Re: [Vo]: Lets work out some useful definitions

[Jack Cole]

Bob,

Thank you for putting this together.  May I add these definitions to a
resource page I'm making for hobbyist replicators of the Holmlid Effect
(with credit to you of course).  What should we actually call this?
Holmlid Effect or something else?

Jack

On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 12:10 PM Bob Higgins 
wrote:

> It strikes me that as we are using some of the acronyms we are losing
> sight of their properties.
>
> Holmlid describes his Ultra-Dense Hydrogen (UDH), and Ultra-Dense
> Deuterium (UDD) as forming from Rydberg Matter (RM).  Rydberg Matter (RM)
> is a cluster of atoms in the Rydberg state.  So, lets start with a
> description of Rydberg state (please help me to get these correct):
>
> *Rydberg state:*  As an atom becomes increasingly excited, the electron
> orbitals change to larger orbitals (let's stick with hydrogen for the
> moment).  As the atom absorbs more and more energy, the orbital diameter
> generally increases.  At some excitation, just before ionization of the
> atom, the orbitals are huge and largely flattened into a disk.  The Rydberg
> states is a very excited, HIGH ENERGY STATE of the atom with a large
> diameter flattened disk-like orbital.  Then energy is just below the energy
> for ionization of the atom.  Because of the huge electron orbital radius,
> the Rydberg atom has a huge magnetic moment.
>
> *Rydberg Matter:*  RM could be variously described as a molecular form of
> atoms each in a Rydberg state, or a cluster or condensed matter in Rydberg
> state.  Rydberg clusters/molecules are huge because, the orbitals of the
> individual atoms, each of which is in a Rydberg state, is huge.  Rydberg
> matter hydrogen forms with large numbers of Rydberg state hydrogen (or
> deuterium) atoms into a large flat hexagonal cluster.  The cluster can be
> fairly stable; lasting for long periods of time if not disturbed (like in
> space).  The RM cluster is strongly affected by electric and magnetic
> field.  Note that the total energy in a RM cluster is VERY HIGH because
> each of the atoms is in a high energy Rydberg state.  The existence of
> Rydberg Matter is well documented with many experiments.
>
> *UDH or UDD:*  Ultra-Dense Hydrogen or Ultra-Dense Deuterium is a
> controversially described and poorly understood form of matter.  Its
> existence is purely speculative/hypothetical - based on measurements made
> of particle energies leaving Holmlid's experiments.  Holmlid believes his
> evidence suggests the spontaneous formation of UDH and UDD from RM.
> Spontaneous transformations normally occur from a higher energy state to a
> lower energy state, so the UDH/UDD would likely be lower energy than the
> RM.  Transition from the high energy RM state to the UDH/UDD state should
> then be accompanied by the emission of energy in some form.  Winterberg
> proposes a theory that stacks of the flat RM can form into super-dense
> states inside of an Fe2O3 catalyst pore, and subsequently "switch" to a UDD
> form.  According to Winterberg, UDH cannot form.  In Winterberg's theory,
> the "switch" seems to be presented as a swap between two nearly identical
> energy states, not requiring energy emission/absorbtion.  If that is the
> case, then the UDD state would be a HIGH energy state of deuterium.  There
> is very little evidence supporting the existence or nature of UDH or UDD.
>
> *Inverted Rydberg Hydrogen:*  IRH is a coined term to describe an atom
> that has lost energy and entered a state BELOW the ground level.  It is
> equivalent to the *Hydrino* of Mills, and to some of the Deep Dirac
> Levels (DDL) described by Maly & Va'vra, Naudts (sort of), Meulenberg, and
> Paillet.  IRH is a LOW energy form of a hydrogen atom, because its energy
> is below the ground level.
>
> *Deep Dirac Level (DDL):*  DDL comprises a set of states BELOW the ground
> level of the atom.  Existence of these sub-ground level states was first
> predicted using the relativistic form of the Schrodinger equation, the
> Klein-Gordon equation, by Naudts.  Naudts showed that the K-G equation had
> a solution at a very deep level that was about 500 keV below the ground
> level for hydrogen.  Note, the Schrodinger equation is only an
> approximation - it accounts for spin, but not special relativistic
> effects.  The Klein-Gordon equation includes the effects of special
> relativity, but not spin.  Dirac derived a beautiful general equation that
> included both spin and special relativity.  Solutions to the Dirac equation
> predict more accurately (than Schrodinger) the normal states of hydrogen
> (ground level and above), and also predicts many solutions for levels below
> the ground state.  It is quite hard to prove that these levels below the
> ground state of hydrogen (the DDL levels) exist, because the transition
> between DDL levels apparently cannot be accomplished via photon emission
> (our normal means for detecting level transition).  Meulenberg states that
> photon emission/absorption for state transition between th

