Re: installing libraries like numpy scipy matplotlib
memilanuk memila...@gmail.com wrote: On 07/04/2015 07:58 AM, Jens Thoms Toerring wrote: PIYUSH KUMAR okkpiy...@gmail.com wrote: I have never used linux in my life.. only windows based computing.. So I have problems in installing third party libraries in python. It depends. One question is if there's already a ready-for-use package for the third party library you want to install. If that is the case then the next question is which distro you're using I could be wrong, but I think the point was that he's not using Linux, while the majority of instructions for getting and using various scientific libraries for Python assume that the user *is* using Linux. Reading it the first time I understood it too mean that the OP is completely new to Linux (otherwise why mention Linux at all and not ask directly How do I install something under Windows?). But on second reading I see that it could also have beenmeant the other way round and it's not about Linux at all;-) Best regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: installing libraries like numpy scipy matplotlib
PIYUSH KUMAR okkpiy...@gmail.com wrote: I have never used linux in my life.. only windows based computing.. So I have problems in installing third party libraries in python. It depends. One question is if there's already a ready-for-use package for the third party library you want to install. If that is the case then the next question is which distro you're using - there are different package-management systems. Since you mentioned Pyke: if you got Ubuntu or Debian there's a package for it you can simply install it using the command sudo apt-get install python-pyke (The 'sudo' bit is for temporarily assuming the permissions to install the package, you're going to be asked for your password. 'apt-get' is the program for installing and de- installing packages. And 'python-pyke' is the name of the package._ If you also want the documentation installed add 'python-pyke-doc'. If you have some other distribution there might be a different program for installing new packages. And there's basically always also some program with a graphical user interface, wrapped around that and which shows you which packages exist (thousands). If there's no package for what you want you need to download the sources and install them yourself. For the details there usually is a file named README.txt and/or INSTALL.txt (or similar). Often all you need to use is the three commands ./configure make sudo make install If what you want to install depends on further software you also need to install that before creating and installing of what you need will succeed. So, again check if a ready-made package for that dependencies available or download, compile and install that. This can, in some cases, become a bit of work if A need B, B in turn need C and D, D needs E etc.;-) So can somebody just explain me how many softwares or other python packages I have to install before installing any of these. Sorry, but I don't understand this sentence. But in case for what you want to install there's a package for your distro you don't need to worry at all - all dependencies will get installed automatically (so if you want to install package A and that needs package B, B will installed automatically before A is installed). I also had problems installing PYKE last month. What were these problems? Best regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Help needed to create a Python extension library for an existing shared memory hash table library
Simon Hardy-Francis simo...@gmail.com wrote: Hi Python fans, I just released my first open source project ever called SharedHashFile [1]. It's a shared memory hash table written in C. Some guy on Quora asked [2] whether there's an extension library for Python coming out. I would like to do one but I know little about Python. I was wondering if anybody in this group has experience writing extension libraries for Python? There are, as far as I know, a number of tools that can help you to create extension modules from C/C++ libraries (i.e. Python bin- dings for the library). One that I have used successfully with a largish C++ library of mine is shortly described here http://www.riverbankcomputing.com/software/sip/intro and the documentation and download are at http://pyqt.sourceforge.net/Docs/sip4/ http://www.riverbankcomputing.com/software/sip/download Since I haven't used any of the alternatives I can't comment on how good they are. A list of them can be found here https://wiki.python.org/moin/IntegratingPythonWithOtherLanguages Regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Updating a filename's counter value failed each time
In article kpne3k$1066$1...@news.ntua.gr you wrote:
After a user selects a file from the form, that sleection of his can be
found form reading the variable 'filename'
If the filename already exists in to the database i want to update its
counter and that is what i'm trying to accomplish by:
---
if form.getvalue('filename'):
cur.execute('''UPDATE files SET hits = hits + 1, host = %s, lastvisit
=
%s WHERE url = %s''', (host, lastvisit, filename) )
There are (single) quotes missing around (at least) the file
name (the 'url' column) which I'm rather sure is a string -
you need them around all strings you use in SQL statements.
I don't know which database and interface you're using but I would
guess that many have the ability to inserting quotes where neces-
sary etc. E.g. with sqlite3 you would use
cur.execute('UPDATE files SET hits = hits + 1, host = ?, lastvisit = ? '
'WHERE url = ?', (host, lastvisit, filename) )
and the quotes required around (at least) the 'filename' string
will be inserted automatically.
Also take care to check the filename you insert - a malicous
user might cobble together a file name that is actually a SQL
statement and then do nasty things to your database. I.e. never
insert values you received from a user without checking them.
For some reason this never return any data, because for troubleshooting
i have tried:
data = cur.fetchone()
There's nothing that your SQL statement (if correct) would return,
so what do you expect to have returned by the fetchone() method?
Perhaps there's something like the 'rowcount' property in sqlite3
which returns the number of rows modified by an INSERT or UPDATE.
Since for sure the filename the user selected is represented by a record
inside 'files' table why its corresponding counter never seems to get
updated?
I would guess because you forgot the uotes around string
values in your SQL statement which thus wasn't executed.
Regards, Jens
--
\ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de
\__ http://toerring.de
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Updating a filename's counter value failed each time
Νίκος supp...@superhost.gr wrote:
On 17/6/2013 8:54 μμ, Jens Thoms Toerring wrote:
Also take care to check the filename you insert - a malicous
user might cobble together a file name that is actually a SQL
statement and then do nasty things to your database. I.e. never
insert values you received from a user without checking them.
Yes in generally user iput validation is needed always, but here here
the filename being selected is from an html table list of filenames.
But i take it you eman that someone might tried it to pass a bogus
filename value from the url like:
http://superhost.gr/cgi-bin/files.py?filename=Select.;
Si that what you mean?
Well, you neer wrote where this filename is coming from.
so all I could assume was that the user can enter a more
or less random file name. If he only can select one from
a list you put together there's probably less of a problem.
