact message. The only solution I've seen is to make sure to clean up the .pyc files each time I switch platform. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: wxPython gurus, please help
Piet van Oostrum wrote: Jive Dadson (JD) wrote: JD>I have an application that opens an image file of the user's choice. I JD> have an exception handler for the case that the user selected a bad or JD> unsupported image file. My code is catching the exception, but JD> unfortunately for me, after I exit the except-clause, wxPython is popping JD> up its own message dialog from somewhere in deepest, darkest __core__. Do you really expect an answer? Without you giving any details, like the essential part of your code, the actual error messages etc, how do you think that anybody he did ask for gurus ;-) will be able to divine what is happening? http://catb.org/esr/faqs/smart-questions.html -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: wxPython gurus, please help
> Jive Dadson (JD) wrote: >JD>I have an application that opens an image file of the user's choice. I >JD> have an exception handler for the case that the user selected a bad or >JD> unsupported image file. My code is catching the exception, but >JD> unfortunately for me, after I exit the except-clause, wxPython is popping >JD> up its own message dialog from somewhere in deepest, darkest __core__. Do you really expect an answer? Without you giving any details, like the essential part of your code, the actual error messages etc, how do you think that anybody will be able to divine what is happening? http://catb.org/esr/faqs/smart-questions.html -- Piet van Oostrum URL: http://pietvanoostrum.com [PGP 8DAE142BE17999C4] Private email: p...@vanoostrum.org -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Background subprocess help?
> danshumaker (d) wrote:
>d> Hi,
>d> I'm trying to do something as simple as this:
>d> "sleep 10; mail -s "test" dans < communicate_with_process &"
>d> which executes immediately because it is backgrounded with "&".
>d> or more generically in english:
>d> "do some long process in the background; send me mail when it's done; allow
>d> me to quit the tool that started launched the long process."
This description does not correspond to the command above. First the
command is confusing because it uses quotes in a strange way. If the
quotes are meant as Python string quotes there is a problem because the
inner quotes are not escaped. If they are meant as shell quotes they
are completely wrong. So let us assume that the outer quotes are
meant at the linguistic level and the inner quotes are shell quotes. Of
course using quotes in such an ambiguous way is confusing. Moreover the
quotes around "test" are superfluous. They are only necessary if there
are spaces or other strange characters (shell metachars) in the subject
argument.
So let us assume that the shell command you want to execute is:
sleep 10; mail -s "test" dans < communicate_with_process &
This will not do the whole thing in the background. It will do the first
part (sleep 10) and wait for it to complete; after that it will do the
mail command in the background. From your description it seems that you
want to do the combo in the background. In the shell this would be:
(sleep 10; mail -s "test" dans < communicate_with_process) &
And communicate_with_process is apparently a file; I suppose it is
written by the preceding command. If it would be the standard output of
the process it would be something like:
(sleep 10 | mail -s "test" dans) &
of course with sleep 10 replaced by something that generates output.
This is also suggested by your mentioning pipeline below.
>d> I've found several examples that are close but none of the permeatations I
>d> try work. The closest examples I've found start sending signals to
>d> processes and/or callbacks and 50+ lines of python code.
>d> I found the cliUtils module which came close.. but no cigar.
>d> I find it hard to believe that a one liner in bash/tcsh has to end up being
>d> many lines in python. That makes me think I'm missing something.
>d> Surely thousands of people have done this before -- start a background
>d> process and want notification when it's done.
Sequencing programs is the strength of a shell. It is not Pythons main
task, therefore it takes a little more effort for Python.
Running a combo in the background means there must be a process that
waits for the first program to complete and then starts the second one.
In the shell there will be another shell started, because of the () and
that will execute the two commands sequentially. So if you want to do it
in Python the same should be done. Python just doesn't have a convenient
syntax for this like the shell.
>d> Anybody have any suggestions on modules to try or quick subprocess commands
>d> that work? This came close
>d> http://docs.python.org/library/subprocess.html#replacing-shell-pipeline but
>d> no cigar too.
The easiest would be to also use the shell to do the sequencing. Why
reinvent the wheel? Like
p = Popen("sleep 10 | mail -s \"test\" dans", shell=True)
As you don't want to wait for the thing to complete, the p is almost
useless.
If you insist on doing it in Python I would recommend a fork to start
the new process. I suppose you are on a Posix system as you use & after
the shell command.
import os
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
pid = os.fork()
if pid == 0: # child code
p1 = Popen(["sleep", "10"], stdout=PIPE)
p2 = Popen(["mail", "-s", "test", "dans"], stdin=p1.stdout)
os._exit(0)
You could use: os._exit(os.waitpid(p2.pid, 0)[1]) but as you don't wait
for the child the actual exit status code is useless.
On Windows there is no fork(), therefore you would have to spawn a
separate Python program that only does the body of the if.
