RE: Total Backup of a system (RH6.1)
How long would this take? I could use removable ide trays. Make this a monthly thing -Original Message- From: Matthew Bradford [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Monday, June 17, 2002 2:43 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: Total Backup of a system (RH6.1) Or you could simply put the drive into another box with an empty drive of the same size and use dd to copy the whole damn thing. :-) - Matt - Original Message - From: Ashwin Kutty [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: Richard Wilson [EMAIL PROTECTED] Cc: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Monday, June 17, 2002 4:18 PM Subject: Re: Total Backup of a system (RH6.1) If you are ready to pay for it you can buy a backup software, of which I recommend Arkeia.. If you dont have the money and are familiar with Linux then all you need to backup is all the custom config files and the home/web/user directories.. Tar em up, zip em up, ftp em to another box.. Re-install linux on the box if it ever croaks, and then unzip, untar and replace the dirs.. You could however use Ghost from Symantec or some other such utility to completely image your system and keep the image somewhere safe or on any other machine or even a CD.. Boot the machine when it croaks and pick the image from the CD, network or the other computer (via the network or by a physical data link between the linux system and the other one..).. On Mon, 17 Jun 2002, Richard Wilson wrote: I'm new to Linux, and have inherited responsibility for a Linux system. This system is important, however the guy that set up this system left the company. Eventually I will reverse engineer it and document what exactly is on it. Since we don't know what exactly is on the machine we need to be able to clone this system and bring it up to it's current state. What is the best method for cloning a RH 6.1 machine and bringing it back to life in the quickest manner? ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list --- The difference between genius and stupidity is that genius has its limits. - Albert Einstein Ashwin kutty.. Systems Administrator Dalhousie University Libraries (902) 494-2694 ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list
RE: Total Backup of a system (RH6.1)
Thank you for such a detailed explanation. Quite a few new concepts for me, it was not boring rather a little overwhelming but interesting stuff. I'm defiantly going to look into this a little further. Probably looking at the first method, and maybe scripting an install via Kickstart if RH 6.1 supported it back then. Still need to digest I'm concerned about down time, since I don't really know what is on the machine. Besides the machine is at a co-location two hours away from the office :-( Seems like unmounting the file systems and doing dd would take too much time, according to your comment regarding reading a book :-) . warm regards Richard -Original Message- From: Chris Watt [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Monday, June 17, 2002 3:56 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: Total Backup of a system (RH6.1) At 09:29 2002/06/17 -0700, Richard Wilson wrote: I'm new to Linux, and have inherited responsibility for a Linux system. This system is important, however the guy that set up this system left the company. Eventually I will reverse engineer it and document what exactly is on it. Since we don't know what exactly is on the machine we need to be able to clone this system and bring it up to it's current state. What is the best method for cloning a RH 6.1 machine and bringing it back to life in the quickest manner? The most efficient way would be to tar with bzip2 compression the contents of all your filesystems (except /proc) into a single file, then write the file to a cd-r using tomstrbt (see www.toms.net) as a boot image for the disc (that way you could boot from the cd and do a restore even if you had totally destroyed the original hard disk contents). That having been said, the easiest way is to get one of your other machines to export (as a writable NFS filesystem or a Windows share) a directory on a filesystem with a quantity of free space at least equal to the total size of the RH6.1 box's hard disks (not the size of the contents, the actual size of the disks), and then mount it on the RH6.1 box and do a low-level backup of the disc partitions. Useful points are: 1. You can find out what partitions you are using and where they are mounted by running mount or reading the /etc/fstab file. 2. You can't safely make an image file of a partition while you have it mounted read/write. Either re-mount all your local filesystems as read-only (the command mount -oro,remount mountpoint will make a filesystem read-only even if it's in use, mountpoint will typically be replaced with things like / and /var and /usr: This is the info you got from /etc/fstab or mount). 