But the comma inside the execute statement doesn't protect me from such
actions opposed when i was using a substitute operator?
I would guess because you forgot the uotes around string
values in your SQL statement which thus wasn't executed.
i tried you suggestions:
cur.execute('''UPDATE files SET hits = hits + 1, host = %s, lastvisit =
%s WHERE url = %s''', (host, lastvisit, filename) )
seems the same as:
cur.execute('''UPDATE files SET hits = hits + 1, host = %s, lastvisit =
%s WHERE url = %s''', (host, lastvisit, filename) )
since everything is tripled quoted already what would the difference be
in %s opposed to plain %s ?
As I wrote you need *single* quotes around strings in
SQL statements. Double quotes won't do - this is SQL
and not Python so you're dealing with a different lan-
guage and thus different rules apply. The triple single
quotes are seen by Python, but SQL needs its own.
Regards, Jens
--
\ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de
\__ http://toerring.de
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Updating a filename's counter value failed each time
MRAB pyt...@mrabarnett.plus.com wrote: On 17/06/2013 19:32, Jens Thoms Toerring wrote: As I wrote you need *single* quotes around strings in SQL statements. Double quotes won't do - this is SQL and not Python so you're dealing with a different lan- guage and thus different rules apply. The triple single quotes are seen by Python, but SQL needs its own. The query looks safe to me as he _is_ using a parametrised query. Perhaps - the OP never told which API (or database) he is using. What about some API that simply connects the first argument of exxecute() with the second with just a simple '%' to construct the string for the SQL state- ment? In that case there would be no single quotes a- round strings, or would there? Regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to create new python file with increament number, if doesn't exist?
Avnesh Shakya avnesh.n...@gmail.com wrote:
I want to create a new python file like 'data0.0.5', but if it is already
exist then it should create 'data0.0.6', if it's also exist then next like
'data0.0.7'. I have done, but with range, please give me suggestion so that
I can do it with specifying range.
I was trying this way and it's working also..
i = 0
for i in range(100):
try:
with open('Data%d.%d.%d.json'%(0,0,i,)): pass
continue
except IOError:
edxCorrectDataFile = file('Data%d.%d.%d.json'%(0,0,i,), 'a+')
break
But here I have defined range 100, Is it possible without range it create
many required files?
What about something as simple as this?
i = 0
while os.path.exists( 'Data{0}.{1}.{2}.json'.format( 0, 0, i ) ) :
i += 1
f = open( 'Data{0}.{1}.{2}.json'.format( 0, 0, i ), 'w' )
For your code you'ld make it e.g.
i = 0
try:
while True :
with open('Data%d.%d.%d.json'%(0,0,i)):
i += 1
except IOError:
edxCorrectDataFile = file('Data%d.%d.%d.json'%(0,0,i), 'a+')
Note that I don't see how all this trying to open a file and
catching an exeception if it doesn't exist is any better
than simply using os.path.exists(). You may have read some-
where that it avoids a race condition and would thus be more
secure. That's not the case here, an attacker still could
create e.g. a symbolic link with the name of the file you're
going to open between the time the exception is thrown and your
program getting around to open the file you expect not to exist,
so nothing is gained by using this somewhat convoluted method.
What would be needed for avoiding a race condition is an addi-
tional flag to be passed to open() like the for example the
O_EXCL flag that can be passed to Unix' open() system function.
But that isn't supported by Pythons open() function which
rather likeky is based on C's fopen() function). The best
advice to avoid such problems is probably not to open files
with a predictable name (or better to use one of the methods
to create files with names guaranteed to be unique by the
system) in directories to which other users than you also
have write permission.
Regards, Jens
--
\ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de
\__ http://toerring.de
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: in need of some help...
Chris “Kwpolska” Warrick kwpol...@gmail.com wrote: (slightly offtopic, sorry.) On Sun, May 12, 2013 at 12:20 AM, Jens Thoms Toerring j...@toerring.de wrote: PS: If I may ask you a favor: consider refraining from using Google's completely broken interface to newsgroups - your post consists of nearly 200 lines of text containing all I wrote, with an empty line inserted between each of them, and a single line of text you wrote. It's rather annoying to have to sieve through that much of unrelated stuff just to find thar one line that's re- levant. Gmail automatically hides long quotes. This is helpful in situations like this one. More mail software should implement that functionality. Seriously: once you go Gmail, you never go back. i giess you mean Gougle groups and not Gmail, which I can't comment on since I don't use it. You still have to un-hide the message when you want to under- stand what the other person is respoding to. And then you're back to square one (and the double-spacing issue seems to remain). That is why it has been a good tradition to remove everything when you reply that isn't relevant to what you're replying to. Of course, with the sorry excuse for an editor you habe in a web based form that's more difficult to do than with a real editor. That's one of the reasons I would advice to use a specialized program that can be made to use the editor of your choice. Another extremly annoying thing when reading via Google groups is that there's no reasonable threading, i.e. it's not immediately obvious what is meant as a reply to a specific post. That makes Google groups basically useless for longer discussions. And then Google groups overflow with spam messages that any self-respecting news server would discard, so you never get to see them. And this Google groups crap seems to make it nearly impossible to do it any other way. If you don't believe me see e.g. http://wiki.python.org/moin/GoogleGroupsPython There are much better alternatives to Google groups, using a real usenet news server and a program that does not mess up content of news group postings. They've been developed with 30 years of experience with newsgroups. Or something even better: a mailing list. http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list is where you can find it. Much friendlier than Usenet, and the software itself is developed by the FLUFL. Mailing lists are quite fine and I'm on quite a number of them. But I don't want many more to further fill up my inbox. And there you again have the problem that there's no reasonable threading of messages when these messages arrive in your mail folder. If I'd be conspiracy theorist I would conclude that Google is up to something bad in trying to make using newsgroups nearly impossible by their badly broken stuff (and, to add credibility to such a claim, their complete disregard for all the criticism they got over the years, actually making each version of Google groups even worse), but it's rather likely just another case of pure incompetence (or a why should we care attitude:-( They shouldn’t care because Usenet users often yell “Get off my lawn!”. Young people don’t use newsgroups. They don’t even know what Usenet is. Well, it's a pity when younger people don't use newsgroups (no idea if this is true, though) since they can be extremely useful for all kinds of purposes - I e.g. learned a huge amount from just lurking. And while some groups may be nicer than others, that's no excuse for Google at all to actively trying to destroy them. I'd rather prefer Google to simply get rid of Google groups and put the long time archives they obtained from DajaNews into better hands that do care. Regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: in need of some help...