--
Piet van Oostrum
URL: http://pietvanoostrum.com [PGP 8DAE142BE17999C4]
Private email: p...@vanoostrum.org
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Python -> R?
On May 23, 8:20 am, Esmail wrote: > Hello! > > Anyone using Python scripts and accessing some of R's functionality? > If so, what are you using? I have read about RPy, is that a good > solution? Are there others that can be recommended or are preferred? > > I would prefer to code in Python instead of R :-) > > Thanks, > Esmail I was playing around with a r sound module and looking at the graphic stuff and I have downloaded the rpy thing but I have never used it I have been looking for a good excuse to use it... It looks like it could be useful for graphing stuff or maybe alogrithmic (spelling I am sure) composition... The R people have a publication somewhat like the python papers where you might find something intresting. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
[ANN] pyTenjin 0.7.0 - the fastest and full-featured template engine
Hi, I have released pyTenjin 0.7.0 http://www.kuwata-lab.com/tenjin/ pyTenjin is the fastest template engine for Python. It is not only very fast but also full-featured and easy-to-use. You can embed Python statements and expressions into your text file. Tenjin converts it into Python program and evaluate it. Features: * very fast - x2 faster than Mako - x3 faster than Cheetah and Myghty - x9 faster than Django - x60 faster than Kid * Full-featured - layout template - partial template - capturing - preprocessing - and so on... You can see the detail of benchmark at: http://www.kuwata-lab.com/tenjin/ (benchmark script is included in pyTenjin distribution.) Enhancements in 0.7.0 - * Python 3.0 is now supported officially. * Google AppEngine (GAE) supported. http://www.kuwata-lab.com/tenjin/pytenjin-faq.html#faq-google-appengine * Logging support. * enerate_tostrfun() can take not only encode-encoding but also decode-encoding. * (Experimental) HTML helper functions are now provided. * New command-line option '-a cache' supported. * You can share caches between all engine objects. * Pickle-base and text-base template caching support. See CHANGES.txt for details. http://www.kuwata-lab.com/pytenjin-CHANGES.txt Changes in 0.7.0 * 'cache' option for tenjin.Engine() changed. * to_str() is changed to encode unicode object into binary(=str) using utf-8 encoding in default. * Benchmark script now skips to do benchmark template libraries which are failed to import. Bugfix in 0.7.0 * In preprocessing, error was raised when expression is not string. Now fixed. Download and Install Type: $ sudo eazy_install Tenjin Or: $ wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/tenjin/Tenjin-0.7.0.tar.gz $ tar xzf Tenjin-0.7.0.tar.gz $ cd Tenjin-0.7.0 $ sudo python setup.py install Documents - * User's Guide http://www.kuwata-lab.com/tenjin/pytenjin-users-guide.html * FAQ http://www.kuwata-lab.com/tenjin/pytenjin-faq.html * Examples http://www.kuwata-lab.com/tenjin/pytenjin-examples.html * (Presentation) Tenjin - the fastest template engine in the world http://www.slideshare.net/kwatch/tenjin-the-wastest-template-engine-in-the-world Have fun! -- regards, makoto kuwata -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: wxpython and zoom/pan image
On May 24, 8:57 am, "Barak, Ron" wrote: > Hi Ross, > You probably would get more focused answers if you addressed the question to > the wxPython list at wxpython-us...@lists.wxwidgets.org > As for your question, seeing your (simplified) code might help: out of hand, > what you want to do is catch the events you're interested in (e.g., > double-left-click) and create functions/class-instances that would perform > the needed actions. > I'd suggest reading "wxPython in Action" (ISBN 1-932394-62-1) as it would > give you most of the answers you seek. > Bye, > Ron. > > > > > -Original Message- > > From: rzzzwil...@gmail.com [mailto:rzzzwil...@gmail.com] > > Sent: Sunday, May 24, 2009 03:28 > > To: python-l...@python.org > > Subject: wxpython and zoom/pan image > > > Hi, > > > I've googled for this, but can only find things like > > openlayers that is a web-based javascript solution. > > > I need to display an image at various zoom levels and want to > > allow the user to pan around in the Google maps style, that > > is, left-click hold and drag. The code should also action > > double-clicks on the image (but that's easy). > > > There are no 'standard' wxpython widgets that allow this. > > Can anyone point me to information on how to implement such a > > thing, or maybe some working code? > > > Thanks, > > Ross- Hide quoted text - > > - Show quoted text - I think I remember seeing an example about zooming somewhere on the wxpython list or wiki... -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Set a variable as in setter
On 24 mayo, 12:27, Duncan Booth wrote: > Kless wrote: > > Is there any way to simplify the next code? Because I'm setting a > > variable by default of the same way than it's set in the setter. > > > --- > > class Foo(object): > > def __init__(self, bar): > > self._bar = self._change(bar) # !!! as setter > > What's wrong with just doing this?: > self.bar = bar Because 'bar' is going to be modified before of be saved. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Multiprocessing and file I/O
On 24 Mai, 16:13, Infinity77 wrote: > > No, the processing of the data is fast enough, as it is very simple. > What I was asking is if anyone could share an example of using > multiprocessing to read a file, along the lines I described above. Take a look at this section in an article about multi-threaded processing of large files: http://effbot.org/zone/wide-finder.htm#a-multi-threaded-python-solution Paul -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
RE: A fast way to read last line of gzip archive ?