RE: [Vo]: Lets work out some useful definitions

[Jones Beene]

From: Bob Higgins 

*   It sounds like my understanding of IRH is wrong and I need to find the 
source of the description. 
My understanding is based on two papers that need to be read together as each 
has part of the picture. Both seem incomplete to me. The main one is Lawandy, 
which describes like-charge attraction as having Cooper pairing with larger 
accumulations as also paired - thus we are always dealing with bosons. A 
dielectric is required. Deuterium is favored over H, but both are technically 
bosonic - being paired.
www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/LawandyNMinteractio.pdf
The other paper is 
www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/MileyGHclusterswi.pdf 

 
However, as mentioned, Holmlid has backed away from this terminology in part, 
and does not use the “inverted” term any more. Big mistake, IMO. This is NOT 
Rydberg matter by definition, and as Miley says, this is an inverted state, 
which has different features where the negative charge in entrained in the 
support and not some kind of vague halo.
In short, like Plato’s cave, everyone sees what they want to see and we have a 
semantics problem which is deeply rooted. The import factors are charge 
separation, cluster density and a condensate at elevated temperatures. But both 
views favor deuterons - since it is classic consdensate phenomenon and AFAIK 
the best results are with deuterium. 
Quote: “Known from space chemistry: New catalytic generation of deuterium 
clusters in surface defects of iron oxide. Emission of clusters and laser 
irradiation confirms binding energy of 620 eV and distance between deuterons of 
d= 2.3 pm… They are saying this is a known phenomenon at low temperature, which 
adds some credibility, but it does not fit the strict definition of RM, so why 
not call it IRH? 
BTW, the binding energy alone is huge – and sufficient to prove that all of the 
excess energy ever seen in LENR can be non-nuclear, so long as achieving the 
IRH state requires less energy… which begs the question of the ultimate source 
of gain, if it is non-nuclear. 

Re: [Vo]: Lets work out some useful definitions

[Axil Axil]

A recent experimental result shows how hydrides become superconductive
under pressure.

http://phys.org/news/2016-03-quantum-effects-world-smelliest-superconductor.html

The KEY: the hydrogen bonds become symmetric. All matter will become
metallic under enough pressure. This special type of hydrogen bonding is
the key to metalized hydrogen.

This room temperature superconductivity is what produces LENR effects in
metalized hydrogen.

Lithium Aluminum Hydride becomes metalized at the lowest pressure of all
hydrides because it is a ternary hydride: 42 GPa.

Other hydrides can be found the become metalized at even lower pressures if
the aluminum atom is replaced with a heaver atom.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/om020335k



On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 1:10 PM, Bob Higgins 
wrote:

> It strikes me that as we are using some of the acronyms we are losing
> sight of their properties.
>
> Holmlid describes his Ultra-Dense Hydrogen (UDH), and Ultra-Dense
> Deuterium (UDD) as forming from Rydberg Matter (RM).  Rydberg Matter (RM)
> is a cluster of atoms in the Rydberg state.  So, lets start with a
> description of Rydberg state (please help me to get these correct):
>
> *Rydberg state:*  As an atom becomes increasingly excited, the electron
> orbitals change to larger orbitals (let's stick with hydrogen for the
> moment).  As the atom absorbs more and more energy, the orbital diameter
> generally increases.  At some excitation, just before ionization of the
> atom, the orbitals are huge and largely flattened into a disk.  The Rydberg
> states is a very excited, HIGH ENERGY STATE of the atom with a large
> diameter flattened disk-like orbital.  Then energy is just below the energy
> for ionization of the atom.  Because of the huge electron orbital radius,
> the Rydberg atom has a huge magnetic moment.
>
> *Rydberg Matter:*  RM could be variously described as a molecular form of
> atoms each in a Rydberg state, or a cluster or condensed matter in Rydberg
> state.  Rydberg clusters/molecules are huge because, the orbitals of the
> individual atoms, each of which is in a Rydberg state, is huge.  Rydberg
> matter hydrogen forms with large numbers of Rydberg state hydrogen (or
> deuterium) atoms into a large flat hexagonal cluster.  The cluster can be
> fairly stable; lasting for long periods of time if not disturbed (like in
> space).  The RM cluster is strongly affected by electric and magnetic
> field.  Note that the total energy in a RM cluster is VERY HIGH because
> each of the atoms is in a high energy Rydberg state.  The existence of
> Rydberg Matter is well documented with many experiments.
>
> *UDH or UDD:*  Ultra-Dense Hydrogen or Ultra-Dense Deuterium is a
> controversially described and poorly understood form of matter.  Its
> existence is purely speculative/hypothetical - based on measurements made
> of particle energies leaving Holmlid's experiments.  Holmlid believes his
> evidence suggests the spontaneous formation of UDH and UDD from RM.
> Spontaneous transformations normally occur from a higher energy state to a
> lower energy state, so the UDH/UDD would likely be lower energy than the
> RM.  Transition from the high energy RM state to the UDH/UDD state should
> then be accompanied by the emission of energy in some form.  Winterberg
> proposes a theory that stacks of the flat RM can form into super-dense
> states inside of an Fe2O3 catalyst pore, and subsequently "switch" to a UDD
> form.  According to Winterberg, UDH cannot form.  In Winterberg's theory,
> the "switch" seems to be presented as a swap between two nearly identical
> energy states, not requiring energy emission/absorbtion.  If that is the
> case, then the UDD state would be a HIGH energy state of deuterium.  There
> is very little evidence supporting the existence or nature of UDH or UDD.
>
> *Inverted Rydberg Hydrogen:*  IRH is a coined term to describe an atom
> that has lost energy and entered a state BELOW the ground level.  It is
> equivalent to the *Hydrino* of Mills, and to some of the Deep Dirac
> Levels (DDL) described by Maly & Va'vra, Naudts (sort of), Meulenberg, and
> Paillet.  IRH is a LOW energy form of a hydrogen atom, because its energy
> is below the ground level.
>
> *Deep Dirac Level (DDL):*  DDL comprises a set of states BELOW the ground
> level of the atom.  Existence of these sub-ground level states was first
> predicted using the relativistic form of the Schrodinger equation, the
> Klein-Gordon equation, by Naudts.  Naudts showed that the K-G equation had
> a solution at a very deep level that was about 500 keV below the ground
> level for hydrogen.  Note, the Schrodinger equation is only an
> approximation - it accounts for spin, but not special relativistic
> effects.  The Klein-Gordon equation includes the effects of special
> relativity, but not spin.  Dirac derived a beautiful general equation that
> included both spin and special relativity.  Solutions to the Dirac equation
> predict more accurately (than Sc

Re: [Vo]: Lets work out some useful definitions

[Bob Higgins]

Jones,

It sounds like my understanding of IRH is wrong and I need to find the
source of the description.  Can you point to a particular paper, where IRH
is described?  Perhaps by Lawandy or Miley?  From what you described, it
doesn't sound like IRH is a plausible state of condensed matter.

In the case of Mills' hydrino or the DDL states described by Maly, et al;
ALL of the states below ground level are lower energy than the ground
state.  The deepest, relativistic orbital described by Naudts with the K-G
equation, and Maly, et al with the Dirac solutions is the coldest, lowest
energy of them all - it is 500-509 keV BELOW the ground state; decidedly
low total (Hamiltonian) energy.  Perhaps you are intuitively sensing
volumetric energy density, which is not what nature necessarily minimizes.

Hydrino states, as described by Mills, and DDL states as described by
Meulenberg, cannot be entered or transited by emission/absorption of a
photon.  Your mention of EUV photons suggests photon emission, but those
photons came from the catalyst that absorbed the energy from the hydrino by
evanescent means; the catalyst, in so doing, becoming excited, and then
relaxing by emission of the EUV photon.  The requirement for non-photonic
transition between the DDL states (due to insufficient angular momentum to
create a photon)  is what keeps them nearly invisible to detection.

I don't think Holmlid or Winterberg have a plausible understanding of the
results of their experiments.  They have a hypothesis, but I don't think it
will stand up to continued experiment.  Winterberg does not believe that
UDH is possible, only UDD; but Holmlid obviously believes UDH is possible.