Chris Angelico ros...@gmail.com wrote: On Mon, May 13, 2013 at 7:56 AM, Jens Thoms Toerring j...@toerring.de wrote: Chris “Kwpolska” Warrick kwpol...@gmail.com wrote: Gmail automatically hides long quotes. This is helpful in situations like this one. More mail software should implement that functionality. Seriously: once you go Gmail, you never go back. i giess you mean Gougle groups and not Gmail, which I can't comment on since I don't use it. No, Chris (not me, the other Chris... *an*other Chris okay, one of the chorus of Chrises of this list!) did mean Gmail, the Google webmail client. It does threading (and does it better than SquirrelMail does), and it does the hiding of long quotes, long signatures, etc. Ok, sorry then about that - as I said I never have used Gmail (and don't plan using it for other reasons than usability - and then I would hardly consider anything with a web interface for a text medium to be very usable;-). But, as far as I understand, Gmail is about email, so I'm a bit at a loss to understand what got this to do with news groups and Google groups (were the post I originally was responing to according to the header seemed to be coming from) that I intended this to be about? Best regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: in need of some help...
Alex Norton ayjayn1...@gmail.com wrote: On Wednesday, 1 May 2013 13:15:28 UTC+1, Jens Thoms Toerring wrote: Of course, it might be nicer to have a result label some- where in the graphical interface which you set to the text instead of printing it out to the console. And you also will probably add some Quit button to end the game. how would i go about adding print outcomes of all options to a label ? If you have a QLabel you can set its text to anything you want using its setText() method. Regaeds, Jens PS: If I may ask you a favor: consider refraining from using Google's completely broken interface to newsgroups - your post consists of nearly 200 lines of text containing all I wrote, with an empty line inserted between each of them, and a single line of text you wrote. It's rather annoying to have to sieve through that much of unrelated stuff just to find thar one line that's re- levant. And this Google groups crap seems to make it nearly impossible to do it any other way. If you don't believe me see e.g. http://wiki.python.org/moin/GoogleGroupsPython There are much better alternatives to Google groups, using a real usenet news server and a program that does not mess up content of news group postings. They've been developed with 30 years of experience with newsgroups. If I'd be conspiracy theorist I would conclude that Google is up to something bad in trying to make using newsgroups nearly impossible by their badly broken stuff (and, to add credibility to such a claim, their complete disregard for all the criticism they got over the years, actually making each version of Google groups even worse), but it's rather likely just another case of pure incompetence (or a why should we care attitude:-( -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Making safe file names
Andrew Berg bahamutzero8...@gmail.com wrote: Currently, I keep Last.fm artist data caches to avoid unnecessary API calls and have been naming the files using the artist name. However, artist names can have characters that are not allowed in file names for most file systems (e.g., C/A/T has forward slashes). Are there any recommended strategies for naming such files while avoiding conflicts (I wouldn't want to run into problems for an artist named C-A-T or CAT, for example)? I'd like to make the files easily identifiable, and there really are no limits on what characters can be in an artist name. -- It's not clear what the context that you need this for. You could e.g. replace all characters not allowed by the file system by their hexidecimal (ASCII) values, preceeded by a '% (so '/' would be changed to '%2F', and also encode a '%' itself in a name by '%25'). Then you have a well-defined two-way mapping (isomorphic if I remember my math-lear- nining days correctly) between the original name and the way you store it. E.g. C/A/T would become C%2FA%2FT and C%2FA/T would become C%252FA%2FT You can translate back and forth between them with not too much effort. Of course, that assumes that '%' is a character allowed by your file system - otherwise pick some other one, any one will do in principle. It's a bit harder for a human to in- terpret but rathe likely not that much of a problem. You probably will have seen that kind of scheme used in URLs. The concept is rather old and called 'escape character', i.e. have one character that assumes some special meaning and also escaped it. If, on the hand, those names are never to be translated back to the original name another strategy would be to use the SHA1 hash value of the artists name. Since clashes between SHA1 hash values are rather hard to produce it's a rather safe method of converting something (i.e. the artists name) to a number. The drawback, of course, is that you can't translate back from the hash value to the original name (if that would be simple the whole thing wouldn't work;-) Regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Help with loading file into an array
peter berrett pwberr...@gmail.com wrote: I am trying to build a program that can find comets in a series of astronomical images. I have already written functions to find the comet in a series of images, the data of which is stored in embedded lists. The area I am having difficulty with is take a standard gif file (1024 x 1024) and reading it into an array or embedded lists. In a nutshell here is an example of what I want to do Let's say I have a gif file called 20130428__c2_1024.gif in a folder called c:\comets I want to read the data from that gif file taking the red data (excluding the green and blue data) and store that in an array called Image[][] which is a nested array length 1024 with a list in each item of 1024 length (ie 1024 x 1024) Could someone please provide a piece of code to do the above so I can then go on to modify it to pick up different files from different folders? In particular I am keen to seen how you read in the data and also how you change the directory from which you are reading the image. the following should do the trick using, as Fábio already suggested, the Python Image Library (PIL): 8- #!