[OT] Re: Why does python not have a mechanism for data hiding?
Dennis Lee Bieber a écrit : On Wed, 11 Jun 2008 10:10:14 +0200, Bruno Desthuilliers <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> declaimed the following in comp.lang.python: are some *very* talented and *experimented* programmers here. Pardon, but I think you mean "experienced". Indeed. Tim Golden already corrected me (in private) about my mistake. Please pardon my french :-/ Of course, GvR may qualify as "experimented" if one considers designing a language from scratch to be an experiment ++ ?-) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: My fight with classes :)
On 04:51, giovedì 12 giugno 2008 Terry Reedy wrote:
First of all a big thank you, all.
> def makeappender():
> data = ['','']
> def appender(val):
>
> return appender
I'll give it a try. I just doubting if the data will be shared outside the
function.
Actually, my practice goes to send all variables to the functions and
expecting a returned value. Usually I'm not relying on that module's
variables are read inside a function. Probably I got wrong learning or
experiences.
> For multiple functions, use classes.
That's what I'm leaning to :)
Then I re-elaborated the class according your points and now it's what I
wanted to be. :)
(last time I forgot to past the first line)
Here it comes:
class StrJoin:
""" Join a pair of strings according to the leading first letter A or D,
it returns a list of 2 elements"""
def __init__(self):
self.valueA= ''
self.valueD= ''
def append(self, value):
if not isinstance(value, str):
raise TypeError, 'Wrong type concatenation'
if value.lower().startswith('a'):
self.valueA += value
if value.lower().startswith('d'):
self.valueD += value
return [self.valueA ,self.valueD]
def __getitem__(self,idx):
if idx > 1 : return self
if idx == 0 : return self.valueA
if idx == 1 : return self.valueD
__call__= append
def __repr__(self):
return '['+ self.valueA+ ','+ self.valueD+ ']'
And the shell >>:
>>> from utilities import StrJoin as zx
>>> k = zx()
>>> k
[,]
>>> k('add')
['add', '']
>>> k[2]
[add,]
>>> k[1]
''
>>> k[0]
'add'
>>> k('dad')
['add', 'dad']
>>> k('sad')
['add', 'dad']
>>> k('Alfa')
['addAlfa', 'dad']
>>> k('Dude')
['addAlfa', 'dadDude']
>>> k('Omega')
['addAlfa', 'dadDude']
>>> k('Dome')
['addAlfa', 'dadDudeDome']
>>> k.append[k]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
TypeError: 'instancemethod' object is unsubscriptable
>>> k(89)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
File "utilities.py", line 33, in append
raise TypeError, 'Wrong type concatenation'
TypeError: Wrong type concatenation
>>>
Mostly I'll use the call option. I also like to pass it into a function in
order to modularize the loop where it gets started.
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Re: How to set directory in save as combo box
gopal mishra wrote: In 'save as' dialog of window application, I am trying to set the path in 'save in' combo box using python win32 programming. How we can set the directory in the 'save in' combo box. There are several ways to display a "Save As" dialog. Can you post [a minimal version of] the code you're using so we can see what you're doing, please? TJG -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Converting a simple python script to a simple windows executable
On Wed, 11 Jun 2008 12:25:29 -0700, geoffbache wrote: > (1) py2exe. This is really for when python isn't installed on the remote > user's machine, so it requires you to distribute a large amount of DLLs > etc which are part of the python installation. A bit silly when I know > that the remote user has python anyway. If you know the target user has Python installed, why don't you just distribute the .pyw file? (Use ".pyw" instead of ".py" to avoid the extra console window.) -- 09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0 -- pass it on -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Please recommend a blog program written using python-cgi
Hi, I'm a newbie to Python, but I think it won't be too hard to learn. A few days ago I registered Google App Engine, it only support Python 2.5. I want to set my blog on it soon. But it's not easy for me to finish it in a short time since I'm not very familiar with Python, so I want find some codes available, throught reading the code, I can learn something from it. I know there are many frameworks for web development, but I just want the code using traditional CGI method, it's easy to use and it doesn't require any additional knowledge about framework. I need a simple example (support basic function of a weblog, easy to revise) but not a complicated huge monster (I don't think such a thing now exists). I find some online course, i.e. http://www.upriss.org.uk/python/PythonCourse.html & http://www.python.org/doc/essays/ppt/sd99east/index.htm but I didn't find the code needed, could anyone recommend it to me? thanks. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: ClassName.attribute vs self.__class__.attribute
Mike Orr <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > That's a misunderstanding of classes vs instances. If you have an > instance of MyClass(Superclass), there is one instance but several > classes. The instance is of MyClass; there is no instance of > Superclass. 'self' has a .__class__ attribute because it's an > instance, but MyClass and Superclass do not because they're already > classes. Classes are also instances, usually they are instances of the type 'type' (and even 'type' is an instance of itself): >>> class SuperClass(object): pass >>> SuperClass.__class__ >>> type(SuperClass) >>> type.__class__ Old style classes don't have a class attribute, but you shouldn't be using old style classes anyway and so long as you use type(x) to access its class rather than accessing the __class__ attribute directly that doesn't particularly matter. -- Duncan Booth http://kupuguy.blogspot.com -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: ClassName.attribute vs self.__class__.attribute
Mike Orr <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes: > There's a very good reason to use self.__class__: it makes it > possible to subclass your class. This really depends on the usage. In the OP's use case, he wanted the subclasses to share the same lock object defined in the superclass (because of synchronization), so it would have been wrong to use self.__class__ *because* of subclassing. Also note that for new-style classes, self.__class__ can be spelled as type(self), since there is no distinction between classes and types. > It's a little annoying that if you want to print a class's name in > some unknown object, you have to use obj.__class__.__name__ if it's > an instance, and obj.__name__ if it's a class. I sometimes wish > classes had a .__class__ attribute that's the class itself, but I > can see how that would cause its own confusion (and recursion). They do, the metaclass. :-) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
suppress opening command window after using os.system command
Hi,
I'm using in my script command os.system('command') on Windows XP.
Each time the os.system command is used, python opens an empty ms-dos
command window (the black one) and then closes it. So when in one
script the os.system command 50 times is used, I see 50 black windows.
Is there a way of how to suppress this unnecessary command windows to
be opened?
thx.
Boris
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Re: Please recommend a blog program written using python-cgi
Royt wrote: > Hi, I'm a newbie to Python, but I think it won't be too hard to learn. > A few days ago I registered Google App Engine, it only support Python > 2.5. I want to set my blog on it soon. But it's not easy for me to > finish it in a short time since I'm not very familiar with Python, so > I want find some codes available, throught reading the code, I can > learn something from it. I know there are many frameworks for web > development, but I just want the code using traditional CGI method, > it's easy to use and it doesn't require any additional knowledge about > framework. I need a simple example (support basic function of a > weblog, easy to revise) but not a complicated huge monster (I don't > think such a thing now exists). I guess you are out of luck. Usually people use frameworks because it *does* make work easier. AFAIK google engine supports Django. So try & aquaint you with that - and I bet there are Django-based blogs out there. Diez -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: ClassName.attribute vs self.__class__.attribute
Mike Orr a écrit : (snip) 'self' has a .__class__ attribute because it's an instance, but MyClass and Superclass do not because they're already classes. Not true for new-style classes: >>> class Toto(object): pass ... >>> Toto.__class__ (snip) I sometimes wish classes had a .__class__ attribute that's the class itself, newstyle classes do have a class attribute, that refers to the metaclass. but I can see how that would cause its own confusion (and recursion). FWIW, metaclasses do have a class attribute that refers to itself !-) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: matplotlib question
asdf wrote:
> basically I need to plot a graph of data vs time. However when i use
> matplotlib the hr:min tick marks come out very close together and
> appear jumbled.
You need to look up the matplotlib.dates package - it's covered briefly in
the tutorial at http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/tutorial.html
At a guess, you want something along the lines of this...
from matplotlib.dates import YearLocator, MonthLocator, WeekdayLocator, \
DayLocator, HourLocator, MinuteLocator, SecondLocator, \
DateFormatter
subplot.xaxis.set_major_locator(HourLocator(range(0,24,6)))
subplot.xaxis.set_major_formatter(DateFormatter("%a %H:%M"))
subplot.xaxis.set_minor_locator(HourLocator(range(0,24,1)))
...but you'll probably need to look up the documentation to get the details
to suit what you need.
Hope that helps!
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Re: h2py.py bug?
En Wed, 11 Jun 2008 04:21:03 -0300, Gabriel Rossetti
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> escribió:
Gabriel Genellina wrote:
En Tue, 10 Jun 2008 09:44:13 -0300, Gabriel Rossetti
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> escribió:
I wanted to use the h2py.py script (Tools/scripts/h2py.py) and it
didn't like char litterals :
Skipping: PC_ERROR = ord()
where my *.h file contained :
#define PC_ERROR '0'
I searched the web and found a post with the same error :
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2005-September/340608.html
but it got no replies, I tried the fix and it works. I have the
following questions:
1) Why did it not get any attention, is something wrong with it?
2) If nothing is wrong, did the fix not get applied because a bug
report wasn't filed?
Very probably - bug reports outside the tracker are likely to go
unnoticed or forgotten.
Ok, I'll file one then.
3) Isn't turning a char literal into the ordinal value not contrary to
what a C programmer had in mind when he/she defined it? I mean if you
define a char literal then in python you would have used a string
value :
#define PC_ERROR '0'
would become :
PC_ERROR = '0'
in python, and if you intended to use the char type for an 8 bit
numerical value you would have done :
#define PC_ERROR 0x30
where 0x30 is the '0' ascii hex value, so shouldn'it the line in the
diff (see the post) be :
body = p_char.sub("'\\1'", body)
instead of :
body = p_char.sub("ord('\\1')", body)
It's not so clear what's the intended usage - chars are also integers
in C. (I prefer the current behavior, but certainly it may be wrong in
several places).
Yes, true, but if you intend to use it as an integer, wouldn't you use a
numeric value instead of a character literal?
Not always. Using characters as ordinal numbers is very common in that
language. A small example:
#define FIRST 'A'
#define LAST 'Z'
#define index(letter) ((letter)-FIRST)
int accum[LAST-FIRST+1];
...
char x = some_word[0];
accum[index(x)]++;
accum is an array of 26 integers, element 0 corresponding to letter 'A'.
If one has to reproduce the exact same structure, in Python it would be:
FIRST = ord('A')
LAST = ord('Z')
def index(letter):
return ord(letter)-FIRST
accum = [0 for i in range(LAST-FIRST+1)]
x = some_word[0]
accum[index(x)] += 1
Of course, in other cases, character constants are intended to be used as
character data, so ord(...) is not the appropiate thing to do when
converting to Python. But I don't think my example above is very contrived
or uncommon - chars *are* integers from the C point of view, and some
people isn't worried too much about the distinction, specially those who
use C as their main or only language.
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Re: My fight with classes :)
TheSaint a écrit :
On 04:51, giovedì 12 giugno 2008 Terry Reedy wrote:
First of all a big thank you, all.
def makeappender():
data = ['','']
def appender(val):
return appender
I'll give it a try. I just doubting if the data will be shared outside the
function.
Each time makeappender is called, it returns a new appender function
object with it's own 'data' object. So 'data' won't be shared between
different instances of the appender function.
Actually, my practice goes to send all variables to the functions and
expecting a returned value.
Mostly a sane, sound and sensible approach IMHO - but doesn't work that
well when the function needs to maintain own state between calls.
Usually I'm not relying on that module's
variables are read inside a function. Probably I got wrong learning or
experiences.
As long as you only *read* module's globals from within a function,
that's mostly ok. When you start *writing* them it may be time to
reconsider the design (not that it's necessarily bad, but it's a
possible signal that something is wrong).
For multiple functions, use classes.
Well... Closures are poor men's objects, or so they say (or is that the
other way round ?-).
def make_person(name, age):
state = dict(name=name, age=age)
def set_name(new_name=None):
state['name'] = new_name
def get_name():
return state['name']
def grow():
state['age'] += 1
def get_age()
return state['age']
return set_name, get_name, grow, get_age
(toto_set_name,
toto_get_name,
toto_grow,
toto_get_age) = make_person('toto', 42)
A bit cumbersome, indeed !-)
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Re: suppress opening command window after using os.system command
En Thu, 12 Jun 2008 05:28:13 -0300, boriq <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
escribió:
I'm using in my script command os.system('command') on Windows XP.
Each time the os.system command is used, python opens an empty ms-dos
command window (the black one) and then closes it. So when in one
script the os.system command 50 times is used, I see 50 black windows.
Is there a way of how to suppress this unnecessary command windows to
be opened?
Use the subprocess module instead of os.system
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Re: suppress opening command window after using os.system command
On 12 Jun., 11:51, "Gabriel Genellina" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> En Thu, 12 Jun 2008 05:28:13 -0300, boriq <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> escribió:
>
> > I'm using in my script command os.system('command') on Windows XP.
> > Each time the os.system command is used, python opens an empty ms-dos
> > command window (the black one) and then closes it. So when in one
> > script the os.system command 50 times is used, I see 50 black windows.
>
> > Is there a way of how to suppress this unnecessary command windows to
> > be opened?
>
> Use the subprocess module instead of os.system
>
> --
> Gabriel Genellina
I'm on version 2.2.1 because of a program we use and it uses this
version.
and the subprocess module was implemented in version 2.4
Any possibility to do it with the old stuff in ver 2.2.1?