> -Original Message- > From: garabik-news-2005...@kassiopeia.juls.savba.sk > [mailto:garabik-news-2005...@kassiopeia.juls.savba.sk] > Sent: Sunday, May 24, 2009 13:37 > To: python-list@python.org > Subject: Re: A fast way to read last line of gzip archive ? > > Barak, Ron wrote: > > > > > > > > I thought maybe someone has a way to unzip just the end > portion of the > > archive (instead of the whole archive), as only the last part is > > needed for reading the last line. > > dictzip (python implementation part of my serpento package) > you have to compress the file with dictzip, instead of gzip, > though (but dictzipped file is just a special way of > organizing the gzip file, so it remains perfectly compatible > with gunzip&comp.) Unfortunately, the gzip archive isn't created by me, and I have no say in how it's created. :-( Thanks, Ron. > > > -- > --- > | Radovan Garabík http://kassiopeia.juls.savba.sk/~garabik/ | > | __..--^^^--..__garabik @ kassiopeia.juls.savba.sk | > --- > Antivirus alert: file .signature infected by signature virus. > Hi! I'm a signature virus! Copy me into your signature file > to help me spread! > > -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Extending C++ class in python
nazia schrieb: Hi all, I'm a newbie in Python and need help. Can anyone help me by explaining the steps of extending a C++ class in Python with a simple example? I'm not interested to use SWIG like tools. Thanks for your time. If your are not interested in using the tools provided for this task, I fear you won't get much help. I'd personally use SIP and can only recommend it. Diez -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How does Python's OOP feel?
Ikon wrote: I'm rather new to Python. I have PHP for my main language and I do some Java. They all have a very strict OO schema. As I red through Python's tutorial it seams it has nothing of those rules. No statical, abstract classes, functions, or variables. I wish someone, who has experience in both Java/PHP/C# and Python would tell me how mush better/worse is it to program in a language that misses most of the OO parts! It is freeing. Simple experiments take far less time. What many here (myself included) will tell you is to spend the time you formerly spent on defining and declaring types on creating test cases. Then you have nicely unit-tested code for only a bit more effort than you had to spend on gettting a program to run before. --Scott David Daniels scott.dani...@acm.org -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
RE: wxpython and zoom/pan image
Hi Ross, You probably would get more focused answers if you addressed the question to the wxPython list at wxpython-us...@lists.wxwidgets.org As for your question, seeing your (simplified) code might help: out of hand, what you want to do is catch the events you're interested in (e.g., double-left-click) and create functions/class-instances that would perform the needed actions. I'd suggest reading "wxPython in Action" (ISBN 1-932394-62-1) as it would give you most of the answers you seek. Bye, Ron. > -Original Message- > From: rzzzwil...@gmail.com [mailto:rzzzwil...@gmail.com] > Sent: Sunday, May 24, 2009 03:28 > To: python-list@python.org > Subject: wxpython and zoom/pan image > > Hi, > > I've googled for this, but can only find things like > openlayers that is a web-based javascript solution. > > I need to display an image at various zoom levels and want to > allow the user to pan around in the Google maps style, that > is, left-click hold and drag. The code should also action > double-clicks on the image (but that's easy). > > There are no 'standard' wxpython widgets that allow this. > Can anyone point me to information on how to implement such a > thing, or maybe some working code? > > Thanks, > Ross > > -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to reuse TCP listening socket immediately after it was connected at least once?