3. The tool for making a low-level copy of a partition is dd. A typical usage might be dd if=/dev/hda2 of=/mnt/remote/hda2_raw.img which would copy the second parition of your primary master IDE drive to the file hda2_raw.img in the /mnt/remote/ directory. You would simply do the same thing with the arguments the other way around to do a restore. See man dd for details. 4. Many file servers may have trouble dealing with files over 2gb in size (e.g. older NFS servers on 32-bit machines or Shared directories from Windows systems). If your RH6.1 box has partitions larger than 2gb then you may need to use something like: dd if=/dev/sda1 | split -b 650m - sda1_raw.img. Which would create a series of safe 650mb files (which you could then burn to cds if you felt like it). To restore from a backup like this you would do cat sda1_raw.img.* | dd of=/dev/sda1 5. For this to work in practice (i.e. so that you can restore stuff) you need to know which partitions to put stuff on, and you need to have the right sized partitions. Storing a text file containing the output of the command fdisk -l /dev/sd? /dev/hd? /dev/md? may be a good idea. 6. If you've totally munged the previous filesystems and partitions, you may need something to boot with that will actually let you do a restore over a network. Tomstrbt (see www.toms.net) works well for this on most systems. 7. If you're concerned about the amount of space being taken up by those filesystem images, you can make them much smaller. A good trick is to mount all the filesystems and fill the free space on each one with simple repeating data (a good way to do this is dd if=/dev/zero of=bigzero.file followed by rm bigzero.file as soon as dd exits because it ran out of free space on the device), then back the file system up, piping dd's output to bzip2 along the lines of: dd if=/dev/md0 | bzip2 -c | split -b 650m - /mnt/networkfs/md0_raw.img. You will probably have time to go and get a cup of coffee or write a novel while this is going on, but you should end up with a compressed image which you can still restore from, and which should be smaller (maybe by %50 depending on the content) than the amount
RE: Total Backup of a system (RH6.1)
Ashwin: Thank you for you reply, does ghost work well with RH? I was under the impression that there were some problems, but that might be with ext3 only. This might take care of my imediate need. -Original Message- From: Ashwin Kutty [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Monday, June 17, 2002 1:18 PM To: Richard Wilson Cc: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: Total Backup of a system (RH6.1) If you are ready to pay for it you can buy a backup software, of which I recommend Arkeia.. If you dont have the money and are familiar with Linux then all you need to backup is all the custom config files and the home/web/user directories.. Tar em up, zip em up, ftp em to another box.. Re-install linux on the box if it ever croaks, and then unzip, untar and replace the dirs.. You could however use Ghost from Symantec or some other such utility to completely image your system and keep the image somewhere safe or on any other machine or even a CD.. Boot the machine when it croaks and pick the image from the CD, network or the other computer (via the network or by a physical data link between the linux system and the other one..).. On Mon, 17 Jun 2002, Richard Wilson wrote: I'm new to Linux, and have inherited responsibility for a Linux system. This system is important, however the guy that set up this system left the company. Eventually I will reverse engineer it and document what exactly is on it. Since we don't know what exactly is on the machine we need to be able to clone this system and bring it up to it's current state. What is the best method for cloning a RH 6.1 machine and bringing it back to life in the quickest manner? ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list --- The difference between genius and stupidity is that genius has its limits. - Albert Einstein Ashwin kutty.. Systems Administrator Dalhousie University Libraries (902) 494-2694 ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list
RE: Total Backup of a system (RH6.1)