Thx
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Re: suppress opening command window after using os.system command
En Thu, 12 Jun 2008 07:08:00 -0300, boriq <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
escribió:
On 12 Jun., 11:51, "Gabriel Genellina" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
En Thu, 12 Jun 2008 05:28:13 -0300, boriq <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
escribió:
> I'm using in my script command os.system('command') on Windows XP.
> Each time the os.system command is used, python opens an empty ms-dos
> command window (the black one) and then closes it. So when in one
> script the os.system command 50 times is used, I see 50 black windows.
> Is there a way of how to suppress this unnecessary command windows to
> be opened?
Use the subprocess module instead of os.system
I'm on version 2.2.1 because of a program we use and it uses this
version.
and the subprocess module was implemented in version 2.4
Any possibility to do it with the old stuff in ver 2.2.1?
Sure, depending on your needs, use any of the os.popen variants or any of
the os.spawn variants.
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Re: suppress opening command window after using os.system command
Gabriel Genellina wrote:
En Thu, 12 Jun 2008 07:08:00 -0300, boriq <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
escribió:
On 12 Jun., 11:51, "Gabriel Genellina" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
En Thu, 12 Jun 2008 05:28:13 -0300, boriq <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
escribió:
> I'm using in my script command os.system('command') on Windows XP.
> Each time the os.system command is used, python opens an empty ms-dos
> command window (the black one) and then closes it. So when in one
> script the os.system command 50 times is used, I see 50 black windows.
> Is there a way of how to suppress this unnecessary command windows to
> be opened?
Use the subprocess module instead of os.system
I'm on version 2.2.1 because of a program we use and it uses this
version.
and the subprocess module was implemented in version 2.4
Any possibility to do it with the old stuff in ver 2.2.1?
Sure, depending on your needs, use any of the os.popen variants or any
of the os.spawn variants.
Or you can download the external module which became the subprocess
module in the stdlib:
http://www.lysator.liu.se/~astrand/popen5/
TJG
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Re: ClassName.attribute vs self.__class__.attribute
Bruno Desthuilliers <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > FWIW, metaclasses do have a class attribute that refers to itself !-) > One metaclass (i.e. type) has a class attribute that refers to itself. Other metaclasses have a class attribute that refers to the metaclass's metaclass. I can't think of any situation where a metaclass would be its own metaclass except for 'type' itself, but then I think I've got a headache trying to think about this so maybe I'm wrong. In fact, thinking about it a bit more, I think that if you did have another metaclass which is its own metaclass then the class cannot subclass 'object'. -- Duncan Booth http://kupuguy.blogspot.com -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
re quiz
True or False? (no fair looking it up)
(*) If repl is a string then re.sub(pattern, repl, s)
returns s with non-overlapping occurences of pattern
replaced by repl.
I assumed it was true - spent a few hours trying to
figure out what was going on with a certain re.sub,
then noticed that (*) is false:
(**) "If repl is a string, any backslash escapes in it are
processed. That is, "\n" is converted to a single newline
character, "\r" is converted to a linefeed, and so forth."
So I changed my r"\remark{Hint}" to r"\\remark{Hint}"
and things were fine.
A pointless question and then a practical one.
Pointless question: There must be a good reason for (**).
What would it be? Seems needlessly confusing to me (of
course a lot of things seem confusing to me...)
Maybe it's going to be confusing no matter what they do.
But "\\n" looks like it doesn't contain a newline, but it
gets converted to something that does.
(Another fascinating question is how they could phrase
the docs here so as to confuse nobody. Because "\n"
_is_ a newline, or so it's going to look to many people;
I'd spell it out:: "a string containing '\' followed by 'n' ".)
Practical question: What's a _complete_ list of the
escapes included in the "and so forth" in (**)?
(Or is there a function somewhere that will convert
r"\remark{Hint}" to r"\\remark{Hint}" for me, and
do the same for precisely the escpapes referred to
in the "and so forth"?)
David C. Ullrich
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get keys with the same values
Hello,
I have a dictionary and will get all keys which have the same values.
d = {('a' : 1), ('b' : 3), ('c' : 2),('d' : 3),('e' : 1),('f' : 4)}
I will something as :
d.keys(where their values are the same)
With this statement I can get two lists for this example:
l1= ['a','e']
l2=['b','d']
Would somebody tell me how I can do it?
Regards,
Nader
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regex for balanced parentheses?
There's no regex that detects balanced parentheses,
or is there?
That is, search('and so ((x+y)+z) = (x+(y+z))')
should return '((x+y)+z)'.
Not just a theoretical question, I'm cleaning up
a large body of TeX code and a regex that did that
would be very convenient. (Yes, I know it's not
hard to detect balanced parentheses by hand...)
I don't know that stuff, but I seen to recall reading
that there's a theoretical notion of "regular expression"
in CS, and a regular expression in that sense cannot
do this. But in the same place I read that the actual
regexes in programming languages include things which
are not regular expressions in that theoretical sense.
David C. Ullrich
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using re module to find " but not " alone ... is this a BUG in re?
Hi,
I want to replace all occourences of " by \" in a string.
But I want to leave all occourences of \" as they are.
The following should happen:
this I want " while I dont want this \"
should be transformed to:
this I want \" while I dont want this \"
and NOT:
this I want \" while I dont want this \\"
I tried even the (?<=...) construction but here I get an unbalanced paranthesis
error.
It seems tha re is not able to do the job due to parsing/compiling problems
for this sort of strings.
Have you any idea??
Anton
Example:
import re
re.findall("[^\\]\"","this I want \" while I dont want this \\\" ")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
File "C:\Python25\lib\re.py", line 175, in findall
return _compile(pattern, flags).findall(string)
File "C:\Python25\lib\re.py", line 241, in _compile
raise error, v # invalid expression
error: unexpected end of regular expression
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Re: Dynamic HTML from Python Script
On Jun 11, 10:43 pm, Dennis Lee Bieber <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Those are not /server side/ refreshes... Correct. But we weren't discussing server side refreshes. We were discussing how to make the "browser refresh automatically in the server side": On Jun 11, 7:59 am, Lie <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Surely you don't think you can do that without Javascript don't you? > You can't make the browser refresh automatically in the server side, > it has to be done in the client side scripting or like Opera browser > that have an option to make it refresh a page every few seconds. The example I posted showed a simple way to "make the browser refresh automatically in the server side" by using an HTTP Refresh header instead of using any Javascript or client side scripting or setting a browser option to refresh the page every few seconds. On Jun 11, 10:43 pm, Dennis Lee Bieber <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > On Wed, 11 Jun 2008 07:36:59 -0700 (PDT), Dave Parker > <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> declaimed the following in > comp.lang.python: > > > Yes you can. I don't know how to do it in Python, but here's an > > example in Flaming Thunder of a small, fast, light compiled server > > side CGI that delivers dynamic content every 10 seconds. > > > # Write out the HTTP headers, followed by a blank line. > > # Make sure to write CRLF and not just LF, as per HTTP > > # specs. Also, turn off caching using the no-cache and > > # expires options, so that caching doesn't conflict with > > # refreshes. > > > Set CRLF to CarriageReturn+LineFeed. > > Write "Refresh: 10; url=http://www.flamingthunder.com/cgi/ > > refresh.cgi",CRLF. > > Those are not /server side/ refreshes... The first thing being > written is a command to the browser that tells the browser to reload the > specified page after a delay period. > > IOWs it is the browser doing the refresh -- which means it starts a > whole new connection, receiving a page from the CGI script... Said page > again having a browser command to do a delayed refresh. > > Server side would mean that the server somehow continuously sends > updates WITHOUT BEING ASKED. > -- > Wulfraed Dennis Lee Bieber KD6MOG > [EMAIL PROTECTED] [EMAIL PROTECTED] > HTTP://wlfraed.home.netcom.com/ > (Bestiaria Support Staff: [EMAIL PROTECTED]) > HTTP://www.bestiaria.com/ -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Plotting Graphs using Gnuplot
Hello. Was trying to create a simple plotting function. Wasnt working
however. If i write the same code without putting it inside a function
it works. :S. Could some1 tell me the problem? Heres the code:
# File name Plotting2
import Gnuplot
def plot(original, expected, actual):
if type (original) != type([]):
return False
else:
gp = Gnuplot.Gnuplot()
gp('set data style lines')
# Make the plot items
plot1 = Gnuplot.PlotItems.Data(original, title="Original")
plot2 = Gnuplot.PlotItems.Data(expected, title="Expected")
plot3 = Gnuplot.PlotItems.Data(actual, title="Acutal")
return gp.plot(plot1, plot2, plot3)
import Plotting2 #The name of my file...
Plotting2.plot( [(2,3), (3,4)], [(4,5), (5,6)], [(1,3), (4,8)] )
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Re: Finding a sense of word in a text
On 11 Cze, 19:10, Sengly <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Dear all, > > This might be off group but I am looking for a python library that can > help me to find a sense of a word in a text and eventually a list of > synonyms of that term. I searched the web and found one but it is > written in perl (http://www.d.umn.edu/~tpederse/senserelate.html) :( > > I appreciate any pointers. Search for terms like text mining and NLP. PB -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Converting a simple python script to a simple windows executable
On Jun 12, 4:04 am, William McBrine <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > On Wed, 11 Jun 2008 12:25:29 -0700, geoffbache wrote: > > (1) py2exe. This is really for when python isn't installed on the remote > > user's machine, so it requires you to distribute a large amount of DLLs > > etc which are part of the python installation. A bit silly when I know > > that the remote user has python anyway. > > If you know the target user has Python installed, why don't you just > distribute the .pyw file? (Use ".pyw" instead of ".py" to avoid the extra > console window.) > > -- > 09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0 -- pass it on I really like cx_freeze: http://python.net/crew/atuining/cx_Freeze/ -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: get keys with the same values
Nader:
> d = {('a' : 1), ('b' : 3), ('c' : 2),('d' : 3),('e' : 1),('f' : 4)}
> I will something as :
> d.keys(where their values are the same)
That's magic.
> With this statement I can get two lists for this example:
> l1= ['a','e']
> l2=['b','d']
> Would somebody tell me how I can do it?
You can create a new dict where the keys are the values of the input
dict and the values are a list of the keys of the original dict. So
scanning the keys, values of the input dict, you can fill the second
dict. Then you can scan the second dict, and create a list that
contains only value lists longer than one.
Bye,
bearophile
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Re: get keys with the same values
On Thu, 12 Jun 2008 03:58:53 -0700 (PDT), Nader <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
wrote:
>Hello,
>
>I have a dictionary and will get all keys which have the same values.
>
>d = {('a' : 1), ('b' : 3), ('c' : 2),('d' : 3),('e' : 1),('f' : 4)}
That's not a dictionary, it's a syntax error. If you actually
have a dictionary you could say
d = {'a' : 1, 'b' : 3, 'c' : 2,'d' : 3,'e' : 1,'f' : 4}
dd = {}
for key, value in d.items():
try:
dd[value].append(key)
except KeyError:
dd[value] = [key]
Possibly dd is now what you really want; if you really
want what you said you want you could use
[l for l in dd.values() if len(l) > 1]
>I will something as :
>
>d.keys(where their values are the same)
>
>With this statement I can get two lists for this example:
>l1= ['a','e']
>l2=['b','d']
>
>Would somebody tell me how I can do it?
>
>Regards,
>Nader
David C. Ullrich
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Re: using re module to find " but not " alone ... is this a BUG in re?
On Jun 12, 7:11 pm, anton <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Hi,
>
> I want to replace all occourences of " by \" in a string.
>
> But I want to leave all occourences of \" as they are.
>
> The following should happen:
>
> this I want " while I dont want this \"
>
> should be transformed to:
>
> this I want \" while I dont want this \"
>
> and NOT:
>
> this I want \" while I dont want this \\"
>
> I tried even the (?<=...) construction but here I get an unbalanced
> paranthesis
> error.
Sounds like a deficit of backslashes causing re to regard \) as plain
text and not the magic closing parenthesis in (?<=...) -- and don't
you want (?
> It seems tha re is not able to do the job due to parsing/compiling problems
> for this sort of strings.
Nothing is ever as it seems.
>
> Have you any idea??
For a start, *ALWAYS* use a raw string for an re pattern -- halves the
backslash pollution!
>
>
> re.findall("[^\\]\"","this I want \" while I dont want this \\\" ")
and if you have " in the pattern, use '...' to enclose the pattern so
that you don't have to use \"
>
> Traceback (most recent call last):
> File "", line 1, in
> File "C:\Python25\lib\re.py", line 175, in findall
> return _compile(pattern, flags).findall(string)
> File "C:\Python25\lib\re.py", line 241, in _compile
> raise error, v # invalid expression
> error: unexpected end of regular expression
As expected.
What you want is:
>> import re
>> text = r'frob this " avoid this \", OK?'
>>> text
'frob this " avoid this \\", OK?'
>> re.sub(r'(?>
HTH,
John
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Re: get keys with the same values
On Jun 12, 1:35 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> Nader:
>
> > d = {('a' : 1), ('b' : 3), ('c' : 2),('d' : 3),('e' : 1),('f' : 4)}
> > I will something as :
> > d.keys(where their values are the same)
>
> That's magic.
>
> > With this statement I can get two lists for this example:
> > l1= ['a','e']
> > l2=['b','d']
> > Would somebody tell me how I can do it?
>
> You can create a new dict where the keys are the values of the input
> dict and the values are a list of the keys of the original dict. So
> scanning the keys, values of the input dict, you can fill the second
> dict. Then you can scan the second dict, and create a list that
> contains only value lists longer than one.
>
> Bye,
> bearophile
Is it niet possible with one or two statement, maybe with list
comprehension. For exmple:
l = [(k,v) for k in d.keys() for v in d.values() | en here we need
some extra logic (v = 1)]
I don;t konw how we can define a logic statement in a list
comprehension.