Roy Smith wrote: In article , Lawrence D'Oliveiro wrote: In message , Igor Katson wrote: I have written a socket server and some arbitrary clients. When I shutdown the server, and do socket.close(), I cannot immediately start it again cause it has some open sockets in TIME_WAIT state. It throws address already in use exception at me. There's a reason for that. It's to ensure that there are no leftover packets floating around the Internet somewhere, that you might mistakenly receive and think they were part of a new connection, when they were in fact part of an old one. In theory, that is indeed the reason for the TIME_WAIT state. In practice, however, using SO_REUSEADDR is pretty safe, and common practice. You've got several things working in your favor. First, late-delivery of packets is pretty rare. Second, if some late packet were to arrive, the chances of them having the same local and remote port numbers as an existing connection is slim. And, finally, the TCP sequence number won't line up. One thing to be aware of is that SO_REUSEADDR isn't 100% portable. There are some systems (ISTR HP-UX) which use SO_REUSEPORT instead of SO_REUSEADDR. The original specifications weren't very clear, and some implementers read them in strange ways. Some of that old code continues in use today. I only mention this because if you try SO_REUSEADDR and it's not doing what you expect, it's worth trying SO_REUSEPORT (or both) to see what happens on your particular system. The right thing to do is try to ensure that all your connections are properly closed at shutdown. That may not be enough (if your server crashes due to bugs), so the other thing you need to do is retry the socket open, say, at 30-second intervals, until it succeeds. That may be a reasonable thing to do for production code, but when you're building and debugging a server, it's a real pain to not be able to restart it quickly whenever you want (or need) to. Thanks for a great answer, Roy! -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Multiprocessing and file I/O
Hi Igor,
On May 24, 1:10 pm, Igor Katson wrote:
> Infinity77 wrote:
> > Hi All,
>
> > I am trying to speed up some code which reads a bunch of data from
> > a disk file. Just for the fun of it, I thought to try and use parallel
> > I/O to split the reading of the file between multiple processes.
> > Although I have been warned that concurrent access by multiple
> > processes to the same file may actually slow down the reading of the
> > file, I was curious to try some timings by varying the number of
> > processes which read the file. I know almost nothing of
> > multiprocessing, so I was wondering if anyone had some very simple
> > snippet of code which demonstrates how to read a file using
> > multiprocessing.
>
> > My idea was to create a "big" file by doing:
>
> > fid = open("somefile.txt", "wb")
> > fid.write("HELLO\n"*1e7)
> > fid.close()
>
> > and then using fid.seek() to point every process I start to a position
> > inside the file and start reading from there. For example, with 4
> > processes and a 10 MB file, I would tell the first process to read
> > from byte 0 to byte 2.5 million, the second one from 2.5 million to 5
> > million and so on. I just have an academic curiosity :-D
>
> > Any suggestion is very welcome, either to the approach or to the
> > actual implementation. Thank you for your help.
>
> > Andrea.
>
> If the thing you would want to speed up is the processing of the file
> (and not the IO), I would make one process actually read the file, and
> feed the other processes with the data from the file through a queue.
No, the processing of the data is fast enough, as it is very simple.
What I was asking is if anyone could share an example of using
multiprocessing to read a file, along the lines I described above.
Andrea.
--
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Re: Optimizing math functions
John Machin wrote: 1. Will is also allow me to maximize a function (I only saw minimum)? To maximise f(x,y), minimise -f(x,y) Ooops .. yes of course! Thanks, Esmail -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: how to get rid of pyc files ?
On May 24, 11:01 pm, Stef Mientki wrote: > hello, > > Moving my entire program section between windows and Ubuntu, > sometimes causes problems, due to the existence of pyc-files What problems? Like avoiding having to recompile your .py files makes your app run too fast? > (and probably because my program still has hard coded paths). > > Now I want get rid of the pyc-files, Which does nothing for the hard-coded paths issue ... -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Optimizing math functions
On May 24, 10:42 pm, Esmail wrote: > Robert Kern wrote: > > > We have several bounded optimization routines in scipy. > > >http://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/optimize.html > > Hi Robert, > > Thanks for the lead .. I briefly looked at the documentation, but > before I dig into this more deeply 2 quick questions: > > 1. Will is also allow me to maximize a function (I only saw minimum)? To maximise f(x,y), minimise -f(x,y) HTH, John -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Replacing module with a stub for unit testing
On Sun, 24 May 2009 13:14:30 +0100, A. Cavallo wrote: > how about the old and simple: > > import ExpensiveModuleStub as ExpensiveModule No, that won't do, because for it to have the desired effort, it needs to be inside the IntermediateModule, not the Test_Module. That means that IntermediateModule needs to know if it is running in "test mode" or "real mode", and that's (1) possibly impractical, and (2) not great design. -- Steven -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to reuse TCP listening socket immediately after it was connected at least once?