Thanks Russ, I will definitely look into this. The Solaris sysadmins here have told me to take a look at rsync for managing some other Linux machines under my charge. They won't touch Linux or help me much, being sort of snobs and not considering Linux a true Unix operating system. Their loss my gain, I'm actually a NT guy quickly converting to Linux :-). -Original Message- From: R P Herrold [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Tuesday, June 18, 2002 11:02 AM To: '[EMAIL PROTECTED]' Subject: RE: Total Backup of a system (RH6.1) On Tue, 18 Jun 2002, Richard Wilson wrote: Thank you for such a detailed explanation. Quite a few new concepts for me, it was not boring rather a little overwhelming but interesting stuff. snip Besides the machine is at a co-location two hours away from the office :-( Ummm -- The solution proposed is rather not suited to your situation. Assuming you have root access, and fast intervening bandwidth, you might prefer: rsync -av -e ssh --exclude /proc remote.machine.com:/. \ /path/in/local/filesystem/with/lots/of/space/. which basically 'photocopies' the remote machine onto your local filesystem, so you may inventory and experiment as you wish. You man also then use a variant of the above command to build an identical local physical replica of the remote host. -- Russ Herrold ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list
RE: Help - Can't mount cdrom or fd0
I had the same problem after I disabled kudzu, Turned it back on and had no problem.. Hope this helps Richard -Original Message- From: Chip Rose [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Monday, March 25, 2002 2:42 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Help - Can't mount cdrom or fd0 I can't mount floppies or cdrom now - It suddenly stopped working, after years of no problems. As root, I type: mount /dev/cdrom /mnt or mount /dev/fd0 /mnt When I do that, I hear my floppy clicking, or my cdrom noise if I'm trying to mount that, but then mount freezes up and I have to X out of the whole xterm. I changed fstab to remove noauto for the cdrom, rebooted, and was then able to use the cdrom, but the same process didn't work for the floppy. I recently deleted /mnt, and then made the directory again mkdir /mnt, and I [EMAIL PROTECTED] that may be a clue. The permissions for that dir are: drwxr-xr-x5 root root My /etc/fstab file as follows (I've changed it around a little since the prob): /dev/hda6 / ext2 defaults 1 1 /dev/hda1 /boot ext2 defaults 1 2 /dev/cdrom /mnt iso9660 noauto,ro 0 0 /dev/fd0 /mnt ext2defaults 0 0 /dev/hda5 swap swap defaults 0 0 none /dev/pts devpts mode=0620 0 0 none /proc proc defaults 0 0 Any clues/pointers?? Thanks a lot. - Chip [EMAIL PROTECTED] ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list
RE: Automatically configure ulimit -SOLVED
AFAIK hard means that is the absolute max amount of (in my case) open files soft means that the user will default to that amount. So fo example my requirement was that the user account would have 8096 files open, rather than setting the hard to 8096 and then requiring that the user ulimit -n 8096 from the default 1024, I put in the soft setting to 8096. When I log on as a user and type ulimit -a I get the desired result. Hope this helps Richard -Original Message- From: Ben Logan [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Tuesday, March 12, 2002 2:56 AM To: '[EMAIL PROTECTED]' Subject: Re: Automatically configure ulimit -SOLVED On Mon, Mar 11, 2002 at 12:34:35PM -0800, Richard Wilson wrote: There is a way to configure this. see /ect/security/limits.conf This is handled by a PAM during authentication. Great, thanks. Now can anyone explain the difference between hard and soft limits? Thanks, Ben -- Ben Logan: ben at wblogan dot net OpenPGP Key KeyID: A1ADD1F0 There was a boy called Eustace Clarence Scrubb, and he almost deserved it. -- C. S. Lewis, The Chronicles of Narnia ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list
RE: Automatically configure ulimit -SOLVED
There is a way to configure this. see /ect/security/limits.conf This is handled by a PAM during authentication. -Original Message- From: Richard Wilson Sent: Friday, March 08, 2002 1:57 PM To: '[EMAIL PROTECTED]' Subject: RE: Automatically configure ulimit Ben: I'm trying to increase the number of open files with ulimit -n , this operation requires super user privilege. Here is what I've found out so far. It seems that modifying either /etc/profile or /etc/bashrc will not work for my purpose since this runs under the user's UID. Another option would of been allowing a su for /bin/ulimit by modifying /etc/sudoers, unfortunately ulimit is built in to /bin/bash so this is not a possibility for me. I did find one hack that mentioned that you had to replace init with a different version. see /usr/share/emacs/20.7/etc/ulimit.hack for details, this hack modifies the size of the files not the number of files. So this hack will not work for me. I'm thinking that maybe recompiling the kernel or bash would also do the trick. Another option is possibly modifying the settings via /proc file system, do not know where to start on this one. A third option is using inittab to launch a script that sets the desired ulimit and then fires off migetty, or set this in ssh somehow; all the