On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 5:38 PM, Jones Beene  wrote:

> Bob
>
> The problem breaks down to identifying when the electron becomes
> essentially dissociated from the proton. IRH is not really an atom that
> has lost energy and entered a state below the ground state, since that
> level assumes the electron is still attached as an orbital.
>
> My take on the semantics is that IRH is the state described by Lawandy
> where the “support” holds the disconnected electron(s), which attracts
> the proton(s) electrostatically, so that many protons can accumulate in a 2D
> area which is less total area than a single orbital would occupy but is
> far less dense than Holmlid imagines.
>
> IRH is not an atom in this view nor is it the equivalent to the Hydrino
> of Mills or Deep Dirac Levels (DDL) described by Maly & Va'vra, Naudts
> Meulenberg, etc. Those are atoms. The shrinking hydrino is a low energy
> and denser form of a hydrogen atom, because energy is depleted below the
> ground level as EUV photons are emitted, but the electron still orbits
> attached.
>
> The irony and the problem is that at the deepest level the electron must
> become relativistic or very close, which is decidedly not lower energy. Some
> theorists even call it by another acronym (like we really need another
> one) which is the relativistic Schrodinger electron deep level (EDL). This
> may make it less likely to be real, in contrast to IRH but both could be
> happening in various circumstances.
>
> I am told by experts that Lawandy’s paper is stronger than Maly etc, but
> that is over my pay grade. Holmlid was co-author with Miley on IRH, but
> dropped the designation in favor of RM. I do not know precisely why he
> did this, or if Miley stuck with Lawandy or not. My opinion is that
> Holmlid should have stuck with IRH - and that UDH is the same as IRH … and
> possibly that DDL is a non-physical invention … since the shrinking
> hydrino cannot suddenly change from a low to a high energy state
> spontaneously, without violating CoE… unless as Fran Roarty believes, it
> becomes pumped to that state in a Casimir cavity.
>
>

RE: [Vo]: Lets work out some useful definitions

[Jones Beene]

Bob

The problem breaks down to identifying when the electron becomes essentially 
dissociated from the proton. IRH is not really an atom that has lost energy and 
entered a state below the ground state, since that level assumes the electron 
is still attached as an orbital. 

My take on the semantics is that IRH is the state described by Lawandy where 
the “support” holds the disconnected electron(s), which attracts the proton(s) 
electrostatically, so that many protons can accumulate in a 2D area which is 
less total area than a single orbital would occupy but is far less dense than 
Holmlid imagines. 

IRH is not an atom in this view nor is it the equivalent to the Hydrino of 
Mills or Deep Dirac Levels (DDL) described by Maly & Va'vra, Naudts Meulenberg, 
etc. Those are atoms. The shrinking hydrino is a low energy and denser form of 
a hydrogen atom, because energy is depleted below the ground level as EUV 
photons are emitted, but the electron still orbits attached. 

The irony and the problem is that at the deepest level the electron must become 
relativistic or very close, which is decidedly not lower energy. Some theorists 
even call it by another acronym (like we really need another one) which is the 
relativistic Schrodinger electron deep level (EDL). This may make it less 
likely to be real, in contrast to IRH but both could be happening in various 
circumstances.

I am told by experts that Lawandy’s paper is stronger than Maly etc, but that 
is over my pay grade. Holmlid was co-author with Miley on IRH, but dropped the 
designation in favor of RM. I do not know precisely why he did this, or if 
Miley stuck with Lawandy or not. My opinion is that Holmlid should have stuck 
with IRH - and that UDH is the same as IRH … and possibly that DDL is a 
non-physical invention … since the shrinking hydrino cannot suddenly change 
from a low to a high energy state spontaneously, without violating CoE… unless 
as Fran Roarty believes, it becomes pumped to that state in a Casimir cavity.

Re: [Vo]: Lets work out some useful definitions

[Bob Higgins]

See below...