In article , Lawrence D'Oliveiro wrote: > In message , Igor Katson > wrote: > > > I have written a socket server and some arbitrary clients. When I > > shutdown the server, and do socket.close(), I cannot immediately start > > it again cause it has some open sockets in TIME_WAIT state. It throws > > address already in use exception at me. > > There's a reason for that. It's to ensure that there are no leftover packets > floating around the Internet somewhere, that you might mistakenly receive > and think they were part of a new connection, when they were in fact part of > an old one. In theory, that is indeed the reason for the TIME_WAIT state. In practice, however, using SO_REUSEADDR is pretty safe, and common practice. You've got several things working in your favor. First, late-delivery of packets is pretty rare. Second, if some late packet were to arrive, the chances of them having the same local and remote port numbers as an existing connection is slim. And, finally, the TCP sequence number won't line up. One thing to be aware of is that SO_REUSEADDR isn't 100% portable. There are some systems (ISTR HP-UX) which use SO_REUSEPORT instead of SO_REUSEADDR. The original specifications weren't very clear, and some implementers read them in strange ways. Some of that old code continues in use today. I only mention this because if you try SO_REUSEADDR and it's not doing what you expect, it's worth trying SO_REUSEPORT (or both) to see what happens on your particular system. > The right thing to do is try to ensure that all your connections are > properly closed at shutdown. That may not be enough (if your server crashes > due to bugs), so the other thing you need to do is retry the socket open, > say, at 30-second intervals, until it succeeds. That may be a reasonable thing to do for production code, but when you're building and debugging a server, it's a real pain to not be able to restart it quickly whenever you want (or need) to. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Set a variable as in setter
On Sun, 24 May 2009 19:03:26 +0600 Mike Kazantsev wrote: > On Sun, 24 May 2009 05:06:13 -0700 (PDT) > Kless wrote: > > > Is there any way to simplify the next code? Because I'm setting a > > variable by default of the same way than it's set in the setter. > > > > --- > > class Foo(object): > >def __init__(self, bar): > > self._bar = self._change(bar) # !!! as setter > > Guess it's obvious, but why not use "setattr(self, 'bar', bar)" here, in > __init__ - it'll just call defined setter. In fact, "self.bar = bar" is even simplier. Somehow I thought it wouldn't work here, but it does. > >@property > >def bar(self): > > return self._bar > > > >@bar.setter > >def bar(self, bar): > > self._bar = self._change(bar) # !!! as in init > > > >def _change(self, text): > > return text + 'any change' > > --- > -- Mike Kazantsev // fraggod.net signature.asc Description: PGP signature -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: how to get rid of pyc files ?
Stef Mientki wrote: btw, What commandline switches are available for python ? (googling didn't give me any relevant hits ) Hi Stef, This is what I get w/ v2.6 under Ubuntu 9.04 9:12 esm...@t61 ~/Python [510] python -h usage: python [option] ... [-c cmd | -m mod | file | -] [arg] ... Options and arguments (and corresponding environment variables): -B : don't write .py[co] files on import; also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=x -c cmd : program passed in as string (terminates option list) -d : debug output from parser; also PYTHONDEBUG=x -E : ignore PYTHON* environment variables (such as PYTHONPATH) -h : print this help message and exit (also --help) -i : inspect interactively after running script; forces a prompt even if stdin does not appear to be a terminal; also PYTHONINSPECT=x -m mod : run library module as a script (terminates option list) -O : optimize generated bytecode slightly; also PYTHONOPTIMIZE=x -OO: remove doc-strings in addition to the -O optimizations -Q arg : division options: -Qold (default), -Qwarn, -Qwarnall, -Qnew -s : don't add user site directory to sys.path; also PYTHONNOUSERSITE -S : don't imply 'import site' on initialization -t : issue warnings about inconsistent tab usage (-tt: issue errors) -u : unbuffered binary stdout and stderr; also PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x see man page for details on internal buffering relating to '-u' -v : verbose (trace import statements); also PYTHONVERBOSE=x can be supplied multiple times to increase verbosity -V : print the Python version number and exit (also --version) -W arg : warning control; arg is action:message:category:module:lineno -x : skip first line of source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of #!cmd -3 : warn about Python 3.x incompatibilities that 2to3 cannot trivially fix file : program read from script file - : program read from stdin (default; interactive mode if a tty) arg ...: arguments passed to program in sys.argv[1:] Other environment variables: PYTHONSTARTUP: file executed on interactive startup (no default) PYTHONPATH : ':'-separated list of directories prefixed to the default module search path. The result is sys.path. PYTHONHOME : alternate directory (or :). The default module search path uses /pythonX.X. PYTHONCASEOK : ignore case in 'import' statements (Windows). PYTHONIOENCODING: Encoding[:errors] used for stdin/stdout/stderr. XP looks similar enough (I didn't look through it for any differences): Microsoft Windows XP [Version 5.1.2600] (C) Copyright 1985-2001 Microsoft Corp. C:\> python -h usage: python [option] ... [-c cmd | -m mod | file | -] [arg] ... Options and arguments (and corresponding environment variables): -B : don't write .py[co] files on import; also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=x -c cmd : program passed in as string (terminates option list) -d : debug output from parser; also PYTHONDEBUG=x -E : ignore PYTHON* environment variables (such as PYTHONPATH) -h : print this help message and exit (also --help) -i : inspect interactively after running script; forces a prompt even if stdin does not appear to be a terminal; also PYTHONINSPECT=x -m mod : run library module as a script (terminates option list) -O : optimize generated bytecode slightly; also PYTHONOPTIMIZE=x -OO: remove doc-strings in addition to the -O optimizations -Q arg : division options: -Qold (default), -Qwarn, -Qwarnall, -Qnew -s : don't add user site directory to sys.path; also PYTHONNOUSERSITE -S : don't imply 'import site' on initialization -t : issue warnings about inconsistent tab usage (-tt: issue errors) -u : unbuffered binary stdout and stderr; also PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x see man page for details on internal buffering relating to '-u' -v : verbose (trace import statements); also PYTHONVERBOSE=x can be supplied multiple times to increase verbosity -V : print the Python version number and exit (also --version) -W arg : warning control; arg is action:message:category:module:lineno -x : skip first line of source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of #!cmd -3 : warn about Python 3.x incompatibilities file : program read from script file - : program read from stdin (default; interactive mode if a tty) arg ...: arguments passed to program in sys.argv[1:] Other environment variables: PYTHONSTARTUP: file executed on interactive startup (no default) PYTHONPATH : ';'-separated list of directories prefixed to the default module search path. The result is sys.path. PYTHONHOME : alternate directory (or ;). The default module search path uses \lib. PYTHONCASEOK : ignore case in 'import' statements (Windows). PYTHONIOENCODING: Encoding[:errors] used for stdin/stdout/stderr. HTH, Esmail -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: how to get rid of pyc files ?