user sessions will be via ssh. I may be way off base since I've only have less than 3 months experience with Linux\Unix. Can somebody on the list tell me if I'm way off base here? TIA Richard -Original Message- From: Richard Wilson Sent: Wednesday, March 06, 2002 4:16 PM To: '[EMAIL PROTECTED]' Subject: RE: Automatically configure ulimit Thank you Ben, we have tried that here, it seems that /etc/profile runs in the context of the user, I've been told that only the super user can increase default settings. I will keep you posted on what I find out. regards Richard -Original Message- From: Ben Logan [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Wednesday, March 06, 2002 1:43 PM To: '[EMAIL PROTECTED]' Subject: Re: Automatically configure ulimit On Wed, Mar 06, 2002 at 11:31:35AM -0800, Richard Wilson wrote: I'm trying to configure a set of RH 7.2 machines to default to a specific number of files that can be opened. How would I configure this so the environment is set at boot time? There is a 'ulimit' line in /etc/profile on my system (Redhat 7.1). You could tweak that. Of course, I guess that it only applies to those running Bash as a shell. I've wondered myself if there is a way to set those at a kernel level. Regards, Ben -- Ben Logan: ben at wblogan dot net OpenPGP Key KeyID: A1ADD1F0 Pain is a thing of the mind. The mind can be controlled. -- Spock, Operation -- Annihilate! stardate 3287.2 ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list
RE: Automatically configure ulimit
Ben: I'm trying to increase the number of open files with ulimit -n , this operation requires super user privilege. Here is what I've found out so far. It seems that modifying either /etc/profile or /etc/bashrc will not work for my purpose since this runs under the user's UID. Another option would of been allowing a su for /bin/ulimit by modifying /etc/sudoers, unfortunately ulimit is built in to /bin/bash so this is not a possibility for me. I did find one hack that mentioned that you had to replace init with a different version. see /usr/share/emacs/20.7/etc/ulimit.hack for details, this hack modifies the size of the files not the number of files. So this hack will not work for me. I'm thinking that maybe recompiling the kernel or bash would also do the trick. Another option is possibly modifying the settings via /proc file system, do not know where to start on this one. A third option is using inittab to launch a script that sets the desired ulimit and then fires off migetty, or set this in ssh somehow; all the user sessions will be via ssh. I may be way off base since I've only have less than 3 months experience with Linux\Unix. Can somebody on the list tell me if I'm way off base here? TIA Richard -Original Message- From: Richard Wilson Sent: Wednesday, March 06, 2002 4:16 PM To: '[EMAIL PROTECTED]' Subject: RE: Automatically configure ulimit Thank you Ben, we have tried that here, it seems that /etc/profile runs in the context of the user, I've been told that only the super user can increase default settings. I will keep you posted on what I find out. regards Richard -Original Message- From: Ben Logan [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Wednesday, March 06, 2002 1:43 PM To: '[EMAIL PROTECTED]' Subject: Re: Automatically configure ulimit On Wed, Mar 06, 2002 at 11:31:35AM -0800, Richard Wilson wrote: I'm trying to configure a set of RH 7.2 machines to default to a specific number of files that can be opened. How would I configure this so the environment is set at boot time? There is a 'ulimit' line in /etc/profile on my system (Redhat 7.1). You could tweak that. Of course, I guess that it only applies to those running Bash as a shell. I've wondered myself if there is a way to set those at a kernel level. Regards, Ben -- Ben Logan: ben at wblogan dot net OpenPGP Key KeyID: A1ADD1F0 Pain is a thing of the mind. The mind can be controlled. -- Spock, Operation -- Annihilate! stardate 3287.2 ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list
Automatically configure ulimit
I'm trying to configure a set of RH 7.2 machines to default to a specific number of files that can be opened. How would I configure this so the environment is set at boot time? ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list
RE: Automatically configure ulimit