It will be very compact, if it would possible.
Nader
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Re: Simple and safe evaluator
bvdp wrote:
Is there a simple/safe expression evaluator I can use in a python
program. I just want to pass along a string in the form "1 + 44 / 3" or
perhaps "1 + (-4.3*5)" and get a numeric result.
I can do this with eval() but I really don't want to subject my users to
the problems with that method.
In this use I don't need python to worry about complex numbers,
variables or anything else. Just do the math on a set of values. Would
eval() with some restricted list of permitted operators do the trick?
This solution may be overly simply (especially compared to the AST-based
solution suggested earlier), but... if all you need is numbers and operators,
*maybe* you can get away with stripping all letters from the input string (and
possibly the underscore), and then evaluating it:
import re
import traceback
re_letters = re.compile("[a-zA-Z_]+")
def safe_eval(s):
s = re_letters.sub("", s)
return eval(s)
# try it out...
>>> safe_eval("2+2")
4
>>> safe_eval("4 * (8 / 3.1) ** 7.2")
3685.5618352828474
>>> safe_eval("(2).__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
File "safe_eval.py", line 12, in safe_eval
return eval(s)
File "", line 1
(2)...()
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
...It's primitive, but it might work for your purposes.
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Re: get keys with the same values
On Jun 12, 1:41 pm, David C. Ullrich <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On Thu, 12 Jun 2008 03:58:53 -0700 (PDT), Nader <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> wrote:
>
> >Hello,
>
> >I have a dictionary and will get all keys which have the same values.
>
> >d = {('a' : 1), ('b' : 3), ('c' : 2),('d' : 3),('e' : 1),('f' : 4)}
>
> That's not a dictionary, it's a syntax error. If you actually
> have a dictionary you could say
>
> d = {'a' : 1, 'b' : 3, 'c' : 2,'d' : 3,'e' : 1,'f' : 4}
>
> dd = {}
>
> for key, value in d.items():
> try:
> dd[value].append(key)
> except KeyError:
> dd[value] = [key]
>
> Possibly dd is now what you really want; if you really
> want what you said you want you could use
>
> [l for l in dd.values() if len(l) > 1]
>
> >I will something as :
>
> >d.keys(where their values are the same)
>
> >With this statement I can get two lists for this example:
> >l1= ['a','e']
> >l2=['b','d']
>
> >Would somebody tell me how I can do it?
>
> >Regards,
> >Nader
>
> David C. Ullrich
Thank for your type about the syntax error. This an example example,
the keys of my dictionary are tuples:
d = {(37.75, 42.22): 1 , (37.51, 40.02): 3 (45.55, 24.27): 4 (47.08,
30.99) : 1}
But what I will is to get all keys which has the same valus. And not
the keys that have value more than 1!
Nader
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Re: Strange bug doesn't occur in Pydb
In <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> "Diez B. Roggisch" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>kj schrieb:
>> I'm running into a strange seg fault with the module cjson. The
>> strange part is that it does not occur when I run the code under
>> Emacs' Pydb.
>>
>> Here's an example:
>>
>>
>> import sys, cjson
>>
>> d1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
>> print sys.version
>> j1 = cjson.encode(d1)
>> print j1 # should print the string '{"a": 1, "c": 3, "b": 2}'
>>
>> The code above runs fine under Pydb, but segfaults at the call to
>> cjson.encode when I run it from the command line in a standard
>> Linux shell interaction. In the printed version strings are
>> identical.
>>
>> I figure this must be a bug in cjson. I'd love to find a workaround
>> for it, and hope that this strange difference between Pydb and the
>> shell command line may be a clue to that.
>>
>> Any thoughts?
>Are you sure you actually run the same interpreter in emacs as you do on
>the commandline?
No, I'm not. All I know is that both Emacs and the commandline
are running on the same machine, and that the version string that
the program prints is the same in both conditions. How can I verify
that that the same interpreter is running in both cases?
Kynn
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Re: get keys with the same values
On Jun 12, 1:48 pm, Nader <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On Jun 12, 1:35 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
>
>
>
> > Nader:
>
> > > d = {('a' : 1), ('b' : 3), ('c' : 2),('d' : 3),('e' : 1),('f' : 4)}
> > > I will something as :
> > > d.keys(where their values are the same)
>
> > That's magic.
>
> > > With this statement I can get two lists for this example:
> > > l1= ['a','e']
> > > l2=['b','d']
> > > Would somebody tell me how I can do it?
>
> > You can create a new dict where the keys are the values of the input
> > dict and the values are a list of the keys of the original dict. So
> > scanning the keys, values of the input dict, you can fill the second
> > dict. Then you can scan the second dict, and create a list that
> > contains only value lists longer than one.
>
> > Bye,
> > bearophile
>
> Is it niet possible with one or two statement, maybe with list
> comprehension. For exmple:
>
> l = [(k,v) for k in d.keys() for v in d.values() | en here we need
> some extra logic (v = 1)]
>
> I don;t konw how we can define a logic statement in a list
> comprehension.
> It will be very compact, if it would possible.
>
> Nader
If you are going to use this reverse look-up alot you'd be better off
building another dictionary with the original values being keys and
the original keys being values, if it is used infrequently enough you
can search for it with result_list = [k for k,v in dictionary.items()
if v == search_value]
--
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Re: re quiz
On Jun 12, 8:57 pm, David C. Ullrich <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > True or False? (no fair looking it up) > > (*) If repl is a string then re.sub(pattern, repl, s) > returns s with non-overlapping occurences of pattern > replaced by repl. > > I assumed it was true - spent a few hours trying to > figure out what was going on with a certain re.sub, > then noticed that (*) is false: > Well, the docs do say "Return the string obtained by replacing the leftmost non-overlapping occurrences of pattern in string by the replacement repl." -- care to tell us what "a certain re.sub" is, and false in what way? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: re quiz
David C. Ullrich wrote:
> (Or is there a function somewhere that will convert
> r"\remark{Hint}" to r"\\remark{Hint}" for me, and
> do the same for precisely the escpapes referred to
> in the "and so forth"?)
I think you just have to escape the backslash:
re.sub(pattern, replacement_string.replace("\\", ""), s)
Anyway here's the list of troublemakers:
>>> def means_trouble(c):
... try:
... return re.sub("x", "\\" + c, "x") != "\\" + c
... except:
... return True
...
>>> [c for c in map(chr, range(256)) if means_trouble(c)]
['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '\\', 'a', 'b', 'f', 'g',
'n', 'r', 't', 'v']
Peter
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Re: get keys with the same values
On Jun 12, 2:05 pm, Chris <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On Jun 12, 1:48 pm, Nader <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>
>
> > On Jun 12, 1:35 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
>
> > > Nader:
>
> > > > d = {('a' : 1), ('b' : 3), ('c' : 2),('d' : 3),('e' : 1),('f' : 4)}
> > > > I will something as :
> > > > d.keys(where their values are the same)
>
> > > That's magic.
>
> > > > With this statement I can get two lists for this example:
> > > > l1= ['a','e']
> > > > l2=['b','d']
> > > > Would somebody tell me how I can do it?
>
> > > You can create a new dict where the keys are the values of the input
> > > dict and the values are a list of the keys of the original dict. So
> > > scanning the keys, values of the input dict, you can fill the second
> > > dict. Then you can scan the second dict, and create a list that
> > > contains only value lists longer than one.
>
> > > Bye,
> > > bearophile
>
> > Is it niet possible with one or two statement, maybe with list
> > comprehension. For exmple:
>
> > l = [(k,v) for k in d.keys() for v in d.values() | en here we need
> > some extra logic (v = 1)]
>
> > I don;t konw how we can define a logic statement in a list
> > comprehension.
> > It will be very compact, if it would possible.
>
> > Nader
>
> If you are going to use this reverse look-up alot you'd be better off
> building another dictionary with the original values being keys and
> the original keys being values, if it is used infrequently enough you
> can search for it with result_list = [k for k,v in dictionary.items()
> if v == search_value]
Thank you! It is the anwser which I was looking for. [(k,v) for k,v
in d.items() if v is pattern].
But I don't understand what tou mean of "reverse look-up a lot"! I
have to read some informations inclusive (latitudes and longitudes)
form a file and after some processing to save part of this information
to other file.
Why do I make a new dictionary?
Nader
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Re: get keys with the same values
Nader <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> I have a dictionary and will get all keys which have the same values.
>
> d = {('a' : 1), ('b' : 3), ('c' : 2),('d' : 3),('e' : 1),('f' : 4)}
>
> I will something as :
>
> d.keys(where their values are the same)
>
> With this statement I can get two lists for this example:
> l1= ['a','e']
> l2=['b','d']
>
> Would somebody tell me how I can do it?
Here's one way:
>>> import itertools, functools, operator
>>> d = {'a' : 1, 'b' : 3, 'c' : 2,'d' : 3,'e' : 1,'f' : 4}
>>> get = functools.partial(operator.getitem, d)
>>> for (k,v) in itertools.groupby(sorted(d, key=get), key=get):
print k, list(v)
1 ['a', 'e']
2 ['c']
3 ['b', 'd']
4 ['f']
or if you want a dictionary:
>>> dict((k,list(v)) for (k,v) in
itertools.groupby(sorted(d, key=get), key=get))
{1: ['a', 'e'], 2: ['c'], 3: ['b', 'd'], 4: ['f']}
--
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Re: Strange bug doesn't occur in Pydb
kj wrote:
> In <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> "Diez B. Roggisch"
> <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>
>>kj schrieb:
>>> I'm running into a strange seg fault with the module cjson. The
>>> strange part is that it does not occur when I run the code under
>>> Emacs' Pydb.
>>>
>>> Here's an example:
>>>
>>>
>>> import sys, cjson
>>>
>>> d1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
>>> print sys.version
>>> j1 = cjson.encode(d1)
>>> print j1 # should print the string '{"a": 1, "c": 3, "b": 2}'
>>>
>>> The code above runs fine under Pydb, but segfaults at the call to
>>> cjson.encode when I run it from the command line in a standard
>>> Linux shell interaction. In the printed version strings are
>>> identical.
>>>
>>> I figure this must be a bug in cjson. I'd love to find a workaround
>>> for it, and hope that this strange difference between Pydb and the
>>> shell command line may be a clue to that.
>>>
>>> Any thoughts?
>
>>Are you sure you actually run the same interpreter in emacs as you do on
>>the commandline?
>
> No, I'm not. All I know is that both Emacs and the commandline
> are running on the same machine, and that the version string that
> the program prints is the same in both conditions. How can I verify
> that that the same interpreter is running in both cases?
By e.g.
import sys
print sys.prefix
Additionally, you should compare what
sys.path
contains and if it's the same - otherwise it might be that cjson is picked
up from somewhere else.
If all that's the case, I'd invoke python through gdb and see where the
segfault happens.
BTW: I've been using (and even patching) cjson - without any troubles
whatsoever.
Diez
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Re: Why does python not have a mechanism for data hiding?
Quoting Dennis Lee Bieber <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>: > On Wed, 11 Jun 2008 21:54:33 -0700 (PDT), Michele Simionato > <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> declaimed the following in > comp.lang.python: > > > > > It looks like in French (as in Italian) *experimented* has the > > meaning of "tried and tested on the field" when applied to a > > person. > > > > > Fascinating Spanish also. I translate "experimentado" to "experienced", perhaps because I had seen it before, but I never imagined that "experimented" would be wrong. Fascinating x2 -- Luis Zarrabeitia Facultad de Matemática y Computación, UH http://profesores.matcom.uh.cu/~kyrie -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: re quiz
David C. Ullrich <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Practical question: What's a _complete_ list of the
> escapes included in the "and so forth" in (**)?
>
> (Or is there a function somewhere that will convert
> r"\remark{Hint}" to r"\\remark{Hint}" for me, and
> do the same for precisely the escpapes referred to
> in the "and so forth"?)
>
As the documentation says:
Character escapes
Numbered Groups: \0 \1 \2 \3 ...
Named groups: \g
Numbered groups with explicit termination of the number: \g<0> \g<1> ...
But it doesn't matter what the complete list is. All of the escapes start
with \ so doubling all the \\ will prevent any of them being interpreted as
special so if you aren't wanting to substitute any groups into the string
just try repl.replace('\\', r'\\')
--
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Re: using re module to find " but not " alone ... is this a BUG in re?
John Machin <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> What you want is:
>
>>> import re
>>> text = r'frob this " avoid this \", OK?'
text
> 'frob this " avoid this \\", OK?'
>>> re.sub(r'(? frob this \\" avoid this \\", OK?'
>>>
>
Or you can do it without using regular expressions at all. Just replace
them all and then fix up the result:
>>> text = r'frob this " avoid this \", OK?'
>>> text.replace('"', r'\"').replace(r'\\"', r'\"')
'frob this \\" avoid this \\", OK?'