On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 4:29 PM, Bob Cook  wrote:

> Bob Higgins etal.
>
> I agree that the definitions are confusing.  I have understood that
> Rydberg matter refers to an ionic state of an element where there are no
> associated electrons in orbits associated with a given nucleus.  Thus Li-3
> would be a raw +3 particle in a solid state material, not a plasma of
> individual, totally ionized Li-3.  The solid state is one coherent quantum
> mechanical system and has electron energy states associated with the whole
> coherent system and not any one positive charge.  The electrons are free to
> move about in some energy state or states.  The motion of the positive
> charge centers are much better determined because of their mass.  The
> larger the mass of the positive charge the more stable the Rydberg matter
> is.  Deuterium  Rydberg matter is more stable than H Rydberg matter because
> of the added mass of the D relative to the H.  Several of the Ólafsson
> slides from the SRI presentation depict this situation in an planar array
> of atoms with a sea of electrons around each positive charge center.
>

Nope.  Rydberg excited atoms are neutral with nearly the largest possible
electron orbitals before ionization would occur.  When Rydberg matter
forms, the electrons of the RM system extend around and in between other
Rydberg state atoms in various RM orbitals - just like in any other
condensed matter, only more extended, and primarily in a plane.  The RM
cluster/molecule/snowflake IS a planar molecule, but it can warp easily in
electric and magnetic fields.

>
> As the planar structure forms, other local planar structures may come
> together and form a large Rydberg molecule or crystal---a single coherent
> system.  This condensation would release energy as it happens.  (My thought
> was that this may be some of the LENR energy release in over unity
> reactors.)
>

This is Winterberg's proposition for the formation of the super-dense state
that is the precursor to the UDD (Winterberg says UDH cannot form, but
Holmlid says it does).  It is just another form of anisotropic condensed
matter.

>
> As Jones has suggested, Rossi has engineered a system with many reactors
> in his nano Ni particles.
>

Rossi has more than once said he does not use Ni nanoparticles - only Ni
particles with a mean diameter of about 4 microns.


> The condensation of Rydberg matter hydrogen  may be occurring within the
> lattice structure of the Ni and bringing the Ni into the coherent system as
> a participating positive charge center.  The plane of the FCC lattices
> which includes hexagonal arrangements of Ni nuclei may facilitate the
> hexagonal Rydberg H or D to integrate  properly into the coherent system.
> (The plane I am referring to in the FCC structure is not parallel to any of
> the orthogonal axes of the FCC structure, but runs at a 45 degree angle to
> an orthogonal axis of the FCC structure.)
>

In Rossi's low temperature eCats, the elements found in his ash and
analysis of a catalyst suggest he is using an Fisher-Tropsch catalyst that
is doped Fe2O3 (He would have been familiar with F-T catalysts from
previous work in hydrocarbon cracking to make oil).  Holmlid claims use of
a doped Fe2O3 catalyst for the formation of the super-dense phase in its
pores I believe.  RM is huge!  Even neutral monatomic hydrogen (much
smaller) does not want to enter the Ni lattice.

>
> It should be possible to determine if such a structure exists with a
> neutron scattering experiment  where both the relative locations of H or D
> and Ni can be deduced.
>
> A possible density could be calculated for the “ultra-dense” hydrogen by
> assuming the stacking of the planes of Hydrogen Rydberg matter in the Ni
> lattice with a proton at the center of each tetrahedron associated with NI
> nuclei in adjacent 45 degree planes described above.  A defined direction
> in any nano particle would be established by a magnetic field that I guess
> would line up the particle such that the 45 degree plane would be
> perpendicular to the ambient field.  I have assumed that the motion of the
> electrons in the plane would form a magnetic moment associated with the
> plane that would cause alignment of the whole nano particle with the
> ambient field.  (I think Holmlid suggests that the H involved in such a
> system would in fact be  of the order of 2 fm and hence the inverted
> Rydberg atom.  I was not able to find a prediction of the H density nor any
> measurement of what Holmlid thinks he identified.)   Holmlid did not refer
> to the D (0) or H (0) as inverted Rydberg atoms however.
>
> The same sort of magnetic alignment would be occurring in the Holmlid
> laser activation system in response to the oscillating magnetic field of
> the laser.
>
> It may be that given the availability of spin receptors within the
> coherent system, it is possible to make LENR transitions WITHOUT the
> ejection of neutrinos to carry angular momentum as Jones sugg

Re: [Vo]: Lets work out some useful definitions

[Bob Cook]

Bob Higgins etal.