/ur/bin/env python import Image im = Image.open( 'c:/comets/20130428__c2_1024.gif' ) w, h = im.size red_arr = [ ] for y in range( h ) : red_line = [ ] for x in range( w ) : red_line.append( im.getpixel( ( x, y ) )[ 0 ] ) red_arr.append( red_line ) 8- For obvious reasons I couldn't use 'Image' as the name of the list of lists, so it's 'red_arr' instead. This is probably not the fas- test solution, but it's simple and hopefully will get you started. Concerning reading other files: here I may not understand your problem since it looks rather trivial to me by simply passing the open() method of 'Image' the name of a file in a different directory. Regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Why do Perl programmers make more money than Python programmers
In comp.lang.python Steven D'Aprano steve+comp.lang.pyt...@pearwood.info wrote: On Sun, 05 May 2013 12:11:11 -0500, Ignoramus16992 wrote: According to CIO.com, Python programmers make only $83,000 per year, while Perl programmers make $93,000 per year. http://www.cio.com/slideshow/detail/97819?source=ifwartcio#slide10 http://www.cio.com/slideshow/detail/97819?source=ifwartcio#slide11 I would like to know, what explains the discrepancy. Perl is much harder to use, so the average Perl programmer burns out after a few years and takes up a less stressful career, like going undercover in the Russian mob or the Taliban. So only the most dedicated, brilliant and extreme programmers last long enough to become a Perl expert, and consequently can demand higher pay, while any idiot can learn to program Python, as I have. Also, Perl programmers are an unprincipled, devious bunch, always looking for an opportunity to blackmail their employers into paying them extra. Python programmers are a decent, law-abiding people with a strong moral code who would never stoop to the sort of things that Perl coders are proud of doing. Now you got me badly worried, using both Perl and Python (and other, unspeakable languages, but not VB I promise!) Will I end up as a Python hacker for the mob or worse - or is there a chance of redemption (perhaps after a few years in Guanta- namo bay)? And should I, while it lasts, get the Perl or the Python salary, or the mean or both combined? Got to consider that when applying for my next job! Regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Why do Perl programmers make more money than Python programmers
In comp.lang.python Rainer Weikusat rweiku...@mssgmbh.com wrote: j...@toerring.de (Jens Thoms Toerring) writes: In comp.lang.python Steven D'Aprano steve+comp.lang.pyt...@pearwood.info wrote: On Sun, 05 May 2013 12:11:11 -0500, Ignoramus16992 wrote: According to CIO.com, Python programmers make only $83,000 per year, while Perl programmers make $93,000 per year. http://www.cio.com/slideshow/detail/97819?source=ifwartcio#slide10 http://www.cio.com/slideshow/detail/97819?source=ifwartcio#slide11 I would like to know, what explains the discrepancy. Perl is much harder to use, so the average Perl programmer burns out after a few years and takes up a less stressful career, like going undercover in the Russian mob or the Taliban. So only the most dedicated, brilliant and extreme programmers last long enough to become a Perl expert, and consequently can demand higher pay, while any idiot can learn to program Python, as I have. Also, Perl programmers are an unprincipled, devious bunch, always looking for an opportunity to blackmail their employers into paying them extra. Python programmers are a decent, law-abiding people with a strong moral code who would never stoop to the sort of things that Perl coders are proud of doing. Now you got me badly worried, using both Perl and Python (and other, unspeakable languages, but not VB I promise!) Will I end up as a Python hacker for the mob or worse https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde [SCNR] Well, that didn't have a happy ending:-( Should have listened to my parents when they told me again and again Never use Perl, just say no!. Seems I'm doomed - what's the proper way to apply for a job with the mob? -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Why do Perl programmers make more money than Python programmers
In comp.lang.python Roy Smith r...@panix.com wrote: In article auo1hgfmri...@mid.uni-berlin.de, j...@toerring.de (Jens Thoms Toerring) wrote: Well, that didn't have a happy ending:-( Should have listened to my parents when they told me again and again Never use Perl, just say no!. Seems I'm doomed - what's the proper way to apply for a job with the mob? I don't think you apply. If they want you, they'll find you. I see, that's what's called headhuntering, isn't it? -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Sum operation in numpy arrays
Ana Dionísio anadionisio...@gmail.com wrote: Hello! I have several numpy arrays in my script and i want to add them. For example: a=[1,2,3,4,5] b=[1,1,1,1,1] c=[1,0,1,0,1] for i in range(5): d[i]=a[i]+b[i]+c[i] print d [3,3,5,5,7] I did it like that but I get an error: TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'float' and 'numpy.string_' How can I sum my arrays? There's no numpy array at all in use in your example program, you only have normal lists. If you had numpy arrays you wouldn't need to loop over the indivindual elements, you could do just d = a + b + c to add up the (numpy) arrays. The error message you get may indicate that somewhere in your real code (not the one you posted) one of the elements of one of the (numpy) arrays is not a number but a string, e.g. by doing some- thing like a = numpy.array( [ 1, '2', 3, 4, 5 ] ) (note the single quotes around 2, that will result in the element having a type of 'numpy.string'. But if it's like that is impossible to tell without seeing the real code you're using;-) I guess you will have to give us what you actually use if you want something more helpful. Regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: in need of some help...