On Sun, 24 May 2009 15:01:51 +0200 Stef Mientki wrote: > Moving my entire program section between windows and Ubuntu, > sometimes causes problems, due to the existence of pyc-files > (and probably because my program still has hard coded paths). > > Now I want get rid of the pyc-files, > so I wrote a py-script to remoce all pyc-files, > but because it's run from the same program section, > a few pyc files are recreated. > > Is there a way to prevent generating pyc-files ? > Or is there a way to redirect the generated pyc-files to a dedicated > location ? Use a "-B" command-line option or "PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=x" env var. You can put either "alias python='python -B'" or "export PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=x" to your .bashrc/profile and forget about .pyc/pyo forever. > btw, What commandline switches are available for python ? > (googling didn't give me any relevant hits ) You might be amazed how much insight "man python" and "python -h" can yield ;) -- Mike Kazantsev // fraggod.net signature.asc Description: PGP signature -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Set a variable as in setter
On Sun, 24 May 2009 05:06:13 -0700 (PDT) Kless wrote: > Is there any way to simplify the next code? Because I'm setting a > variable by default of the same way than it's set in the setter. > > --- > class Foo(object): >def __init__(self, bar): > self._bar = self._change(bar) # !!! as setter Guess it's obvious, but why not use "setattr(self, 'bar', bar)" here, in __init__ - it'll just call defined setter. >@property >def bar(self): > return self._bar > >@bar.setter >def bar(self, bar): > self._bar = self._change(bar) # !!! as in init > >def _change(self, text): > return text + 'any change' > --- -- Mike Kazantsev // fraggod.net signature.asc Description: PGP signature -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
how to get rid of pyc files ?
hello, Moving my entire program section between windows and Ubuntu, sometimes causes problems, due to the existence of pyc-files (and probably because my program still has hard coded paths). Now I want get rid of the pyc-files, so I wrote a py-script to remoce all pyc-files, but because it's run from the same program section, a few pyc files are recreated. Is there a way to prevent generating pyc-files ? Or is there a way to redirect the generated pyc-files to a dedicated location ? btw, What commandline switches are available for python ? (googling didn't give me any relevant hits ) thanks, Stef Mientki -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Optimizing math functions
Robert Kern wrote: We have several bounded optimization routines in scipy. http://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/optimize.html Hi Robert, Thanks for the lead .. I briefly looked at the documentation, but before I dig into this more deeply 2 quick questions: 1. Will is also allow me to maximize a function (I only saw minimum)? 2. Will it give me the global minima/maxima? I only ask because I got all excited to see that R has an optimize function but unfortunately it can not deal with multi-modal functions. I am trying to come up with some complex test cases for a genetic algorithm I'm working with, both for functions using f(x) and f(x,y) over a variety of intervals so I would like to have a way to verify results for more challenging functions. Thanks a lot, Esmail -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Optimizing math functions
Charlie wrote: You might also look at: http://pyparasol.sourceforge.net/example_1.html Thanks for this lead, I had never heard of parasol before. Do you know if this also works under Linux? The docs mention only the Windows platform, but given that this is Python perhaps it is save to assume this would also work under Linux? Esmail -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Set a variable as in setter
Kless wrote: > Is there any way to simplify the next code? Because I'm setting a > variable by default of the same way than it's set in the setter. > > --- > class Foo(object): >def __init__(self, bar): > self._bar = self._change(bar) # !!! as setter What's wrong with just doing this?: self.bar = bar > >@property >def bar(self): > return self._bar > >@bar.setter >def bar(self, bar): > self._bar = self._change(bar) # !!! as in init > >def _change(self, text): > return text + 'any change' > --- > -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Replacing module with a stub for unit testing