I agree that the definitions are confusing.  I have understood that Rydberg 
matter refers to an ionic state of an element where there are no associated 
electrons in orbits associated with a given nucleus.  Thus Li-3 would be a raw 
+3 particle in a solid state material, not a plasma of individual, totally 
ionized Li-3.  The solid state is one coherent quantum mechanical system and 
has electron energy states associated with the whole coherent system and not 
any one positive charge.  The electrons are free to move about in some energy 
state or states.  The motion of the positive charge centers are much better 
determined because of their mass.  The larger the mass of the positive charge 
the more stable the Rydberg matter is.  Deuterium  Rydberg matter is more 
stable than H Rydberg matter because of the added mass of the D relative to the 
H.  Several of the Ólafsson slides from the SRI presentation depict this 
situation in an planar array of atoms with a sea of electrons around each 
positive charge center.   

As the planar structure forms, other local planar structures may come together 
and form a large Rydberg molecule or crystal---a single coherent system.  This 
condensation would release energy as it happens.  (My thought was that this may 
be some of the LENR energy release in over unity reactors.)

As Jones has suggested, Rossi has engineered a system with many reactors in his 
nano Ni particles.  The condensation of Rydberg matter hydrogen  may be 
occurring within the lattice structure of the Ni and bringing the Ni into the 
coherent system as a participating positive charge center.  The plane of the 
FCC lattices which includes hexagonal arrangements of Ni nuclei may facilitate 
the hexagonal Rydberg H or D to integrate  properly into the coherent system.  
(The plane I am referring to in the FCC structure is not parallel to any of the 
orthogonal axes of the FCC structure, but runs at a 45 degree angle to an 
orthogonal axis of the FCC structure.) 

It should be possible to determine if such a structure exists with a neutron 
scattering experiment  where both the relative locations of H or D and Ni can 
be deduced.  

A possible density could be calculated for the “ultra-dense” hydrogen by 
assuming the stacking of the planes of Hydrogen Rydberg matter in the Ni 
lattice with a proton at the center of each tetrahedron associated with NI 
nuclei in adjacent 45 degree planes described above.  A defined direction in 
any nano particle would be established by a magnetic field that I guess would 
line up the particle such that the 45 degree plane would be perpendicular to 
the ambient field.  I have assumed that the motion of the electrons in the 
plane would form a magnetic moment associated with the plane that would cause 
alignment of the whole nano particle with the ambient field.  (I think Holmlid 
suggests that the H involved in such a system would in fact be  of the order of 
2 fm and hence the inverted Rydberg atom.  I was not able to find a prediction 
of the H density nor any measurement of what Holmlid thinks he identified.)   
Holmlid did not refer to the D (0) or H (0) as inverted Rydberg atoms however.
  
The same sort of magnetic alignment would be occurring in the Holmlid laser 
activation system in response to the oscillating magnetic field of the laser.  

It may be that given the availability of spin receptors within the coherent 
system, it is possible to make LENR transitions WITHOUT the ejection of 
neutrinos to carry angular momentum as Jones suggested may be the case.  All 
the energy may be distributed via spin coupling in the Ni reactor consistent 
with the observation of little or not radiation.   The nano Ni reactor may not 
only provide a structure for a large coherent system, but a  lattice to extract 
thermal energy away from the reaction of the coherent system which forms as H 
or D is added and then changes as the LENR occurs to change the basic positive 
charge centers.At the higher temperatures associated with the 1100 C Ni 
systems,  H may first change to a thermal neutron and hence contribute to the 
transmutations of Ni isotopes to lower energy nucleons.  This would be the 
reverse of a neutron decay process, facilitated by the intense B field.   

If neutrons in fact are produced as suggested above, a simple addition of  a 
trace amount of an activation test element, such as Hf, would provide evidence 
for such a population of thermal neutrons.  The activation could be monitored 
after testing was completed.   (Hf has a very large reaction cross section for 
thermal neutrons.  One would not want to make it a constituent element in a 
commercial reactor using thermal neutrons given its nasty activation property. )

Bob Cook






From: Bob Higgins 
Sent: Tuesday, April 05, 2016 10:10 AM
To: vortex-l@eskimo.com 
Subject: [Vo]: Lets work out some useful definitions

It strikes me that as we are using some of the acronyms we are losin

RE: [Vo]: Lets work out some useful definitions

[Russ George]

Freeman Dyson has suggested that "observers of the philosophical scene" can be 
broadly, if over-simplistically, divided into splitters and lumpers, roughly 
corresponding to materialists, who imagine the world as divided into atoms, and 
Platonists, who regard the world as made up of ideas.