--
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Re: Alternative to Decimal type
On Jun 11, 11:48 am, Frank Millman <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Thanks to all for the various replies. They have all helped me to > refine my ideas on the subject. These are my latest thoughts. > [snip] > > My main concern is that my approach may be naive, and that I will run > into situations that I have not catered for, resulting in errors. If > this is the case, I will drop this like a hot potato and stick to the > Decimal type. Can anyone point out any pitfalls I might be unaware of? > > I will be happy to show the code for the new Number class if anyone is > interested. > Thanks again for all the really useful replies. I will have a look at gmpy, and I will study FixedPoint.py closely. Frank -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: ClassName.attribute vs self.__class__.attribute
Duncan Booth <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes: > In fact, thinking about it a bit more, I think that if you did have > another metaclass which is its own metaclass then the class cannot > subclass 'object'. You could if the metaclass of your metaclass inherited from 'type'. Then your types could still be binary-compatible with Python types, and your objects with 'object'. It's difficult to envision what you'd gain with a custom meta-meta-class, but it seems possible: >>> class MetaMeta(type): pass ... >>> class Meta(type): ... __metaclass__ = MetaMeta ... >>> class Foo(object): ... __metaclass__ = Meta ... >>> f = Foo() >>> f <__main__.Foo object at 0xb7d27bec> >>> type(f) >>> type(type(f)) >>> type(type(type(f))) >>> isinstance(f, object) True -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: using re module to find " but not " alone ... is this a BUG in re?
anton wrote:
> I want to replace all occourences of " by \" in a string.
>
> But I want to leave all occourences of \" as they are.
>
> The following should happen:
>
> this I want " while I dont want this \"
>
> should be transformed to:
>
> this I want \" while I dont want this \"
>
> and NOT:
>
> this I want \" while I dont want this \\"
>
> I tried even the (?<=...) construction but here I get an unbalanced
> paranthesis error.
>
> It seems tha re is not able to do the job due to parsing/compiling
> problems for this sort of strings.
>
>
> Have you any idea??
The problem is underspecified. Should r'\\"' become r'\\\"' or remain
unchanged? If the backslash is supposed to escape the following letter
including another backslash -- that can't be done with regular expressions
alone:
# John's proposal:
>>> print re.sub(r'(?>> parts = re.compile("(.)").split('no " one \\", two "')
>>> parts[::2] = [p.replace('"', '\\"') for p in parts[::2]]
>>> print "".join(parts)
no \" one \", two \\\"
Peter
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Re: get keys with the same values
On Jun 12, 2:15 pm, Nader <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On Jun 12, 2:05 pm, Chris <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>
>
> > On Jun 12, 1:48 pm, Nader <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
> > > On Jun 12, 1:35 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
>
> > > > Nader:
>
> > > > > d = {('a' : 1), ('b' : 3), ('c' : 2),('d' : 3),('e' : 1),('f' : 4)}
> > > > > I will something as :
> > > > > d.keys(where their values are the same)
>
> > > > That's magic.
>
> > > > > With this statement I can get two lists for this example:
> > > > > l1= ['a','e']
> > > > > l2=['b','d']
> > > > > Would somebody tell me how I can do it?
>
> > > > You can create a new dict where the keys are the values of the input
> > > > dict and the values are a list of the keys of the original dict. So
> > > > scanning the keys, values of the input dict, you can fill the second
> > > > dict. Then you can scan the second dict, and create a list that
> > > > contains only value lists longer than one.
>
> > > > Bye,
> > > > bearophile
>
> > > Is it niet possible with one or two statement, maybe with list
> > > comprehension. For exmple:
>
> > > l = [(k,v) for k in d.keys() for v in d.values() | en here we need
> > > some extra logic (v = 1)]
>
> > > I don;t konw how we can define a logic statement in a list
> > > comprehension.
> > > It will be very compact, if it would possible.
>
> > > Nader
>
> > If you are going to use this reverse look-up alot you'd be better off
> > building another dictionary with the original values being keys and
> > the original keys being values, if it is used infrequently enough you
> > can search for it with result_list = [k for k,v in dictionary.items()
> > if v == search_value]
>
> Thank you! It is the anwser which I was looking for. [(k,v) for k,v
> in d.items() if v is pattern].
> But I don't understand what tou mean of "reverse look-up a lot"! I
> have to read some informations inclusive (latitudes and longitudes)
> form a file and after some processing to save part of this information
> to other file.
> Why do I make a new dictionary?
>
> Nader
If you are just going to perform the lookup once or twice then it's
fine to traverse (step through) your original dictionary. If you are
going to look up data often though it might be a better idea to build
another dictionary with the reverse of your original dictionary as it
will yield faster results.
For example, your original dictionary of values is built and then you
perform a handful of operations and move on, then use the list
comprehension to get your data and move on. If, on the other hand,
you build your dictionary and then maybe iterate over a file and need
to look-up the information for every line in the file it would be
better suited to build a new dictionary that transposed the key and
value pairs for less resource intensive and faster operation. eg:
reverse_dict = {}
for k,v in original_dict:
if v in reverse_dict:
reverse_dict[v].append(k)
else:
reverse_dict[v] = [k]
Then once that is built and you want to find which keys in the
original dictionary have the value of "1" you can just do
"list_of_keys = reverse_dict[1]".
Essentially if you are going to do alot of searching for values that
match values found in a dictionary you would be better off to create
the new data structure.
Hope that helps.
--
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Re: Plotting Graphs using Gnuplot
On Jun 12, 12:30 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> Hello. Was trying to create a simple plotting function. Wasnt working
> however. If i write the same code without putting it inside a function
> it works. :S. Could some1 tell me the problem? Heres the code:
>
> # File name Plotting2
>
> import Gnuplot
>
> def plot(original, expected, actual):
>
> if type (original) != type([]):
> return False
>
> else:
>
> gp = Gnuplot.Gnuplot()
> gp('set data style lines')
>
> # Make the plot items
> plot1 = Gnuplot.PlotItems.Data(original, title="Original")
> plot2 = Gnuplot.PlotItems.Data(expected, title="Expected")
> plot3 = Gnuplot.PlotItems.Data(actual, title="Acutal")
>
> return gp.plot(plot1, plot2, plot3)
>
>
>
> import Plotting2 #The name of my file...
>
> Plotting2.plot( [(2,3), (3,4)], [(4,5), (5,6)], [(1,3), (4,8)] )
I've no idea about the answer to your question (I don't know how the
Gnuplot module works and I can't *see* anything obviously wrong with
your code), but this line:
if type (original) != type([])
is better written:
if not isinstance(original, list):
Michael Foord
http://www.ironpythoninaction.com/
--
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Re: regex for balanced parentheses?
On Jun 12, 6:06 am, David C. Ullrich <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> There's no regex that detects balanced parentheses,
> or is there?
>
> That is, search('and so ((x+y)+z) = (x+(y+z))')
> should return '((x+y)+z)'.
>
> Not just a theoretical question, I'm cleaning up
> a large body of TeX code and a regex that did that
> would be very convenient. (Yes, I know it's not
> hard to detect balanced parentheses by hand...)
>
> I don't know that stuff, but I seen to recall reading
> that there's a theoretical notion of "regular expression"
> in CS, and a regular expression in that sense cannot
> do this. But in the same place I read that the actual
> regexes in programming languages include things which
> are not regular expressions in that theoretical sense.
>
> David C. Ullrich
Pyparsing includes several helper methods for building common
expression patterns, such as delimitedList, oneOf, operatorPrecedence,
countedArray - and a fairly recent addition, nestedExpr. nestedExpr
creates an expression for matching nested text within opening and
closing delimiters, such as ()'s, []'s, {}'s, etc. The default
delimiters are ()'s. You can also specify a content expression, so
that pyparsing will look for and construct meaningful results. The
default is to return any text nested within the delimiters, broken up
by whitespace.
Here is your sample string parsed using the default nestedExpr:
>>> from pyparsing import nestedExpr
>>> for e in nestedExpr().searchString('and so ((x+y)+z) = (x+(y+z))'):
... print e[0]
...
[['x+y'], '+z']
['x+', ['y+z']]
Pyparsing found 2 matches in your input string. Note that the parens
are gone from the results - nestedExpr returns a nested list
structure, with nesting corresponding to the ()'s found in the
original string.
Pyparsing supports parse-time callbacks, called 'parse actions', and
it comes with several commonly used methods, such as removeQuotes,
upcaseTokens, and keepOriginalText. The purpose of keepOriginalText
is to revert any structuring or parsing an expression or other parse
actions might do, and just return the originally matched text.
Here is how keepOriginalText gives you back just the nested
parenthetical expressions, without any additional processing or
grouping:
>>> from pyparsing import keepOriginalText
>>> matchedParens = nestedExpr().setParseAction(keepOriginalText)
>>> for e in matchedParens.searchString('and so ((x+y)+z) = (x+(y+z))'):
... print e[0]
...
((x+y)+z)
(x+(y+z))
-- Paul
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: get keys with the same values
On Jun 12, 6:41 am, David C. Ullrich <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On Thu, 12 Jun 2008 03:58:53 -0700 (PDT), Nader <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> wrote:
>
> >Hello,
>
> >I have a dictionary and will get all keys which have the same values.
>
>
> d = {'a' : 1, 'b' : 3, 'c' : 2,'d' : 3,'e' : 1,'f' : 4}
>
> dd = {}
>
> for key, value in d.items():
> try:
> dd[value].append(key)
> except KeyError:
> dd[value] = [key]
>
Instead of all that try/except noise, just use the new defaultdict:
>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>>
>>> d = {'a' : 1, 'b' : 3, 'c' : 2,'d' : 3,'e' : 1,'f' : 4}
>>>
>>> dd = defaultdict(list)
>>> for key, value in d.items():
... dd[value].append(key)
...
>>> for k,v in dd.items():
... print k,':',v
...
1 : ['a', 'e']
2 : ['c']
3 : ['b', 'd']
4 : ['f']
-- Paul
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Summing a 2D list
Hi all, I have a scenario where I have a list like this: UserScore 1 0 1 1 1 5 2 3 2 1 3 2 4 3 4 3 4 2 And I need to add up the score for each user to get something like this: UserScore 1 6 2 4 3 2 4 8 Is this possible? If so, how can I do it? I've tried looping through the arrays and not had much luck so far. Any help much appreciated, Mark -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Summing a 2D list
Mark wrote: > Hi all, > > I have a scenario where I have a list like this: > > UserScore > 1 0 > 1 1 > 1 5 > 2 3 > 2 1 > 3 2 > 4 3 > 4 3 > 4 2 > > And I need to add up the score for each user to get something like > this: > > UserScore > 1 6 > 2 4 > 3 2 > 4 8 > > Is this possible? If so, how can I do it? I've tried looping through > the arrays and not had much luck so far. > > Any help much appreciated, Show us your efforts in code so far. Especially what the actual data looks like. Then we can suggest a solution. Diez -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Plotting Graphs using Gnuplot
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> Hello. Was trying to create a simple plotting function. Wasnt working
> however. If i write the same code without putting it inside a function
> it works. :S. Could some1 tell me the problem?
Judging from the demo you have to keep a Gnuplot.Gnuplot instance alive. If
you don't, the display window is immediately garbage-collected.
> Heres the code:
>
>
> # File name Plotting2
>
> import Gnuplot
>
> def plot(original, expected, actual):
>
>
> if type (original) != type([]):
> return False
>
> else:
>
> gp = Gnuplot.Gnuplot()
> gp('set data style lines')
>
>
> # Make the plot items
> plot1 = Gnuplot.PlotItems.Data(original, title="Original")
> plot2 = Gnuplot.PlotItems.Data(expected, title="Expected")
> plot3 = Gnuplot.PlotItems.Data(actual, title="Acutal")
>
>
gp.plot(plot1, plot2, plot3)
return gp
>
>
>
>
> import Plotting2 #The name of my file...
>
gp = Plotting2.plot( [(2,3), (3,4)], [(4,5), (5,6)], [(1,3), (4,8)] )
raw_input()
By the way, I recommend that you raise an Exception instead of returning a
special value when plot() cannot deal with the arguments passed to it.
Peter
--
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Re: Summing a 2D list
On Thu, Jun 12, 2008 at 9:48 AM, Mark <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Hi all,
>
> I have a scenario where I have a list like this:
>
> UserScore
> 1 0
> 1 1
> 1 5
> 2 3
> 2 1
> 3 2
> 4 3
> 4 3
> 4 2
>
> And I need to add up the score for each user to get something like
> this:
>
> UserScore
> 1 6
> 2 4
> 3 2
> 4 8
>
> Is this possible? If so, how can I do it? I've tried looping through
> the arrays and not had much luck so far.
>
> Any help much appreciated,
>
If your data is set up as a list of tuples or lists, you can try using a
dictionary for the final count, since each user will have only one final
entry. Then, you can check to see if the user already has an entry in the
dict so you know if you should create a new entry or just add to the old
one.
firstList = [your pairs of data]
totals = {}
for i, j in firstList :
if i in totals :
totals[i] += j
else :
totals[i] = j
>
> Mark
> --
> http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
>
--
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Re: re quiz
On Thu, 12 Jun 2008 05:12:55 -0700 (PDT), John Machin <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: >On Jun 12, 8:57 pm, David C. Ullrich <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: >> True or False? (no fair looking it up) >> >> (*) If repl is a string then re.sub(pattern, repl, s) >> returns s with non-overlapping occurences of pattern >> replaced by repl. >> >> I assumed it was true - spent a few hours trying to >> figure out what was going on with a certain re.sub, >> then noticed that (*) is false: >> > >Well, the docs do say "Return the string obtained by replacing the >leftmost non-overlapping occurrences of pattern in string by the >replacement repl." That's the _first sentence_, yes. I _quoted_ another sentence (from an old version, istr it phrased slightly differently in recent versions) in my post. > -- care to tell us what "a certain re.sub" is, and >false in what way? Read the OP. David C. Ullrich -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Alternative to Decimal type
On 2008-06-12, Dennis Lee Bieber <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > If you were to follow the footsteps of COBOL, you'd be using > BCD internally, with a special code to represent the decimal > point (and maybe, to save space, the sign too) > > Old mainframes had instructions to work with packed BCD as a > register format (the Xerox Sigma series used four 32-bit > registers to represent a 31 digit packed BCD number). Okay, I > think even the Pentium's still have a BCD operation set, IIRC, most general purpose microprocessors I've used had special instructions to make packed BCD operations easier, and back in the day (when Pascal was much more popular than C) compilers for microprocessors usually offered a BCD floating point data type. -- Grant Edwards grante Yow! The SAME WAVE keeps at coming in and COLLAPSING visi.comlike a rayon MUU-MUU ... -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Summing a 2D list
On Jun 12, 3:48 pm, Mark <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Hi all,
>
> I have a scenario where I have a list like this:
>
> User Score
> 1 0
> 1 1
> 1 5
> 2 3
> 2 1
> 3 2
> 4 3
> 4 3
> 4 2
>
> And I need to add up the score for each user to get something like
> this:
>
> User Score
> 1 6
> 2 4
> 3 2
> 4 8
>
> Is this possible? If so, how can I do it? I've tried looping through
> the arrays and not had much luck so far.