how about the old and simple: import ExpensiveModuleStub as ExpensiveModule On a different league you could make use of decorator and creating caching objects but that depends entirely on the requirements (how strict your test must be, test data sizes involved and more, much more details). Regards, Antonio On Saturday 23 May 2009 14:00:15 pigmart...@gmail.com wrote: > Hi, > > I'm working on a unit test framework for a module. The module I'm > testing indirectly calls another module which is expensive to access > --- CDLLs whose functions access a database. > > test_MyModule --->MyModule--->IntermediateModule--- > > >ExpensiveModule > > I want to create a stub of ExpensiveModule and have that be accessed > by IntermediateModule instead of the real version > > test_MyModule --->MyModule--->IntermediateModule--- > > >ExpensiveModuleStub > > I tried the following in my unittest: > > import ExpensiveModuleStub > sys.modules['ExpensiveModule'] = ExpensiveModuleStub # Doesn't > work > > But, import statements in the IntermediateModule still access the real > ExpensiveModule, not the stub. > > The examples I can find of creating and using Mock or Stub objects > seem to all follow a pattern where the fake objects are passed in as > arguments to the code being tested. For example, see the "Example > Usage" section here: http://python-mock.sourceforge.net. But that > doesn't work in my case as the module I'm testing doesn't directly use > the module that I want to replace. > > Can anybody suggest something? > > Thanks, > > Scott -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Multiprocessing and file I/O
Infinity77 wrote:
Hi All,
I am trying to speed up some code which reads a bunch of data from
a disk file. Just for the fun of it, I thought to try and use parallel
I/O to split the reading of the file between multiple processes.
Although I have been warned that concurrent access by multiple
processes to the same file may actually slow down the reading of the
file, I was curious to try some timings by varying the number of
processes which read the file. I know almost nothing of
multiprocessing, so I was wondering if anyone had some very simple
snippet of code which demonstrates how to read a file using
multiprocessing.
My idea was to create a "big" file by doing:
fid = open("somefile.txt", "wb")
fid.write("HELLO\n"*1e7)
fid.close()
and then using fid.seek() to point every process I start to a position
inside the file and start reading from there. For example, with 4
processes and a 10 MB file, I would tell the first process to read
from byte 0 to byte 2.5 million, the second one from 2.5 million to 5
million and so on. I just have an academic curiosity :-D
Any suggestion is very welcome, either to the approach or to the
actual implementation. Thank you for your help.
Andrea.
If the thing you would want to speed up is the processing of the file
(and not the IO), I would make one process actually read the file, and
feed the other processes with the data from the file through a queue.
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Set a variable as in setter
Is there any way to simplify the next code? Because I'm setting a variable by default of the same way than it's set in the setter. --- class Foo(object): def __init__(self, bar): self._bar = self._change(bar) # !!! as setter @property def bar(self): return self._bar @bar.setter def bar(self, bar): self._bar = self._change(bar) # !!! as in init def _change(self, text): return text + 'any change' --- -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Multiprocessing and file I/O
Hi All,
I am trying to speed up some code which reads a bunch of data from
a disk file. Just for the fun of it, I thought to try and use parallel
I/O to split the reading of the file between multiple processes.
Although I have been warned that concurrent access by multiple
processes to the same file may actually slow down the reading of the
file, I was curious to try some timings by varying the number of
processes which read the file. I know almost nothing of
multiprocessing, so I was wondering if anyone had some very simple
snippet of code which demonstrates how to read a file using
multiprocessing.
My idea was to create a "big" file by doing:
fid = open("somefile.txt", "wb")
fid.write("HELLO\n"*1e7)
fid.close()
and then using fid.seek() to point every process I start to a position
inside the file and start reading from there. For example, with 4
processes and a 10 MB file, I would tell the first process to read
from byte 0 to byte 2.5 million, the second one from 2.5 million to 5
million and so on. I just have an academic curiosity :-D
Any suggestion is very welcome, either to the approach or to the
actual implementation. Thank you for your help.
Andrea.
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
How does Python's OOP feel?
I'm rather new to Python. I have PHP for my main language and I do some Java. They all have a very strict OO schema. As I red through Python's tutorial it seams it has nothing of those rules. No statical, abstract classes, functions, or variables. I wish someone, who has experience in both Java/PHP/C# and Python would tell me how mush better/worse is it to program in a language that misses most of the OO parts! -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: 4 hundred quadrillonth?