Alex Norton ayjayn1...@gmail.com wrote: thanks... ill take a look at the Qt event handling It's rather simple: instead of the program running through a sequence of steps, the program normally is basically doing nothing. It just reacts to events that normally come from the user, i.e. the user clicks on some icon or widget, or (s)he enters something via the keyboard. You etermine which of all the possible events to which widget are relevant to you, write handler functions for them and tell the widget to call some function when an event happens. The simplest case is a button: you want to react to it, so you write a function for what's to be done when it's clicked on and then tell Qt to call that function once it gets clicked (there are different events even for a simple push button, it can be clicked, just pushed, released etc.). And if you have set up everything for that you tell Qt to start waiting for events. So the steps are: 1. Tell Qt that this is a program using it app = QtGui.QApplication( sys.argv ) 2. Create your graphical interface (what you seem to have done more or less) 3. Connect desired events (what's called signals in Qt lingo) for a certain widget to the function to be called with something like your_widget.clicked.connect( your_function ) (replace 'clicked' with e.g. 'pushed' or 'released' when interested in a push or release signal instead) 4. Start the event loop (i.e. have Qt wait for the user to do something and call one of your functions if the user did something you're interested in) with app.exec_( ) When this returns the game is over. So you don't wait for keyboard input with input() like in your original program but instead tell Qt to do the waiting for you and call the appropriate function you defined when something interesting happens. What you probably will have to change about the graphical interface is that instead of using QLabel widgets for 'Air', 'Earth', 'Fire', 'Water' to use e.g. QPushButtons since QLabels are rather static objects - they don't receive any click events and it's rather likely some kind of event like this is what you're going to want to react to. And for that QPushButtons seem to be the simplest choice to start with. So have an 'Air' button (let's call it 'bAir' and then do bAir.clicked.connect( air_clicked ) after defining a function air_clicked() in which you deal with that case. that might be as simple as def air_clicked( ) : # Randomly pick one of 'air', 'fire', 'water' or 'earth' z = [ 'air', 'fire', 'water', earth' ][ random.randrange( 4 ) ] if z == 'air' : print( 'Stalemate' ) elif z == 'water' : print( 'Air removes Water, you win!' ) ... Now, when during the game the 'Air' button is clicked this function will get called. Of course, it might be nicer to have a result label some- where in the graphical interface which you set to the text instead of printing it out to the console. And you also will probably add some Quit button to end the game. Regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: File Read issue by using module binascii
Tim Roberts t...@probo.com wrote:
Jimmie He jimmie...@gmail.com wrote:
When I run the readbmp on an example.bmp(about 100k),the Shell is become to
No respose,when I change f.read() to f.read(1000),it is ok,could someone
tell me the excat reason for this?
Thank you in advance!
Python Code as below!!
import binascii
def read_bmp():
f = open('example.bmp','rb')
rawdata = f.read() #f.read(1000) is ok
hexstr = binascii.b2a_hex(rawdata) #Get an HEX number
bsstr = bin (int(hexstr,16))[2:]
I suspect the root of the problem here is that you don't understand what
this is actually doing. You should run this code in the command-line
interpreter, one line at a time, and print the results.
The read instruction produces a string with 100k bytes. The b2a_hex then
produces a string with 200k bytes. Then, int(hexstr,16) takes that 200,000
byte hex string and converts it to an integer, roughly equal to 10 to the
240,000 power, a number with some 240,000 decimal digits. You then convert
that integer to a binary string. That string will contain 800,000 bytes.
You then drop the first two characters and print the other 799,998 bytes,
each of which will be either '0' or '1'.
I am absolutely, positively convinced that's not what you wanted to do.
What point is there in printing out the binary equavalent of a bitmap?
Even if you did, it would be much quicker for you to do the conversion one
byte at a time, completely skipping the conversion to hex and then the
creation of a massive multi-precision number. Example:
f = open('example.bmp','rb')
rawdata = f.read()
bsstr = []
for b in rawdata:
bsstr.append( bin(ord(b)) )
bsstr = ''.join(bsstr)
or even:
f = open('example.bmp','rb')
bsstr = ''.join( bin(ord(b))[2:] for b in f.read() )
Exactly my idea at first. But then I started to time it (using
the timeit module) by comparing the following functions:
# Original version
def c1( rawdata ) :
h = binascii.b2a_hex( rawdata )
z = bin( int( h, 16 ) )[ 2 : ]
return '0' * ( 8 * len( r ) - len( z ) ) + z
# Convert each byte directly
def c2( rawdata ) :
return ''.join( bin( ord( x ) )[ 2 : ].rjust( 8, '0' ) for x in r )
# Convert each byte using a list for table look-up
def c3( rawdata ) :
h = [ bin( i )[ 2 : ].rjust( 8, '0' ) for i in range( 256 ) ]
return ''.join( h[ ord( x ) ] for x in rawdata )
# Convert each byte using a dictionary for table look-up (avoids
# lots of ord() calls)
def c4( rawdata ) :
h = { chr( i ) : bin( i )[ 2 : ].rjust( 8, '0' ) for i in range( 256 ) }
return ''.join( h[ x ] for x in rawdata )
As you can see I even in c3() and c4() tried to speed things up
further by using a table look-up instead if calling bin() etc.
on each byte. But the results was that c2() is nearly 15 times
slower than c1(), c3() about 3 times and c4() still more than 2
times slower! So the method the OP uses seems to be quite a bit
more efficient than one might be tempted to assume.
I would guess that the reason is that c1() does just a small
number of calls of functions that probably aren't implemented
in Python but in C and thus can be a lot faster then anything
you could achieve with Python, while the other functions use a
for loop in Python, which seems to account for a good part of
the CPU time used. To test for that I split the 'rawdata' string
into a list of character (i.e. single letter strings) and re-
assembled it using join() and a for loop:
r = list( rawdata( )
z = ''.join( x for x in r )
The second line alone took about 1.7 times longer than the
whole, seemingly convoluted c1() function!
What I take away from this is that a lot of the assumption one
is prone to make when coming from e.g. a C/C++ background can
be quite misleading when extrapolating to Python (or other in-
terpreted languages)...
Best regards, Jens
--
\ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de
\__ http://toerring.de
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Nested For loop not running full
inshu chauhan insidesh...@gmail.com wrote:
I have this part of my code where I am trying to traverse over an image by
running a for loop for both x and y co-ordinate axis. But the loop is
terminating by just reading first pixel. Can think of a reason why this is
happening ?