>
> Any help much appreciated,
>
> Mark
user_score = {}
for record in list:
user, score = record.split()
if user in user_score: user_score[user] += score
else: user_score[user] = score
print '\n'.join(['%s\t%s' % (user, score) for user,score in
sorted(user_score.items())])
You don't mention what data structure you are keeping your records in
but hopefully this helps you in the right direction.
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: re quiz
On Thu, 12 Jun 2008 14:12:31 +0200, Peter Otten <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
wrote:
>David C. Ullrich wrote:
>
>> (Or is there a function somewhere that will convert
>> r"\remark{Hint}" to r"\\remark{Hint}" for me, and
>> do the same for precisely the escpapes referred to
>> in the "and so forth"?)
>
>I think you just have to escape the backslash:
>
>re.sub(pattern, replacement_string.replace("\\", ""), s)
>
>Anyway here's the list of troublemakers:
Heh - I shoulda thought of that, determining which
ones cause trouble by checking to see which ones
cause trouble. Thanks.
def means_trouble(c):
>... try:
>... return re.sub("x", "\\" + c, "x") != "\\" + c
>... except:
>... return True
>...
[c for c in map(chr, range(256)) if means_trouble(c)]
>['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '\\', 'a', 'b', 'f', 'g',
>'n', 'r', 't', 'v']
>
>
>Peter
David C. Ullrich
--
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Re: Simple and safe evaluator
On 2008-06-12, Hans Nowak <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > bvdp wrote: >> >> Is there a simple/safe expression evaluator I can use in a python >> program. I just want to pass along a string in the form "1 + 44 / 3" or >> perhaps "1 + (-4.3*5)" and get a numeric result. >> >> I can do this with eval() but I really don't want to subject my users to >> the problems with that method. >> >> In this use I don't need python to worry about complex >> numbers, variables or anything else. Just do the math on a set >> of values. Would eval() with some restricted list of permitted >> operators do the trick? > > This solution may be overly simply (especially compared to the > AST-based solution suggested earlier), but... if all you need > is numbers and operators, *maybe* you can get away with > stripping all letters from the input string (and possibly the > underscore), and then evaluating it: It won't work for numbers expressed in scientific notation (e.g. 1.23e-3). -- Grant Edwards grante Yow! All right, you at degenerates! I want visi.comthis place evacuated in 20 seconds! -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Summing a 2D list
On Jun 12, 3:02 pm, "Diez B. Roggisch" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Mark wrote: > > Hi all, > > > I have a scenario where I have a list like this: > > > User Score > > 1 0 > > 1 1 > > 1 5 > > 2 3 > > 2 1 > > 3 2 > > 4 3 > > 4 3 > > 4 2 > > > And I need to add up the score for each user to get something like > > this: > > > User Score > > 1 6 > > 2 4 > > 3 2 > > 4 8 > > > Is this possible? If so, how can I do it? I've tried looping through > > the arrays and not had much luck so far. > > > Any help much appreciated, > > Show us your efforts in code so far. Especially what the actual data looks > like. Then we can suggest a solution. > > Diez Hi Diez, thanks for the quick reply. To be honest I'm relatively new to Python, so I don't know too much about how all the loop constructs work and how they differ to other languages. I'm building an app in Django and this data is coming out of a database and it looks like what I put up there! This was my (failed) attempt: predictions = Prediction.objects.all() scores = [] for prediction in predictions: i = [prediction.predictor.id, 0] if prediction.predictionscore: i[1] += int(prediction.predictionscore) scores.append(i) I did have another loop in there (I'm fairly sure I need one) but that didn't work either. I don't imagine that snippet is very helpful, sorry! Any tips would be gratefully recieved! Thanks, Mark -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Making wxPython a standard module?
Just out of curiosity, what are the chances of this happening (sort of like what happened with sqlite)? I read somewhere that Guido said the only reason Tkinter is still the standard GUI module instead of wxPython is because "it was there first." Perhaps a joke, but it got me thinking that there could be a chance of this happening. I'm sure most Python work doesn't involve GUIs, so it's not a priority, but to have wxPython be a standard module would be great, and it might even encourage people to play around with GUI work more than normal (I don't think that's a bad thing!). :) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Finding a sense of word in a text
2008/6/11, Sengly <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>: > > Dear all, > > This might be off group but I am looking for a python library that can > help me to find a sense of a word in a text and eventually a list of > synonyms of that term. I searched the web and found one but it is > written in perl (http://www.d.umn.edu/~tpederse/senserelate.html) :( > > I appreciate any pointers. > > Thank you before hand. > > Kind regards, > > Sengly > > -- > http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list > You may try e.g. NLTK http://nltk.sourceforge.net/ probably WordNet mentioned in the documentation in the 3rd chapter: 3.6 WordNet: An English Lexical Database http://nltk.org/doc/en/words.html Greetings, vbr -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: re quiz
On 12 Jun 2008 12:32:13 GMT, Duncan Booth
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>David C. Ullrich <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>> Practical question: What's a _complete_ list of the
>> escapes included in the "and so forth" in (**)?
>>
>> (Or is there a function somewhere that will convert
>> r"\remark{Hint}" to r"\\remark{Hint}" for me, and
>> do the same for precisely the escpapes referred to
>> in the "and so forth"?)
>>
>
>As the documentation says:
>
>Character escapes
>Numbered Groups: \0 \1 \2 \3 ...
>Named groups: \g
>Numbered groups with explicit termination of the number: \g<0> \g<1> ...
Right - I was wondering about a complete list of character
escapes.
>But it doesn't matter what the complete list is. All of the escapes start
>with \ so doubling all the \\ will prevent any of them being interpreted as
>special so if you aren't wanting to substitute any groups into the string
>just try repl.replace('\\', r'\\')
Good point.
David C. Ullrich
--
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Re: Summing a 2D list
Mark wrote: Hi all, I have a scenario where I have a list like this: UserScore 1 0 1 1 1 5 2 3 2 1 3 2 4 3 4 3 4 2 And I need to add up the score for each user to get something like this: UserScore 1 6 2 4 3 2 4 8 Is this possible? If so, how can I do it? I've tried looping through the arrays and not had much luck so far. Any help much appreciated, Mark does this work for you? users = [1,1,1,2,2,3,4,4,4] score = [0,1,5,3,1,2,3,3,2] d = dict() for u,s in zip(users,score): if d.has_key(u): d[u] += s else: d[u] = s for key in d.keys(): print 'user: %d\nscore: %d\n' % (key,d[key]) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Comments on my first script?
I'm keen on learning python, with a heavy lean on doing things the
"pythonic" way, so threw the following script together in a few hours
as a first-attempt in programming python.
I'd like the community's thoughts/comments on what I've done;
improvements I can make, "don'ts" I should be avoiding, etc. I'm not
so much bothered about the resulting data - for the moment it meets my
needs. But any comment is welcome!
#!/usr/bin/env python
## Open a file containing a list of domains (1 per line),
## request and parse it's whois record and push to a csv
## file.
import subprocess
import re
src = open('./domains.txt')
dest = open('./whois.csv', 'w');
sep = "|"
headers = ["Domain","Registrant","Registrant's
Address","Registrar","Registrant Type","Date Registered","Renewal
Date","Last Updated","Name Servers"]
dest.write(sep.join(headers)+"\n")
def trim( txt ):
x = []
for line in txt.split("\n"):
if line.strip() == "":
continue
if line.strip().startswith('WHOIS'):
continue
if line.strip().startswith('>>>'):
continue
if line.strip().startswith('%'):
continue
if line.startswith("--"):
return ''.join(x)
x.append(" "+line)
return "\n".join(x)
def clean( txt ):
x = []
isok = re.compile("^\s?([^:]+): ").match
for line in txt.split("\n"):
match = isok(line)
if not match:
continue
x.append(line)
return "\n".join(x);
def clean_co_uk( rec ):
rec = rec.replace('Company number:', 'Company number -')
rec = rec.replace("\n\n", "\n")
rec = rec.replace("\n", "")
rec = rec.replace(": ", ":\n")
rec = re.sub("([^(][a-zA-Z']+\s?[a-zA-Z]*:\n)", "\n\g<0>", rec)
rec = rec.replace(":\n", ": ")
rec = re.sub("^[ ]+\n", "", rec)
return rec
def clean_net( rec ):
rec = rec.replace("\n\n", "\n")
rec = rec.replace("\n", "")
rec = rec.replace(": ", ":\n")
rec = re.sub("([a-zA-Z']+\s?[a-zA-Z]*:\n)", "\n\g<0>", rec)
rec = rec.replace(":\n", ": ")
return rec
def clean_info( rec ):
x = []
for line in rec.split("\n"):
x.append(re.sub("^([^:]+):", "\g<0> ", line))
return "\n".join(x)
def record(domain, record):
details = ['','','','','','','','','']
for k, v in record.items():
try:
details[0] = domain.lower()
result = {
"registrant": lambda: 1,
"registrant name": lambda: 1,
"registrant type": lambda: 4,
"registrant's address": lambda: 2,
"registrant address1": lambda: 2,
"registrar": lambda: 3,
"sponsoring registrar": lambda: 3,
"registered on": lambda: 5,
"registered": lambda: 5,
"domain registeration date": lambda: 5,
"renewal date": lambda: 6,
"last updated": lambda: 7,
"domain last updated date": lambda: 7,
"name servers": lambda: 8,
"name server": lambda: 8,
"nameservers": lambda: 8,
"updated date": lambda: 7,
"creation date": lambda: 5,
"expiration date": lambda: 6,
"domain expiration date": lambda: 6,
"administrative contact": lambda: 2
}[k.lower()]()
if v != '':
details[result] = v
except:
continue
dest.write(sep.join(details)+"\n")
## Loop through domains
for domain in src:
domain = domain.strip()
if domain == '':
continue
rec = subprocess.Popen(["whois",domain],
stdout=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()[0]
if rec.startswith("No whois server") == True:
continue
if rec.startswith("This TLD has no whois server") == True:
continue
rec = trim(rec)
if domain.endswith(".net"):
rec = clean_net(rec)
if domain.endswith(".com"):
rec = clean_net(rec)
if domain.endswith(".tv"):
rec = clean_net(rec)
if domain.endswith(".co.uk"):
rec = clean_co_uk(rec)
if domain.endswith(".info"):
Re: Summing a 2D list
"Mark" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message news:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Jun 12, 3:02 pm, "Diez B. Roggisch" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Mark wrote: --- This was my (failed) attempt: predictions = Prediction.objects.all() scores = [] for prediction in predictions: i = [prediction.predictor.id, 0] if prediction.predictionscore: i[1] += int(prediction.predictionscore) scores.append(i) --- Your question sounds like a fun little project, but can you post what the actual list of users/scores looks like? Is it a list of tuples like this: [(1, 0), (1, 1) ... ] Or something else? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: regex for balanced parentheses?
On Thu, 12 Jun 2008 06:38:16 -0700 (PDT), Paul McGuire
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>On Jun 12, 6:06 am, David C. Ullrich <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>> There's no regex that detects balanced parentheses,
>> or is there?
>>
>> [...]
>
>Pyparsing includes several helper methods for building common
>expression patterns, such as delimitedList, oneOf, operatorPrecedence,
>countedArray - and a fairly recent addition, nestedExpr. nestedExpr
>creates an expression for matching nested text within opening and
>closing delimiters, such as ()'s, []'s, {}'s, etc.
Keen. Howdya know I wanted that? Thanks.
TeX is one of the amazing things about free software. Knuth
is great in many ways. He totally blew it in one detail,
unfortunately one that comes up a lot: '$' is an opening
delimiter, for which the corresponding closing delimiter
is also '$'. Then better yet, '$$' is another double-duty
delimiter... what I've done with that is first split
on '$$', taking the odd-numbered bits to be the parts
enclosed in $$..$$, and then taking the remining
parts and splitting on $. Not hard but it gives me a
creepy feeling.
Hence the question: Can pyparsing tell the difference
between '$' and '$'? (heh-heh).
> The default
>delimiters are ()'s. You can also specify a content expression, so
>that pyparsing will look for and construct meaningful results. The
>default is to return any text nested within the delimiters, broken up
>by whitespace.
>
>Here is your sample string parsed using the default nestedExpr:
from pyparsing import nestedExpr
for e in nestedExpr().searchString('and so ((x+y)+z) = (x+(y+z))'):
>... print e[0]
>...
>[['x+y'], '+z']
>['x+', ['y+z']]
>
>Pyparsing found 2 matches in your input string. Note that the parens
>are gone from the results - nestedExpr returns a nested list
>structure, with nesting corresponding to the ()'s found in the
>original string.