Thank you Ben, we have tried that here, it seems that /etc/profile runs in the context of the user, I've been told that only the super user can increase default settings. I will keep you posted on what I find out. regards Richard -Original Message- From: Ben Logan [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Wednesday, March 06, 2002 1:43 PM To: '[EMAIL PROTECTED]' Subject: Re: Automatically configure ulimit On Wed, Mar 06, 2002 at 11:31:35AM -0800, Richard Wilson wrote: I'm trying to configure a set of RH 7.2 machines to default to a specific number of files that can be opened. How would I configure this so the environment is set at boot time? There is a 'ulimit' line in /etc/profile on my system (Redhat 7.1). You could tweak that. Of course, I guess that it only applies to those running Bash as a shell. I've wondered myself if there is a way to set those at a kernel level. Regards, Ben -- Ben Logan: ben at wblogan dot net OpenPGP Key KeyID: A1ADD1F0 Pain is a thing of the mind. The mind can be controlled. -- Spock, Operation -- Annihilate! stardate 3287.2 ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list
RE: Ethernet help
Even if your netmask is wrong you should still be able to ping the gateway since it is on the same segment. Did you try that? If that does not work, is this for DSL or cable? Some ISP's require authentication (Point to Point over Ethernet) and then encapsulate the traffic. Hope this helps Richard -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Thursday, February 28, 2002 2:28 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: Ethernet help It was suggested that I try changing netmask to 255.255.255.0. Nothing changed. DEVICE=eth0 ONBOOT=yes BOOTPROTO=static IPADDR= 66.134.88.36 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 GATEWAY= 66.134.88.33 I then tried /sbin/ifconfig and got the following: eth0Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:E0:01:04:F7:AB inet adr:66.134.88.36 Bcast:66.134.88.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:10 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:10 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 Interrupt:5 Base address:0xe400 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask 255.0.0.0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:11 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:11 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:10 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 Here is /sbin/route: Kernal IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 66.134.88.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 127.0.0.0 * 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo default66.134.88.33 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 There is no firewall. thanks in advance for any help Linda on 2/27/02 6:40 PM, Devon at [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: -BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE- Hash: SHA1 On Wednesday 27 February 2002 07:09 pm, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Is there any software out there that I can use to test to see whether or not my ethernet card is actually working? I have a two port card. Both lights work on the card but I can't get either port to work. Both are configured as follows: DEVICE=eth0 ONBOOT=yes BOOTPROTO=static IPADDR=xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx NETMASK=255.255.255.248 GATEWAY= xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx I have stopped and restarted the machine. Both eth0 and eth1 start up as OK on startup. Can't ping in, can't ping out. What am I missing? You've replaced some of the info that might help solve this with xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx :) First, is that netmask correct? Do you have a firewall running that might be blocking pings? What is the output of the following commands: /sbin/ifconfig /sbin/route - -D - -- pgp key: http://www.tuxfan.homeip.net:8080/pgpkey.txt - -- -BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE- Version: GnuPG v1.0.6 (GNU/Linux) Comment: For info see http://www.gnupg.org iD8DBQE8fZiTeMAUbzJhSVcRAnpDAJ45QnmIiF3z09+tzYYPOXxjR+Ky8wCfcOac nw2f4+QE9VPd5oFgbMbkcfw= =W1ks -END PGP SIGNATURE- ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list
RE: How to change refresh frequency
There probably is a better way, but this is how I would do it. I'm actually a newbie... Login as root (don't know if this is required) At a console window make the machine go to init 3 by typing init 3 Once you logon run Xconfigurator you can then run init 5 to go back to your regular environment Hope this helps Richard -Original Message- From: Jianping Zhu [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Thursday, February 07, 2002 7:48 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: How to change refresh frequency The screeh of Xwindow make my eyes unconfortable. I want to change refresh frequency, I know how to do it in MS Windows But do not know how to do it in Xwindow. Thanks Jianping Zhu Department of Computer Science Univerity of Georgia Athens, GA 30602 Tel 706 5431317(H) ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list ___ Redhat-list mailing list [EMAIL PROTECTED] https://listman.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/redhat-list