In message <7b986ef0-d118-4e0c- afef-3c6385a4c...@b7g2000pre.googlegroups.com>, rustom wrote: > For a mathematician there are no inexact numbers; for a physicist no > exact ones. On the contrary, mathematics have worked out a precise theory of inexactness. As for exactitude in physics, Gregory Chaitin among others has been trying to rework physics to get rid of real numbers altogether. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
help! Troubled when embed python into C++
I have the following codes in C++:
#include
void main(){
Py_Initialize();
PyRun_SimpleString("execfile(r'1.py')");
Py_Finalize();
return;
}
the following is in 1.py :
import Tkinter
root=Tkinter.Tk()
root2=Tkinter.Tk()
root.mainloop()
root2.mainloop()
this is the output after I run the c++ program:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File " ", line 1, in
File "g:\volatile\1.py", line 2, in
root=Tkinter.Tk()
File "C:\Python26\lib\lib-tk\Tkinter.py", line 1638, i
baseName = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'argv'
I am quite new to python ,anyone know what shoud i do to solve it?
Thanks a lot!
--
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Re: How to reuse TCP listening socket immediately after it was connected at least once?
Igor Katson wrote: I have written a socket server and some arbitrary clients. When I shutdown the server, and do socket.close(), I cannot immediately start it again cause it has some open sockets in TIME_WAIT state. It throws address already in use exception at me. I have searched for that in google but haven't found a way to solve that. Tried setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) but that does not help. Is there a nice way to overcome this? Solved myself. SO_REUSEADDE should be used on the second listening socket creation (while time_wait already hangs) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Problems with sys.stout.flush()
AK wrote: import time, sys print "ONE", sys.stdout.flush() time.sleep(0.5) print "\rTWO", sys.stdout.flush() time.sleep(0.5) Running the command above prints out ONE TWO but running for i in range(10): print "ONE", time.sleep(0.2) prints out ONE ONE ONE ONE ONE ONE ONE ONE ONE ONE like Hendrik mentioned adding comma to the end prints out on one line. But my problem problem wasn't printing on one line it was mathematical each time I printed on one line it was appending the print before. Which is all the above command does anyway. I had to apply some maths to solve the issue I was having which was printing out a progress bar. I Got it working though. jross -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: A fast way to read last line of gzip archive ?
Barak, Ron wrote: > > > > I thought maybe someone has a way to unzip just the end portion of the > archive (instead of the whole archive), as only the last part is needed > for reading the last line. dictzip (python implementation part of my serpento package) you have to compress the file with dictzip, instead of gzip, though (but dictzipped file is just a special way of organizing the gzip file, so it remains perfectly compatible with gunzip&comp.) -- --- | Radovan Garabík http://kassiopeia.juls.savba.sk/~garabik/ | | __..--^^^--..__garabik @ kassiopeia.juls.savba.sk | --- Antivirus alert: file .signature infected by signature virus. Hi! I'm a signature virus! Copy me into your signature file to help me spread! -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: monitoring friendly applications
Thanks a lot. Your suggestions lead me to pypi, (I knew it but didnt remember the exact spelling, and no obvious link from www.python.org), and from there to supervisord, that answers pretty well my problem. Thanks again. Tim Roberts wrote: Imbaud Pierre wrote: I have A LOT of batch applications to monitor, on linux machines, mostly written in python. I have to know: - which are active, at a given moment? - when did the last run occur? How long did it last? - for some daemons: are they stuck? generally, waiting for i/o, or lost in some C call. ... By any chance, does something like this exist? Would someone be interested with this development? http://www.letmegooglethatforyou.com?q=python+daemon+tools -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
How to reuse TCP listening socket immediately after it was connected at least once?
I have written a socket server and some arbitrary clients. When I shutdown the server, and do socket.close(), I cannot immediately start it again cause it has some open sockets in TIME_WAIT state. It throws address already in use exception at me. I have searched for that in google but haven't found a way to solve that. Tried setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) but that does not help. Is there a nice way to overcome this? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Optimizing math functions
Steven D'Aprano REMOVE-THIS-cybersource.com.au> writes: > > On Sat, 23 May 2009 09:22:59 -0400, Esmail wrote: > > > Hello all, > > > > I would like to maximize or minimize a given math function over a > > specific set of values, in Python preferably. > ... > > What it apparently can't do is for maximize (or minimize) functions that > > contain two variables, x and y, or more. You might also look at: http://pyparasol.sourceforge.net/example_1.html -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Problems with sys.stout.flush()
"Joel Ross" To: Sent: Sunday, May 24, 2009 4:32 AM Subject: Re: Problems with sys.stout.flush() > Mel wrote: > > Joel Ross wrote: > >> Rhodri James wrote: > > [ ... ] > >>> Except that you still have the interesting issue that your environment > >>> isn't responding to '\r' correctly, which worries me rather. Or did > >>> you never test that? > > > >> Yeah I gave the "\r" a go and it kept printing out on a new line I will > >> look into it. > > > > Are you running an Apple computer? > > > > Mel. > > > > > No running a Linux fedora 9 box > Was the last character of your print command a comma? - Hendrik -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