>
>Pyparsing supports parse-time callbacks, called 'parse actions', and
>it comes with several commonly used methods, such as removeQuotes,
>upcaseTokens, and keepOriginalText. The purpose of keepOriginalText
>is to revert any structuring or parsing an expression or other parse
>actions might do, and just return the originally matched text.
>
>Here is how keepOriginalText gives you back just the nested
>parenthetical expressions, without any additional processing or
>grouping:
from pyparsing import keepOriginalText
matchedParens = nestedExpr().setParseAction(keepOriginalText)
for e in matchedParens.searchString('and so ((x+y)+z) = (x+(y+z))'):
>... print e[0]
>...
>((x+y)+z)
>(x+(y+z))
>
>-- Paul
David C. Ullrich
--
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Re: Summing a 2D list
> To be honest I'm relatively new to Python, so I don't know too much > about how all the loop constructs work and how they differ to other > languages. I'm building an app in Django and this data is coming out > of a database and it looks like what I put up there! > > This was my (failed) attempt: > > predictions = Prediction.objects.all() > scores = [] > for prediction in predictions: > i = [prediction.predictor.id, 0] > if prediction.predictionscore: > i[1] += int(prediction.predictionscore) > scores.append(i) > > I did have another loop in there (I'm fairly sure I need one) but that > didn't work either. I don't imagine that snippet is very helpful, > sorry! It is helpful because it tells us what your actual data looks like. What you need is to get a list of (predictor, score)-pairs. These you should be able to get like this: l = [(p.predictor.id, p.predictionscore) for p in predictions] Now you need to sort this list - because in the next step, we will aggregate the values for each predictor. result = [] current_predictor = None total_sum = 0 for predictor, score in l: if predictor != current_predictor: # only if we really have a current_predictor, # the non-existent first one doesn't count if current_predictor is not None: result.append((predictor, total_sum)) total_sum = 0 current_predictor = predictor total_sum += score That should be roughly it. Diez -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Summing a 2D list
John, it's a QuerySet coming from a database in Django. I don't know enough about the structure of this object to go into detail I'm afraid. Aidan, I got an error trying your suggestion: 'zip argument #2 must support iteration', I don't know what this means! Thanks to all who have answered! Sorry I'm not being very specific! -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Summing a 2D list
Mark wrote: John, it's a QuerySet coming from a database in Django. I don't know enough about the structure of this object to go into detail I'm afraid. Aidan, I got an error trying your suggestion: 'zip argument #2 must support iteration', I don't know what this means! well, if we can create 2 iterable sequences one which contains the user the other the scores, it should work the error means that the second argument to the zip function was not an iterable, such as a list tuple or string can you show me the lines you're using to retrieve the data sets from the database? then i might be able to tell you how to build the 2 lists you need. Thanks to all who have answered! Sorry I'm not being very specific! -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Making wxPython a standard module?
> Just out of curiosity, what are the chances of this happening (sort of > like what happened with sqlite)? I read somewhere that Guido said the only > reason Tkinter is still the standard GUI module instead of wxPython is > because "it was there first." Perhaps a joke, but it got me thinking that > there could be a chance of this happening. This has been discussed before. While tkInter might not be the greatest toolkit out there it has two extreme advantages: - it is comparably small regarding the footprint. Few external dependencies, small libraries, small python-wrapping. - it is available on a wide range of platforms. - it is very stable, not only wrt bugs but also regarding features. There is no external pressure to update it frequently. - it is easily maintainable. None of these apply to wx. It is huge, needs for example the whole GTK-libs under linux. It is under active development, with rather frequent releases, which means it is better to not tie it to a certain version because that happens to be the version available when the current interpreter was released. For example, think of python2.4 - it has been released 4(!) years ago. It is in wide usage. Around that time wx was at version 2.5. Now it is 2.8. So either you upgrade wx in the subsequent released pyhton 2.4 versions - or you are stuck with 3 minor revisions in the past, which I can only assume are a major drawback. And on a personal note: I find it *buttugly*. But that has nothing to do with the reasons given above - nor do I have any weight in the decision to include it or not... :) Diez -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Making wxPython a standard module?
On 12 Jun, 16:18, "John Salerno" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Just out of curiosity, what are the chances of this happening (sort of like > what happened with sqlite)? Plenty of prior discussion here: http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python/search?group=comp.lang.python&q=wxPython+standard+library I doubt that the situation has changed in any significant way. Paul -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Summing a 2D list
Aidan wrote: Mark wrote: John, it's a QuerySet coming from a database in Django. I don't know enough about the structure of this object to go into detail I'm afraid. Aidan, I got an error trying your suggestion: 'zip argument #2 must support iteration', I don't know what this means! well, if we can create 2 iterable sequences one which contains the user the other the scores, it should work the error means that the second argument to the zip function was not an iterable, such as a list tuple or string can you show me the lines you're using to retrieve the data sets from the database? then i might be able to tell you how to build the 2 lists you need. wait you already did... predictions = Prediction.objects.all() pairs = [(p.predictor.id,p.predictionscore) for p in predictions] those 2 lines will will build a list of user/score pairs. you can then replace the call to zip with pairs any luck? -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Making wxPython a standard module?
Hi Diez & All, > And on a personal note: I find it *buttugly*. Do you mind explaining "why" you find it *buttugly*? I am asking just out of curiosity, obviously. I am so biased towards wxPython that I won't make any comment on this thread in particular, but I am curious to know why some people find it "ugly" or "bad" or whatever. It has its own bugs and missing features, of course, but it is one of the major GUI player in the arena, together with PyQt and PyGTK. Andrea. "Imagination Is The Only Weapon In The War Against Reality." http://xoomer.alice.it/infinity77/ -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Strange cjson bug doesn't occur in Pydb
[Note: I changed the subject line to make it more informative.]
In <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> "Diez B. Roggisch" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>kj wrote:
>> In <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> "Diez B. Roggisch"
>> <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>>
>>>kj schrieb:
I'm running into a strange seg fault with the module cjson. The
strange part is that it does not occur when I run the code under
Emacs' Pydb.
Here's an example:
import sys, cjson
d1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
print sys.version
j1 = cjson.encode(d1)
print j1 # should print the string '{"a": 1, "c": 3, "b": 2}'
The code above runs fine under Pydb, but segfaults at the call to
cjson.encode when I run it from the command line in a standard
Linux shell interaction. In the printed version strings are
identical.
I figure this must be a bug in cjson. I'd love to find a workaround
for it, and hope that this strange difference between Pydb and the
shell command line may be a clue to that.
Any thoughts?
>>
>>>Are you sure you actually run the same interpreter in emacs as you do on
>>>the commandline?
>>
>> No, I'm not. All I know is that both Emacs and the commandline
>> are running on the same machine, and that the version string that
>> the program prints is the same in both conditions. How can I verify
>> that that the same interpreter is running in both cases?
>By e.g.
>import sys
>print sys.prefix
>Additionally, you should compare what
>sys.path
>contains and if it's the same - otherwise it might be that cjson is picked
>up from somewhere else.
>If all that's the case, I'd invoke python through gdb and see where the
>segfault happens.
Thanks for that suggestion. I did so, and this is gdb's output at
the time failure:
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
[Switching to Thread 47622454277872 (LWP 14555)]
encode_object (object=0x777390) at cjson.c:946
946 temp = PyList_GET_ITEM(pieces, 0);
In my experience, however, the root cause of a segfault is often
quite far away in the code from where it is triggered...
Anyway, thanks for your help.
kynn
--
NOTE: In my address everything before the first period is backwards;
and the last period, and everything after it, should be discarded.
--
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Plotting Graph Functions using Gnuplot
Hello. Needed some help again. Im trying to calculate the best fit line here. Given a set of points in a list. However, wirte in the end where i plot the line it tells me tht the variable is not defined. Either try correcting this or tell me a subsitute that i could use. Thnks. Heres the code: #File name Bestfit.py import Gnuplot def bestfit(uinput): if not isinstance(uinput, list): return False else: sigmax = sigmay = sigmaxy = sigmaxwhl = sigmaxsq = 0 for i in range(len(uinput)): n = len(uinput) sigmax = uinput[i][0] + sigmax sigmay = uinput[i][1] + sigmay sigmaxy = uinput[i][0] * uinput [i][1] + sigmaxy sigmaxwhl = sigmax * sigmax sigmaxsq = uinput[i][0] * uinput[i][0] + sigmaxsq sigmaxsigmay = sigmax * sigmay num = sigmaxsigmay - (n * sigmaxy) den = sigmaxwhl - (n* sigmaxsq) num2 = (sigmax * sigmaxy) - (sigmay * sigmaxsq) gradient = num / den intercept = num2 / den m = gradient c = intercept y = m*x + c plot (y) --- import Bestfit Bestfit.bestfit([(2,3), (3,8), (5,7), (4,9)]) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Making wxPython a standard module?
On Jun 12, 9:55 am, "Andrea Gavana" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Hi Diez & All, > > > And on a personal note: I find it *buttugly*. > > Do you mind explaining "why" you find it *buttugly*? I am asking just > out of curiosity, obviously. I am so biased towards wxPython that I > won't make any comment on this thread in particular, but I am curious > to know why some people find it "ugly" or "bad" or whatever. It has > its own bugs and missing features, of course, but it is one of the > major GUI player in the arena, together with PyQt and PyGTK. > > Andrea. > > "Imagination Is The Only Weapon In The War Against > Reality."http://xoomer.alice.it/infinity77/ I'm curious too. I like wxPython because the widgets actually "look" the way they should in a cross-platform way (for the most part) because they use the actual widgets sets of the OS. Tkinter draws everything and can look kind of weird on Windows, although I have seen some very nice looking programs that use it. Of course, wx doesn't really do "skinning", so in that respect it may be hampered more than some of the other toolkits that Andrea mentioned. I really don't know. --- Mike Driscoll Blog: http://blog.pythonlibrary.org Python Extension Building Network: http://www.pythonlibrary.org -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: can't assign to literal
TheSaint wrote: On 01:37, giovedì 12 giugno 2008 Ethan Furman wrote: Do you mean indenting, or wrapping? I mean fill the line by increasing spaces between words in order to get a paragraph aligned both side, left and right on the page. So if the width is 78 chars it wouldn't have jig saw end to the right side, unless applying some word hyphenation. This feature would be nice for writing here and some plain documentation plain text. Beside that it might doing for Python scripts as well. I don't think justification is built in. It does offer it's own script language, though, so you could write your own function to do that, and then only apply it to the doc strings, etc. -- Ethan -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Summing a 2D list
Mark wrote: John, it's a QuerySet coming from a database in Django. I don't know enough about the structure of this object to go into detail I'm afraid. [...] Then let the database do the summing up. That's what it's there for :-) select user, sum(score) from score_table group by user or something very similar, depending on the actual database schema. I don't know how to do this with Django's ORM, but is the way to do it in plain SQL. -- Gerhard -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Counting things fast - was Re: Summing a 2D list
Aidan wrote:
does this work for you?
users = [1,1,1,2,2,3,4,4,4]
score = [0,1,5,3,1,2,3,3,2]
d = dict()
for u,s in zip(users,score):
if d.has_key(u):
d[u] += s
else:
d[u] = s
for key in d.keys():
print 'user: %d\nscore: %d\n' % (key,d[key])
I've recently had the very same problem and needed to optimize for the
best solution. I've tried quite a few, including:
1) using a dictionary with a default value
d = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
d[key] += value
2) Trying out if avoiding object allocation is worth the effort. Using
Cython:
cdef class Counter:
cdef int _counter
def __init__(self):
self._counter = 0
def inc(self):
self._counter += 1
def __int__(self):
return self._counter
def __iadd__(self, operand):
self._counter += 1
return self
And no, this was *not* faster than the final solution. This counter
class, which is basically a mutable int, is exactly as fast as just
using this one (final solution) - tada!
counter = {}
try:
counter[key] += 1
except KeyError:
counter[key] = 1
Using psyco makes this a bit faster still. psyco can't optimize
defaultdict or my custom Counter class, though.
-- Gerhard
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Re: Comments on my first script?
"Phillip B Oldham" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> I'd like the community's thoughts/comments on what I've done;
> improvements I can make, "don'ts" I should be avoiding, etc. I'm not
> so much bothered about the resulting data - for the moment it meets my
> needs. But any comment is welcome!
I'm not expert, but here are a few thoughts. I hope they help.
> #!/usr/bin/env python
> ## Open a file containing a list of domains (1 per line),
> ## request and parse it's whois record and push to a csv
> ## file.
You might want to look into doc strings as a method of providing longer
documentation like this about what your program does.
> dest = open('./whois.csv', 'w');
Semicolon :)
> def trim( txt ):
> x = []
> for line in txt.split("\n"):
> if line.strip() == "":
> continue
> if line.strip().startswith('WHOIS'):
> continue
> if line.strip().startswith('>>>'):
> continue
> if line.strip().startswith('%'):
> continue
> if line.startswith("--"):
> return ''.join(x)
Is all this properly indented? One thing you can do is put each of these on
one line, since they are fairly simple:
if line.strip().startswith('WHOIS'): continue
although I still like proper indentation. But you have a lot of them so it
might save a good amount of space to do it this way.
Also, just my personal preference, I like to be consistent with the type of
quotes I use for strings. Here, you mix both single and double quotes on
different lines.
> return "\n".join(x);
Semicolon :) :)
> details = ['','','','','','','','','']
I don't have Python available to me right now, but I think you can do this
instead:
details = [''] * 9
> except:
> continue
Non-specific except clauses usually aren't preferred since they catch
everything, even something you might not want to catch.
> if domain == '':
> continue
You can say:
if not domain
instead of that equivalence test. But what does this if statement do?