The code is:
for sy in xrange(0, segimage.height):
for sx in xrange(0, segimage.width):
if segimage[sy,sx] == (0.0, 0.0, 0.0):
continue
else:
seg_color = segimage[sy,sx]
blue = int(seg_color[0])
green = int(seg_color[1])
red = int(seg_color[2])
reg_num = blue + 256 * green + 65536 * red
for l in f:
sp = l.split(,)
if len(sp) == 14:
print sy, sx # for checking which pixel its
reading currently
print reg_num, sp[0] # for checking whats
happening
if reg_num == int(sp[0].strip()):
print reg_num, sp[0].strip() # for checking
whats happening
classification = int(sp[13].strip())
The inside for loop is for reading a csv format file from which I am
extracting some information.
Are you sure that the loop is only run once? In that case the most
likely thing is that the image consists of only a single pixel
(or all except the first one are black, then it might also look
as if the loop would be run only once;-)
But what looks strange is the innermost loop. You never tell what
exactly 'f' is but I would tend to assume that it is a file object
for your CSV file, which you opened somewhere before. And now you
read it in completely when dealing with the very first pixel of
your image. Afterwards, when dealing with the other pixels of the
image, there's nothing left to be read in, so the inner loop won't
be run again, making it appear as if the outer loops would only be
run once.
If my assumptions are correct and you want to read in the file
again and again for each pixel then you should either open it
again and again for each pixel or, probably better, reset the
file object so that it points back to the start of the file
before the start of the innermost loop, using the seek() method
- a simple f.seek(0) should do the job (assuming that this is
a normal file, i.e. one that can be rewound and not e.g. a re-
directed pipe).
An even better solution (if you have enough memory) might be to
read in the whole file into a list and iterate over that instead
of the file itself. And better than that might be to build a
dictionary of values in the file that you can use later on, so
you don't have to run over the whole file again and again:
d = { }
for l in f :
sp = split( l, ',' )
if len( sp ) == 14 :
d[ int( sp[ 0 ].strip( ) ) ] = int( sp[ 13 ].strip( ) )
Then you can later check directly if some color value (what
you have named 'reg_num') is in the file by using
if reg_num in d :
and the corresponding value from the file (what you assign
to 'classification') is simply the value of the dictionary
for the key given by 'reg_num'. i.e.
classification = d[ reg_num ]
Regards, Jens
--
\ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de
\__ http://toerring.de
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: subprocess.call
Ombongi Moraa Fe moraa.lovetak...@gmail.com wrote:
[-- text/plain, encoding 7bit, charset: ISO-8859-1, 19 lines --]
In my python script, I have this:
command=lynx -dump
'phpscript?param1=%sparam2=%sparam3=%sparam4=%sparam5=%s'%(value1,value2,value3,value4)
result=subprocess.call(command,shell=True)
print 'xml message'
However, the response from running the php script is also printed on output
screen. I don't want this output.
How can i ensure that only the last print 'xml response' is returned?
You mean is printed out? Use subprocess.Popen() and redirect
stdout to a pipe, similar to this:
p = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
r = p.communicate()
print r[0] # This is the output (to stdout)
The return value of the Popen objects communicate() method is
a tuple with two elements, first contains what got written to
stdout (if redirected to a pipe, otherwise Nome), the second
what went to stderr (again if redirected to a pipe). If you
also redirect stdin then you can pass what you want to send
to the process spawned via Popen() as an argument to commu-
nicate().
BTW, according to the dicumentation you should split the
command line into its componenents and pass that as a list
to the call() or Popen() subprocess methods, so it would
seem to reasonable to use e.g.
command = [ 'lynx', '-dump',
( 'phpscript?param1={0}param2={1}param3={2}
param4={3}param5={4}' )
.format( value1, value2, value3, value4, value5 ) ]
Note that there was one value for creating the string to be
passed to lynx was mising.
Regards, Jens
--
\ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de
\__ http://toerring.de
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Writing to same file from two threads
Antoine Pitrou solip...@pitrou.net wrote: Jens Thoms Toerring jt at toerring.de writes: Paul Rubin no.email at nospam.invalid wrote: jt at toerring.de (Jens Thoms Toerring) writes: in garbled output (i.e. having some output from A inside a line written by B or vice versae) because the main thread or Yes they do get garbled like that. Preferred Python style is put a single thread in charge of all the i/o to that file, and communicate with it by message passing through Queue objects. That is safer than directly using locks. Thank you for confirmig my suspicion But you have induced another question: why is using a Queue safer than locking (not that I doubt that it might be more elegant etc.). Is it safer because it's less likely that one gets it wrong (e.g. by for- grtting to acquire the lock) or is there something inherently unsafe about locks? For the record, binary files are thread-safe in Python 3, but text files are not. Locks are safe if you use them well. As you point out, if you forget to acquire your lock, or if you devise a situation where there is a deadlock between competing locks, you can have difficult to diagnose issues. Queues have their internal locking all done for you. Thank you for your kind answers! Best regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Writing to same file from two threads