 

The endless semantic games of the splitters is distracting or worse, it is 
largely ego driven. We need more simplicity not more bits. As one of the 
founders of sub-atomic physics once said when asked if he could recite the 
names of all of the sub-atomic particles, “If I could do that I would have 
become a botanist!”

 

Thanks for helping work towards clarity Bob.

 

From: Bob Higgins [mailto:rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com] 
Sent: Tuesday, April 5, 2016 10:11 AM
To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Subject: [Vo]: Lets work out some useful definitions

 

It strikes me that as we are using some of the acronyms we are losing sight of 
their properties.

Holmlid describes his Ultra-Dense Hydrogen (UDH), and Ultra-Dense Deuterium 
(UDD) as forming from Rydberg Matter (RM).  Rydberg Matter (RM) is a cluster of 
atoms in the Rydberg state.  So, lets start with a description of Rydberg state 
(please help me to get these correct):

Rydberg state:  As an atom becomes increasingly excited, the electron orbitals 
change to larger orbitals (let's stick with hydrogen for the moment).  As the 
atom absorbs more and more energy, the orbital diameter generally increases.  
At some excitation, just before ionization of the atom, the orbitals are huge 
and largely flattened into a disk.  The Rydberg states is a very excited, HIGH 
ENERGY STATE of the atom with a large diameter flattened disk-like orbital.  
Then energy is just below the energy for ionization of the atom.  Because of 
the huge electron orbital radius, the Rydberg atom has a huge magnetic moment.

Rydberg Matter:  RM could be variously described as a molecular form of atoms 
each in a Rydberg state, or a cluster or condensed matter in Rydberg state.  
Rydberg clusters/molecules are huge because, the orbitals of the individual 
atoms, each of which is in a Rydberg state, is huge.  Rydberg matter hydrogen 
forms with large numbers of Rydberg state hydrogen (or deuterium) atoms into a 
large flat hexagonal cluster.  The cluster can be fairly stable; lasting for 
long periods of time if not disturbed (like in space).  The RM cluster is 
strongly affected by electric and magnetic field.  Note that the total energy 
in a RM cluster is VERY HIGH because each of the atoms is in a high energy 
Rydberg state.  The existence of Rydberg Matter is well documented with many 
experiments.

UDH or UDD:  Ultra-Dense Hydrogen or Ultra-Dense Deuterium is a controversially 
described and poorly understood form of matter.  Its existence is purely 
speculative/hypothetical - based on measurements made of particle energies 
leaving Holmlid's experiments.  Holmlid believes his evidence suggests the 
spontaneous formation of UDH and UDD from RM.  Spontaneous transformations 
normally occur from a higher energy state to a lower energy state, so the 
UDH/UDD would likely be lower energy than the RM.  Transition from the high 
energy RM state to the UDH/UDD state should then be accompanied by the emission 
of energy in some form.  Winterberg proposes a theory that stacks of the flat 
RM can form into super-dense states inside of an Fe2O3 catalyst pore, and 
subsequently "switch" to a UDD form.  According to Winterberg, UDH cannot form. 
 In Winterberg's theory, the "switch" seems to be presented as a swap between 
two nearly identical energy states, not requiring energy emission/absorbtion.  
If that is the case, then the UDD state would be a HIGH energy state of 
deuterium.  There is very little evidence supporting the existence or nature of 
UDH or UDD.

Inverted Rydberg Hydrogen:  IRH is a coined term to describe an atom that has 
lost energy and entered a state BELOW the ground level.  It is equivalent to 
the Hydrino of Mills, and to some of the Deep Dirac Levels (DDL) described by 
Maly & Va'vra, Naudts (sort of), Meulenberg, and Paillet.  IRH is a LOW energy 
form of a hydrogen atom, because its energy is below the ground level.

Deep Dirac Level (DDL):  DDL comprises a set of states BELOW the ground level 
of the atom.  Existence of these sub-ground level states was first predicted 
using the relativistic form of the Schrodinger equation, the Klein-Gordon 
equation, by Naudts.  Naudts showed that the K-G equation had a solution at a 
very deep level that was about 500 keV below the ground level for hydrogen.  
Note, the Schrodinger equation is only an approximation - it accounts for spin, 
but not special relativistic effects.  The Klein-Gordon equation includes the 
effects of special relativity, but not spin.  Dirac derived a beautiful general 
equation that included both spin and special relativity.  Solutions to the 
Dirac equation predict more accurately (than Schrodinger) the normal states of