> if rec.startswith("No whois server") == True:
> continue
>
> if rec.startswith("This TLD has no whois server") == True:
> continue
Like above, you don't need "== True" here.
> if domain.endswith(".net"):
> rec = clean_net(rec)
>
> if domain.endswith(".com"):
> rec = clean_net(rec)
>
> if domain.endswith(".tv"):
> rec = clean_net(rec)
>
> if domain.endswith(".co.uk"):
> rec = clean_co_uk(rec)
>
> if domain.endswith(".info"):
> rec = clean_info(rec)
Hmm, my first thought is to do something like this with all these if tests:
for extension in []:
rec = clean_net(extension)
But for that to work, you may need to generalize the clean_net function so
it works for all of them, instead of having to call different functions
depending on the extension.
Anyway, I hope some of that helps!
--
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Re: time.clock() or Windows bug?
Don't forget that timeit module uses time.clock on windows as well:
if sys.platform == "win32":
# On Windows, the best timer is time.clock()
default_timer = time.clock
else:
# On most other platforms the best timer is time.time()
default_timer = time.time
http://svn.python.org/view/python/trunk/Lib/timeit.py
--Mark
On Jun 9, 5:30 am, Nick Craig-Wood <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Theo v. Werkhoven <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>
>
> > The carbonbased lifeform Nick Craig-Wood inspired comp.lang.python with:
> > > Theo v. Werkhoven <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> > >> Output:
> > >> Sample 1, at 0.0 seconds from start; Output power is: 8.967 dBm
> > > [snip]
> > >> Sample 17, at 105.7 seconds from start; Output power is: 9.147 dBm
> > >> Sample 18, at 112.4 seconds from start; Output power is: 9.284 dBm
> > >> Sample 19, at 119.0 seconds from start; Output power is: 9.013 dBm
> > >> Sample 20, at 125.6 seconds from start; Output power is: 8.952 dBm
> > >> Sample 21, at 91852.8 seconds from start; Output power is: 9.102 dBm
> > >> Sample 22, at 91862.7 seconds from start; Output power is: 9.289 dBm
> > >> Sample 23, at 145.4 seconds from start; Output power is: 9.245 dBm
> > >> Sample 24, at 152.0 seconds from start; Output power is: 8.936 dBm
> > > [snip]
> > >> But look at the timestamps of samples 21, 22 and 43.
> > >> What is causing this?
> > >> I've replaced the time.clock() with time.time(), and that seems to
> > >> solve the problem, but I would like to know if it's something I
> > >> misunderstand or if it's a problem with the platform (Windows Server
> > >> 2003) or the time.clock() function.
>
> > > time.clock() uses QueryPerformanceCounter under windows. There are
> > > some known problems with that (eg with Dual core AMD processors).
>
> > > Seehttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms644904.aspx
>
> > > And in particular
>
> > > On a multiprocessor computer, it should not matter which processor
> > > is called. However, you can get different results on different
> > > processors due to bugs in the basic input/output system (BIOS) or
> > > the hardware abstraction layer (HAL). To specify processor
> > > affinity for a thread, use the SetThreadAffinityMask function.
>
> > Alright, that explains that then.
>
> > > I would have said time.time is what you want to use anyway though
> > > because under unix time.clock() returns the elapsed CPU time which is
> > > not what you want at all!
>
> > You're right, using fuctions that do not work cross platform isn't
> > smart.
>
> Actually there is one good reason for using time.clock() under Windows
> - because it is much higher precision than time.time(). Under Windows
> time.time() is only accurate at best 1ms, and in fact it is a lot
> worse than that.
>
> Under Win95/98 it has a 55ms granularity and under Vista time().time()
> changes in 15ms or 16ms steps.
>
> Under unix, time.clock() is pretty much useless because it measures
> CPU time (with a variable precision, maybe 10ms, maybe 1ms), and
> time.time() has a precision of about 1us (exact precision depending on
> lots of things!).
>
> """
> Test timing granularity
>
> Under Vista this produces
>
> C:\>time_test.py
> 15000us - 40 times
> 16000us - 60 times
>
> Under linux 2.6 this produces
>
> $ python time_test.py
> 1us - 100 times
>
> """
>
> from time import time
>
> granularities = {}
>
> for i in range(100):
> x = time()
> j = 0
> while 1:
> y = time()
> if x != y:
> dt = int(100*(y - x)+0.5)
> granularities[dt] = granularities.get(dt, 0) + 1
> break
> j += 1
>
> dts = granularities.keys()
> dts.sort()
> for dt in dts:
> print "%7dus - %3d times" % (dt, granularities[dt])
>
> --
> Nick Craig-Wood <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> --http://www.craig-wood.com/nick
--
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Re: re quiz
David C. Ullrich schrieb: -- care to tell us what "a certain re.sub" is, and false in what way? Read the OP. Well, aren't you funny. Maybe you should have referenced the other thread so one can find the OP? Regards, Johannes -- "Wer etwas kritisiert muss es noch lange nicht selber besser können. Es reicht zu wissen, daß andere es besser können und andere es auch besser machen um einen Vergleich zu bringen." - Wolfgang Gerber in de.sci.electronics <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Making wxPython a standard module?
"Diez B. Roggisch" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message news:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > This has been discussed before. While tkInter might not be the greatest > toolkit out there it has two extreme advantages: > > - it is comparably small regarding the footprint. Few external > dependencies, small libraries, small python-wrapping. > > - it is available on a wide range of platforms. > > - it is very stable, not only wrt bugs but also regarding features. > There > is no external pressure to update it frequently. > > - it is easily maintainable. Ok, that was more than two advantages! :) But those are good points. I was wondering about the size of wx too. Probably huge compared to Tkinter. > And on a personal note: I find it *buttugly*. But that has nothing to do > with the reasons given above - nor do I have any weight in the decision to > include it or not... :) You find what ugly? The look of wxPython apps, or the code itself? To me it seems very nice, but what do I know! I also have started using XRC (putting the GUI in an xml file instead of in the program), so I see less of the code clutter my program. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Comments on my first script?
"John Salerno" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
>> if domain.endswith(".net"):
>> rec = clean_net(rec)
>>
>> if domain.endswith(".com"):
>> rec = clean_net(rec)
>>
>> if domain.endswith(".tv"):
>> rec = clean_net(rec)
>>
>> if domain.endswith(".co.uk"):
>> rec = clean_co_uk(rec)
>>
>> if domain.endswith(".info"):
>> rec = clean_info(rec)
>
> Hmm, my first thought is to do something like this with all these if
> tests:
>
> for extension in []:
>rec = clean_net(extension)
Whoops, you'd still need an if test in there I suppose!
for extension in []:
if domain.endswith(extension):
rec = clean_net(extension)
Not sure if this is ideal.
--
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Re: regex for balanced parentheses?
Parsing TeX is definitely not for the faint-of-heart! You might try
something like QuotedString('$', escQuote='$$') in pyparsing. (I've
not poked at TeX or its ilk since the mid-80's so my TeXpertise is
long rusted away.)
I know of two projects that have taken on the problem using pyparsing
- one is the mathtext module in John Hunter's matplotlib, and Tim
Arnold posted some questions on the subject a while back - try
googling for "pyparsing tex" for further leads.
-- Paul
--
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Re: Making wxPython a standard module?
On Jun 12, 2008, at 10:55 AM, Andrea Gavana wrote: And on a personal note: I find it *buttugly*. Do you mind explaining "why" you find it *buttugly*? I am asking just out of curiosity, obviously. I am so biased towards wxPython that I won't make any comment on this thread in particular, but I am curious to know why some people find it "ugly" or "bad" or whatever. It has its own bugs and missing features, of course, but it is one of the major GUI player in the arena, together with PyQt and PyGTK. Perhaps he meant the code, and not the results? -- Ed Leafe -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Comments on my first script?
On Jun 12, 4:27 pm, Phillip B Oldham <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> I'm keen on learning python, with a heavy lean on doing things the
> "pythonic" way, so threw the following script together in a few hours
> as a first-attempt in programming python.
>
> I'd like the community's thoughts/comments on what I've done;
> improvements I can make, "don'ts" I should be avoiding, etc. I'm not
> so much bothered about the resulting data - for the moment it meets my
> needs. But any comment is welcome!
>
> #!/usr/bin/env python
> ## Open a file containing a list of domains (1 per line),
> ## request and parse it's whois record and push to a csv
> ## file.
>
> import subprocess
> import re
>
> src = open('./domains.txt')
>
> dest = open('./whois.csv', 'w');
>
> sep = "|"
> headers = ["Domain","Registrant","Registrant's
> Address","Registrar","Registrant Type","Date Registered","Renewal
> Date","Last Updated","Name Servers"]
>
> dest.write(sep.join(headers)+"\n")
>
> def trim( txt ):
> x = []
> for line in txt.split("\n"):
> if line.strip() == "":
> continue
> if line.strip().startswith('WHOIS'):
> continue
> if line.strip().startswith('>>>'):
> continue
> if line.strip().startswith('%'):
> continue
> if line.startswith("--"):
> return ''.join(x)
> x.append(" "+line)
> return "\n".join(x)
>
> def clean( txt ):
> x = []
> isok = re.compile("^\s?([^:]+): ").match
> for line in txt.split("\n"):
> match = isok(line)
> if not match:
> continue
> x.append(line)
> return "\n".join(x);
>
> def clean_co_uk( rec ):
> rec = rec.replace('Company number:', 'Company number -')
> rec = rec.replace("\n\n", "\n")
> rec = rec.replace("\n", "")
> rec = rec.replace(": ", ":\n")
> rec = re.sub("([^(][a-zA-Z']+\s?[a-zA-Z]*:\n)", "\n\g<0>", rec)
> rec = rec.replace(":\n", ": ")
> rec = re.sub("^[ ]+\n", "", rec)
> return rec
>
> def clean_net( rec ):
> rec = rec.replace("\n\n", "\n")
> rec = rec.replace("\n", "")
> rec = rec.replace(": ", ":\n")
> rec = re.sub("([a-zA-Z']+\s?[a-zA-Z]*:\n)", "\n\g<0>", rec)
> rec = rec.replace(":\n", ": ")
> return rec
>
> def clean_info( rec ):
> x = []
> for line in rec.split("\n"):
> x.append(re.sub("^([^:]+):", "\g<0> ", line))
> return "\n".join(x)
>
> def record(domain, record):
> details = ['','','','','','','','','']
> for k, v in record.items():
> try:
> details[0] = domain.lower()
> result = {
> "registrant": lambda: 1,
> "registrant name": lambda: 1,
> "registrant type": lambda: 4,
> "registrant's address": lambda: 2,
> "registrant address1": lambda: 2,
> "registrar": lambda: 3,
> "sponsoring registrar": lambda: 3,
> "registered on": lambda: 5,
> "registered": lambda: 5,
> "domain registeration date": lambda: 5,
> "renewal date": lambda: 6,
> "last updated": lambda: 7,
> "domain last updated date": lambda: 7,
> "name servers": lambda: 8,
> "name server": lambda: 8,
> "nameservers": lambda: 8,
> "updated date": lambda: 7,
> "creation date": lambda: 5,
> "expiration date": lambda: 6,
> "domain expiration date": lambda: 6,
> "administrative contact": lambda: 2
> }[k.lower()]()
> if v != '':
> details[result] = v
> except:
> continue
>
> dest.write(sep.join(details)+"\n")
>
> ## Loop through domains
> for domain in src:
>
> domain = domain.strip()
>
> if domain == '':
> continue
>
> rec = subprocess.Popen(["whois",domain],
> stdout=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()[0]
>
> if rec.startswith("No whois server") == True:
> continue
>
> if rec.startswith("This TLD has no whois server") == True:
> continue
>
> rec = trim(rec)
>
> if domain.endswith(".net"):
>
Re: Summing a 2D list
On Jun 12, 3:45 pm, Aidan <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Aidan wrote: > > Mark wrote: > >> John, it's a QuerySet coming from a database in Django. I don't know > >> enough about the structure of this object to go into detail I'm > >> afraid. > > >> Aidan, I got an error trying your suggestion: 'zip argument #2 must > >> support iteration', I don't know what this means! > > > well, if we can create 2 iterable sequences one which contains the user > > the other the scores, it should work > > > the error means that the second argument to the zip function was not an > > iterable, such as a list tuple or string > > > can you show me the lines you're using to retrieve the data sets from > > the database? then i might be able to tell you how to build the 2 lists > > you need. > > wait you already did... > > predictions = Prediction.objects.all() > pairs = [(p.predictor.id,p.predictionscore) for p in predictions] > > those 2 lines will will build a list of user/score pairs. you can then > replace the call to zip with pairs > > any luck? Thanks Aidan, this works great! Thanks also to everyone else, I'm sure your suggestions would have worked too if I'd been competent enough to do them properly! -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
FPC: Exception : Unknown Run-Time error : 210
Sa¹a Bistroviæ Antuna Mihanviæa 13 4 Ãakovec Croatia [EMAIL PROTECTED] FPC: Exception : Unknown Run-Time error : 210 Hi, I'm Sa¹a from Croatia. And I have : Windows XP PRO SP3. Pentium II MMX 400MHz. 256 MB of RAM. I tried to compile fp.pas. But I get this error message : 'Running "c:\fpc\fpcbuild-2.2.0\fpcsrc\ide\fp.exe "' 'Starting value of ConsoleMode is $001F' 'Compiler Verison f p c b u i l d - 2 . 2 . 0 \ f p c s r c \ i d e \ f p . e x e ' + same unknown exe characters as for GBD Verison 'GBD Verison f p c b u i l d - 2 . 2 . 0 \ f p c s r c \ i d e \ f p . e x e ' + same unknown exe characters as for Compiler Verison 'Cygwin "C:\FPC\222A5D~1.0\BIN\I386-W~1\cygwin1.dll" version 1005.18.0.0' 'An unhandled exception occurred at $004A74E6' 'Exception : Unknown Run-Time error : 210' ' $004A74E6 TSWITCHES__ADDBOOLEANITEM, line 602 of c:/fpc/fpcbuild-2.2.0/fpcsrc/ide/FPSwitch.pas' ' $004A92F4 INITSWITCHES, line 1150 of c:/fpc/fpcbuild-2.2.0/fpcsrc/ide/FPSwitch.pas' ' $004020DF main, line 382 of c:/fpc/fpcbuild-2.2.0/fpcsrc/ide/fp.pas' -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Making wxPython a standard module?