Hi, I noticed in someone elses program that it writes single lines to the same file from (what I call for loss of a better name) the main thread of the program and from a thread sub- sequentally started. This got me worried if it might result in garbled output (i.e. having some output from A inside a line written by B or vice versae) because the main thread or the other thread could be interrupted during a call of write(). Is this a valid concern (and thus locking the file object is required before writing to it) or am I guaranteed that this can't happen? In the latter case I would be grateful for an explanation what mechanism is responsible for this never to happen. Thanks and best regards, Jens PS: I already have determined experimentally that a context switch definitely can happen between two calls of write() (and I expected nothing else), what I'm worried about are context switches somewhere within the very innards of what write() does. -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Writing to same file from two threads
Paul Rubin no.email@nospam.invalid wrote: j...@toerring.de (Jens Thoms Toerring) writes: in garbled output (i.e. having some output from A inside a line written by B or vice versae) because the main thread or Yes they do get garbled like that. Preferred Python style is put a single thread in charge of all the i/o to that file, and communicate with it by message passing through Queue objects. That is safer than directly using locks. Thank you for confirmig my suspicion;-) But you have induced another question: why is using a Queue safer than locking (not that I doubt that it might be more elegant etc.). Is it safer because it's less likely that one gets it wrong (e.g. by for- grtting to acquire the lock) or is there something inherently unsafe about locks? Thank you and best regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Messing with the GC
Hi, thank you for the explanations. I had overlooked the cyclic nature of what I had produced here and, of course, the GC can't be blamed for not collecting objects that are part of a cycle. The other question about the last refe- rence to an object vanishing within a method call (which, as I now clearly understand, can't happen and wouldn't make much sense) was triggered by a segmentation fault I get when I do something similar in PySide, so I was getting worried if it might be due to a GC issue. Now I know its got to be something different;-) Thanks and best regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Messing with the GC
Terry Reedy tjre...@udel.edu wrote: On 1/20/2013 3:09 PM, Jens Thoms Toerring wrote: thank you for the explanations. I had overlooked the cyclic nature of what I had produced here and, of course, the GC can't be blamed for not collecting objects that are part of a cycle. The other question about the last refe- rence to an object vanishing within a method call (which, as I now clearly understand, can't happen and wouldn't make much sense) was triggered by a segmentation fault I get when I do something similar in PySide, so I was getting worried if it might be due to a GC issue. Now I know its got to be something different;-) Perhaps the hardest part of writing C extensions to CPython directly in C (versus something like Cython) is properly balancing increfs and decrefs. An incref without a later decref can lead to a memory leak. A decref without a preceding incref (so CPython thinks the object can be deleted, when it should not be) can lead to segfaults. Definitely - I got started with Python having to write glue code to get Python to work with a C++ library. And keeping track of which side thinks it owns an object can sometimes be a bit of a challenge... So I would report PySide code leading to segfaults to the PySide people. Now that I'm more sure that it's unlikely to be a Python GC related issue (or my not understanding what I'm doing, to be precise) this is on my to-do list. But first I have to distill things down to a very short example program still exhibiting the problem - and experience tells me that this will most li- kely result in the realization that it's not a PySide issue at all but some misunderstanding on my side;-) Best regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Messing with the GC
Hi,
triggered by some problems I had with PySide I got a bit
confused about what the GC may do in certain situations.
Here's a small test program I cobbled together:
import sys
class X( object ) :
def __init__( self, parent, cnt ) :
print( In constructor for {0} {1}.format( self, cnt ),
file = sys.stderr )
self.parent = parent
self.cnt = cnt
def __del__( self ) :
print( In destructor for {0} {1}.format( self, self.cnt ),
file = sys.stderr )
def foo( self ) :
print( Before, file = sys.stderr )
self.parent.z = X( self.parent, 2 ) # Is this bad?
print( After, file = sys.stderr )
class Y( object ) :
def __init__( self ) :
print( In constructor for {0}.format( self ),
file = sys.stderr )
self.z = X( self, 1 )
def __del__( self ) :
print( In destructor for {0}.format( self ),
file = sys.stderr )
Y( ).z.foo( )
Have a look at the line with the comment. At this point the
only reference in existence to the X class instance, of which
a method is just being executed, goes out of scope. Thus I
would assume that the GC could now kick any time, possibly
even before the following call of print() or before the method
call returns. That, in turn might result in a crash of the
script.
Is my assumption about this flawed and there are no potential
dangers? Perhaps with
Y( ).z.foo( )
a temporary second reference is created that keeps the GC
for removing the X instance...
Another thing I'm puzzled about is the output of the
script:
In constructor for __main__.Y object at 0x2919210
In constructor for __main__.X object at 0x2919310 1
Before
In constructor for __main__.X object at 0x2919350 2
After
In destructor for __main__.X object at 0x2919310 1
Ok, the destrucor for the first instance of the X class is
called only after printing out After, so the GC didn't
delete the object before. But then there are obviously no
calls of the destructors of neither the second instance
of the X class nor of the Y class instance. Shouldn't
they be invoked before the program ends?
Thanks and best regards, Jens
--
\ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de
\__ http://toerring.de
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: how to solve complex equation?