Hi Ed & All, On Thu, Jun 12, 2008 at 4:11 PM, Ed Leafe wrote: > On Jun 12, 2008, at 10:55 AM, Andrea Gavana wrote: > >>> And on a personal note: I find it *buttugly*. >> >> Do you mind explaining "why" you find it *buttugly*? I am asking just >> out of curiosity, obviously. I am so biased towards wxPython that I >> won't make any comment on this thread in particular, but I am curious >> to know why some people find it "ugly" or "bad" or whatever. It has >> its own bugs and missing features, of course, but it is one of the >> major GUI player in the arena, together with PyQt and PyGTK. > >Perhaps he meant the code, and not the results? Maybe. But I remember a nice quote made in the past by Roger Binns (4 years ago): """ The other thing I failed to mention is that the wxPython API isn't very Pythonic. (This doesn't matter to people like me who are used to GUI programming - the wxPython API is very much in the normal style for GUI APIs.) """ Whether the wxPython style is "Pythonic" or not (whatever "Pythonic" means), this is a one-degree-above-insignificant issue for me. What I care is the eye pleasing look of my apps and how easy it is to code with a GUI framework. wxPython gives me both, the rest is just academic discussion. But I don't want to start another GUI war, let's save the bandwidth... there are plenty of GUI frameworks around, every newbie in the GUI world should try them and stick with the one he/she feels more confortable with. Andrea. "Imagination Is The Only Weapon In The War Against Reality." http://xoomer.alice.it/infinity77/ -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: regex for balanced parentheses?
"Paul McGuire" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
> Parsing TeX is definitely not for the faint-of-heart! You might try
> something like QuotedString('$', escQuote='$$') in pyparsing. (I've
> not poked at TeX or its ilk since the mid-80's so my TeXpertise is
> long rusted away.)
>
> I know of two projects that have taken on the problem using pyparsing
> - one is the mathtext module in John Hunter's matplotlib, and Tim
> Arnold posted some questions on the subject a while back - try
> googling for "pyparsing tex" for further leads.
>
> -- Paul
Definitely agree that TeX can get pretty complicated. My method (writing a
converter from one TeX tag system to another) was to pre-parse using string
match/replace for really simple stuff, regular expressions for the more
complex and pyparsing for the really tough stuff.
One thing that was surprisingly hard for me to figure out was filtering out
comments. I finally just looped through the file line by line, looking for a
'%' that wasn't in a verbatim environment and wasn't escaped, etc.
Funny how sometimes the simplest thing can be difficult to handle.
Definitely pyparsing made the job possible; I can't imagine that job without
it.
--Tim Arnold
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Making wxPython a standard module?
Andrea Gavana: > Maybe. But I remember a nice quote made in the past by Roger Binns (4 > years ago): > """ > The other thing I failed to mention is that the wxPython API isn't very > Pythonic. (This doesn't matter to people like me who are used to GUI > programming - the wxPython API is very much in the normal style for GUI > APIs.) > """ There was a WX wrapper project named WAX (http://zephyrfalcon.org/ waxapi/wx._core.Image.html ) that was trying to create a more pythonic API for WX that I have appreciated. But most people was not interested, so once the original developer has lost interest, no one else has improved the code, so the project has died... Bye, bearophile -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Simple and safe evaluator
On Jun 11, 9:16 pm, George Sakkis <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On Jun 11, 8:15 pm, bvdp <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>
>
> > Matimus wrote:
>
> > > The solution I posted should work and is safe. It may not seem very
> > > readable, but it is using Pythons internal parser to parse the passed
> > > in string into an abstract symbol tree (rather than code). Normally
> > > Python would just use the ast internally to create code. Instead I've
> > > written the code to do that. By avoiding anything but simple operators
> > > and literals it is guaranteed safe.
>
> > Just wondering ... how safe would:
>
> > eval(s, {"__builtins__":None}, {} )
>
> > be? From my testing it seems that it parses out numbers properly (int
> > and float) and does simple math like +, -, **, etc. It doesn't do
> > functions like int(), sin(), etc ... but that is fine for my puposes.
>
> > Just playing a bit, it seems to give the same results as your code using
> > ast does. I may be missing something!
>
> Probably you do; within a couple of minutes I came up with this:
>
> >>> s = """
>
> ... (t for t in 42 .__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()
> ... if t.__name__ == 'file').next()('/etc/passwd')
> ... """>>> eval(s, {"__builtins__":None}, {} )
>
> Traceback (most recent call last):
> File "", line 1, in
> File "", line 3, in
> IOError: file() constructor not accessible in restricted mode
>
> Not an exploit yet but I wouldn't be surprised if there is one. Unless
> you fully trust your users, an ast-based approach is your best bet.
>
> George
You can get access to any new-style class that has been loaded. This
exploit works on my machine (Windows XP).
[code]
# This assumes that ctypes was loaded, but keep in mind any classes
# that have been loaded are potentially accessible.
import ctypes
s = """
(
t for t in 42 .__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()
if t.__name__ == 'LibraryLoader'
).next()(
(
t for t in 42 .__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()
if t.__name__ == 'CDLL'
).next()
).msvcrt.system('dir') # replace 'dir' with something nasty
"""
eval(s, {"__builtins__":None}, {})
[/code]
Matt
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Making wxPython a standard module?
In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>, "Andrea Gavana" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Hi Diez & All, > > > And on a personal note: I find it *buttugly*. > > Do you mind explaining "why" you find it *buttugly*? My guess would be that "buttugly" is a colloquialism meaning "exquisitely lovely". >I am asking just > out of curiosity, obviously. I am so biased towards wxPython that I > won't make any comment on this thread in particular, but I am curious > to know why some people find it "ugly" or "bad" or whatever. It has > its own bugs and missing features, of course, but it is one of the > major GUI player in the arena, together with PyQt and PyGTK. > > Andrea. > > "Imagination Is The Only Weapon In The War Against Reality." > http://xoomer.alice.it/infinity77/ -- David C. Ullrich -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: regex for balanced parentheses?
In article
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
Paul McGuire <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> Parsing TeX is definitely not for the faint-of-heart! You might try
> something like QuotedString('$', escQuote='$$') in pyparsing. (I've
> not poked at TeX or its ilk since the mid-80's so my TeXpertise is
> long rusted away.)
Thanks. Not actually parsing TeX, just going through and
making little changes to a few things. Easier since I wrote
the original crap so I know that various things don't come
up (for example _every_ % is the start of a comment and
_none_ of those comments is actually important, they're
all just old stuff commented out.)
> I know of two projects that have taken on the problem using pyparsing
> - one is the mathtext module in John Hunter's matplotlib, and Tim
> Arnold posted some questions on the subject a while back - try
> googling for "pyparsing tex" for further leads.
>
> -- Paul
--
David C. Ullrich
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: re quiz
In article <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
Johannes Bauer <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> David C. Ullrich schrieb:
>
> >> -- care to tell us what "a certain re.sub" is, and
> >> false in what way?
> >
> > Read the OP.
>
> Well, aren't you funny. Maybe you should have referenced the other
> thread so one can find the OP?
What other thread? OP is sometimes Original Poster and
sometimes Original Post. In the original post in this
very thread I gave an quote from the docs and an example
illustrating the answer to the question I was asked.
Ok, I guess it's hard to find the top of the thread.
I wanted to replace a certain pattern with r"\remark{Hint}".
I didn't understand why that didn't work until I read
the bit of the docs that I quoted in my original post:
(**) "If repl is a string, any backslash escapes in it are
processed. That is, "\n" is converted to a single newline
character, "\r" is converted to a linefeed, and so forth."
> Regards,
> Johannes
--
David C. Ullrich
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Making wxPython a standard module?
"Andrea Gavana" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message news:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Whether the wxPython style is "Pythonic" or not (whatever "Pythonic" > means), this is a one-degree-above-insignificant issue for me. What I > care is the eye pleasing look of my apps and how easy it is to code > with a GUI framework. wxPython gives me both, the rest is just > academic discussion. Don't worry, I love wxPython with an almost disturbing intensity! ;) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Simple and safe evaluator
Matimus wrote:
On Jun 11, 9:16 pm, George Sakkis <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
On Jun 11, 8:15 pm, bvdp <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
Matimus wrote:
The solution I posted should work and is safe. It may not seem very
readable, but it is using Pythons internal parser to parse the passed
in string into an abstract symbol tree (rather than code). Normally
Python would just use the ast internally to create code. Instead I've
written the code to do that. By avoiding anything but simple operators
and literals it is guaranteed safe.
Just wondering ... how safe would:
eval(s, {"__builtins__":None}, {} )
be? From my testing it seems that it parses out numbers properly (int
and float) and does simple math like +, -, **, etc. It doesn't do
functions like int(), sin(), etc ... but that is fine for my puposes.
Just playing a bit, it seems to give the same results as your code using
ast does. I may be missing something!
Probably you do; within a couple of minutes I came up with this:
s = """
... (t for t in 42 .__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()
... if t.__name__ == 'file').next()('/etc/passwd')
... """>>> eval(s, {"__builtins__":None}, {} )
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
File "", line 3, in
IOError: file() constructor not accessible in restricted mode
Not an exploit yet but I wouldn't be surprised if there is one. Unless
you fully trust your users, an ast-based approach is your best bet.
George
You can get access to any new-style class that has been loaded. This
exploit works on my machine (Windows XP).
[code]
# This assumes that ctypes was loaded, but keep in mind any classes
# that have been loaded are potentially accessible.
import ctypes
s = """
(
t for t in 42 .__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()
if t.__name__ == 'LibraryLoader'
).next()(
(
t for t in 42 .__class__.__base__.__subclasses__()
if t.__name__ == 'CDLL'
).next()
).msvcrt.system('dir') # replace 'dir' with something nasty
"""
eval(s, {"__builtins__":None}, {})
[/code]
Matt
Yes, this is probably a good point. But, I don't see this as an exploit
in my program. Again, I could be wrong ... certainly not the first time
that has happened :)
In my case, the only way a user can use eval() is via my own parsing
which restricts this to a limited usage. So, the code setting up the
eval() exploit has to be entered via the "safe" eval to start with. So,
IF the code you present can be installed from within my program's
scripts ... then yes there can be a problem. But for the life of me I
don't see how this is possible. In my program we're just looking at
single lines in a script and doing commands based on the text.
Setting/evaluating macros is one "command" and I just want a method to
do something like "Set X 25 * 2" and passing the "25 * 2" string to
python works. If the user creates a script with "Set X os.system('rm
*')" and I used a clean eval() then we could have a meltdown ... but if
we stick with the eval(s, {"__builtins__":None}, {}) I don't see how the
malicious script could do the class modifications you suggest.
I suppose that someone could modify my program code and then cause my
eval() to fail (be unsafe). But, if we count on program modifications to
be doorways to exploits then we might as well just pull the plug.
Bob.
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: get keys with the same values
In article
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]>,
Nader <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> On Jun 12, 1:41 pm, David C. Ullrich <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> > On Thu, 12 Jun 2008 03:58:53 -0700 (PDT), Nader <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> > wrote:
> >
> > >Hello,
> >
> > >I have a dictionary and will get all keys which have the same values.
> >
> > >d = {('a' : 1), ('b' : 3), ('c' : 2),('d' : 3),('e' : 1),('f' : 4)}
> >
> > That's not a dictionary, it's a syntax error. If you actually
> > have a dictionary you could say
> >
> > d = {'a' : 1, 'b' : 3, 'c' : 2,'d' : 3,'e' : 1,'f' : 4}
> >
> > dd = {}
> >
> > for key, value in d.items():
> > try:
> > dd[value].append(key)
> > except KeyError:
> > dd[value] = [key]
> >
> > Possibly dd is now what you really want; if you really
> > want what you said you want you could use
> >
> > [l for l in dd.values() if len(l) > 1]
> >
> > >I will something as :
> >
> > >d.keys(where their values are the same)
> >
> > >With this statement I can get two lists for this example:
> > >l1= ['a','e']
> > >l2=['b','d']
> >
> > >Would somebody tell me how I can do it?
> >
> > >Regards,
> > >Nader
> >
> > David C. Ullrich
>
> Thank for your type about the syntax error. This an example example,
> the keys of my dictionary are tuples:
> d = {(37.75, 42.22): 1 , (37.51, 40.02): 3 (45.55, 24.27): 4 (47.08,
> 30.99) : 1}
>
> But what I will is to get all keys which has the same valus.
That's exactly what the code I posted does.
> And not
> the keys that have value more than 1!
It doesn't do that. Or if you prefer, it doesn't do that!
Instead of looking at it and trying to figure out what it does,
which of course can be tricky, try _running_ the code.
Then print dd. Then print [l for l in dd.values() if len(l) > 1] .
>
> Nader
--
David C. Ullrich
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