Usama Khan usamazo...@gmail.com wrote: how to solve complex equation in pyhton? and then use it to make a program. . i have created new post as my last post is i guessed ranked as a cheater. .:( i know very litle about python as well as programing. . which equation am taliking u will be thinking. . i am giving u the link kindly c that equation. . n kindly let me know the way. . https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/comp.lang.python/cxG7DLxXgmo First of all, the equation given there is unusable (even the number of parentheses doesn't match up). Propbably it's meant to be the one someone else posted a link to: http://classes.engr.oregonstate.edu/cce/winter2012/ce492/Modules/06_structural_design/06-3_body.htm This thingy can't be solved on paper so you need some iterative algorithm to find the solution. So waht you do is modify the equa- tion so that you have 0 on one side and then consider the other side to be a function of SN+1. Now the problem you're left with is to find the value(s) of SN+1 (and thus of SN) where the func- tion has a zero-crossing. A commonly use algorithms for finding zero-crossings is Newton's method. You can find lots of sites on the internet describing it in all neccessary detail. It boils down to start with some guess for the result and then calculate the next, better approximation via xn+1 = xn - f(xn) / f'(xn) where f(xn)n) is the value of the function at point xn and f'(xn) the value of the derivative of f (with respect to x) also at xn. You repeat the process until the difference be- tween xn an the next, better approximation, xn+1, has become as small as you need it. So it's very simple to implement and the ugliest bit is pro- bably calculating the required derivative of the function with respect to SN+1 (wbich you can take to be x). Regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Strange effect with import
Hans Mulder han...@xs4all.nl wrote: Maybe something like this: class ReqHandler(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler): def __init__(self, request, client_address, server, ham, spam) super(SocketServer, self).__init__( self, request, client_address, server) self.ham = ham self.spam = spam The only thing I had to change about this was to assign the additional class variables before calling super() because in the __init__() method of the base class my overloaded handle() method is already called which needs those extra variables. And later: import functools server = SocketServer.TCPServer((192.168.1.10, 12345), functools.partial(ReqHandler, ham=hello, spam=42)) Thanks a lot, that's now all working perfectly well and I got rid of those pesky global variables;-) Probably the guys that wrote the SocketServer module indeed didn't expect people as dense as me to use their module and thus didn't mention that passing additional information to a handler object can be done this way... Best regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Strange effect with import
Hi, I hope that this isn't a stupid question, asked already a hundred times, but I haven't found anything definitive on the problem I got bitten by. I have two Python files like this: S1.py -- import random import S2 class R( object ) : r = random.random( ) if __name__ == __main__ : print R.r S2.p( ) S2.py -- import S1 def p( ) : print S1.R.r and my expectation was that the static variable 'r' of class R would be identical when accessed from S1.py and S2.py. Unfortunately, that isn't the case, the output is different (and R seems to get instantiated twice). But when I define R in S2.py instead S1.py -- import S2 print S2.R.r S2.p( ) S2.py -- import random class R( object ) : r = random.random( ) def p( ) : print R.r or, alternatively, if I put the defintion of class R into a third file which I then import from the other 2 files, things suddenly start to work as expected/ Can someone explain what's going one here? I found this a bit sur- prising. This is, of course, not my real code - it would be much more sensible to pass the number to the function in the second file as an argument - but is the smallest possinle program I could come up with that demonstrate the prob- lem. In my real code it's unfortunately not possible to pass that number to whatever is going to use it in the other file, I have to simulate a kind of global variable shared between different files. Best regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Strange effect with import
Thanks a lot to all three of you: that helped me understand the errors of my ways! You just saved me a few more hours of head-scratching;-) A few replies to the questions and comments by Steven: Steven D'Aprano steve+comp.lang.pyt...@pearwood.info wrote: On Thu, 20 Dec 2012 20:39:19 +, Jens Thoms Toerring wrote: and my expectation was that the static variable 'r' of class R The terminology we prefer here is class attribute, not static variable. Attributes are always assigned in dynamic storage, whether they are per-instance or on the class. I'm comimg from C/C++ and that's were my terminology is from, I know I still have to learn a lot more about Python;-) good advice snipped In my real code it's unfortunately not possible to pass that number to whatever is going to use it in the other file, I have to simulate a kind of global variable shared between different files. Well, I find that hard to believe. Not convenient? I could believe that. Difficult? Maybe. Tricky? I could even believe that. But not possible? No, I don't believe that it is impossible to pass variables around as method arguments. You are rather likely right and I probably should have written: I don't see any way to pass that variable to the object that is supposed to use it. Perhaps you have an idea how it could be done correctly when I explain the complete picture: I'm writing a TCP server, based on SocketServer: server = SocketServer.TCPServer((192.168.1.10, 12345), ReqHandler) where ReqHandler is the name of a class derived from SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler class ReqHandler(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler): ... A new instance of this class is gernerated for each connection request to the server. In the call that creates the server I can only specify the name of the class but no arguments to be passed to it on instantiation - at least I found nothing in the docu- mentation. On the other hand I need to get some information into this class and thus the only idea I came up with was to use some kind of global variable for the purpose. Perhaps there's a much better way to do that but I haven't found one yet. Or perhaps it is an omission in the design of SocketServer or (more likely) my mis-understanding of the documentation (as I wrote I'm relatively new to Python). Thnak you and best regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Strange effect with import
Terry Reedy tjre...@udel.edu wrote: server = SocketServer.TCPServer((192.168.1.10, 12345), ReqHandler) where ReqHandler is the name of a class derived from SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler You misunderstood the doc. You pass the class, not the name of the class. From 21.19.4.1. socketserver.TCPServer Example server = socketserver.TCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler) Yes, I meant the class, but I'm a bit weak on nomenclature in Python;-) A new instance of this class is gernerated for each connection request to the server. In the call that creates the server I can only specify the name of the class but no arguments to be passed Code those arguments directly into the handle method of your version of MyTCPhandler. Or if you need to override multiple methods and use the same values in multiple methods, override __init__ and add self.x = x-value statements. Sorry, you lost me there: what means code those arguments directly into the handle method? According to the documen- tation (or at least to my understanding of it;-) the handle() method is suppose to accept just one argument, 'self'. And even if I would change the method to accept more arguments and that wouldnt blow up into my face, where would they be coming from (and from where would I pass them)? Best regards, Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Strange effect with import
Hans Mulder han...@xs4all.nl wrote: What happens if instead of a class you pass a function that takes the same arguments as the SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler constructor and returns a new instance of your ReqHandler? That's not quite what the documentaion clls for, but I'd hope it's close enough. Interesting idea - I'm not yet at a level of Python wizardry that I would dare to do something that's not explicitely bles- sed be the documentation;-) Maybe something like this: class ReqHandler(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler): def __init__(self, request, client_address, server, ham, spam) super(SocketServer, self).__init__( self, request, client_address, server) self.ham = ham self.spam = spam And later: import functools server = SocketServer.TCPServer((192.168.1.10, 12345), functools.partial(ReqHandler, ham=hello, spam=42)) Ok, that's still way over may head at the moment;-) I will hhave to read up on functools tomorrow, it's the first time I heard of it but it looks quite interesting at a first glance. Thank you for these ideas, I'll need a bit of time to figure out these new concepts and I don't think I'm up to it tonight any- more;-) Best regards. Jens -- \ Jens Thoms Toerring ___ j...@toerring.de \__ http://toerring.de -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
