We implemented security features on older snapshot version of 0.8 kafka. But Joe Stein's organization rebased it to latest version of kafka available at https://github.com/stealthly/kafka/tree/v0.8.2_KAFKA-1477.
Thanks, Raja. On Tue, Jul 29, 2014 at 10:54 PM, Calvin Lei <ckp...@gmail.com> wrote: > Raja, > Which Kafka version is your security enhancement based on? > > thanks, > Cal > > > On Wed, Jul 23, 2014 at 5:01 PM, Chris Neal <cwn...@gmail.com> wrote: > > > Pramod, > > > > I got that same error when following the configuration from Raja's > > presentation earlier in this thread. If you'll notice the usage for the > > console_producer.sh, it is slightly different, which is also slightly > > different than the scala code for the ConsoleProducer. :) > > > > When I changed this: > > > > bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --broker-list n5:9092:true --topic test > > > > to this: > > > > bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --broker-list n5:9092 --secure > > --client.security.file config/client.security.properties --topic test > > > > I was able to push messages to the topic, although I got a WARN about the > > property "topic" not being valid, even though it is required. > > > > Also, the Producer reported this warning to me: > > > > [2014-07-23 20:45:24,509] WARN Attempt to reinitialize auth context > > (kafka.network.security.SecureAuth$) > > > > and the broker gave me this: > > [2014-07-23 20:45:24,114] INFO begin ssl handshake for > > n5.example.com/192.168.1.144:48817//192.168.1.144:9092 > > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel) > > [2014-07-23 20:45:24,374] INFO finished ssl handshake for > > n5.example.com/192.168.1.144:48817//192.168.1.144:9092 > > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel) > > [2014-07-23 20:45:24,493] INFO Closing socket connection to > > n5.example.com/192.168.1.144. (kafka.network.Processor) > > [2014-07-23 20:45:24,555] INFO begin ssl handshake for > > n5.example.com/192.168.1.144:48818//192.168.1.144:9092 > > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel) > > [2014-07-23 20:45:24,566] INFO finished ssl handshake for > > n5.example.com/192.168.1.144:48818//192.168.1.144:9092 > > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel) > > > > It's like it did the SSL piece twice :) > > > > Subsequent puts to the topic did not exhibit this behavior though: > > > > root@n5[937]:~/kafka_2.10-0-8-2-0.1.0.0> bin/kafka-console-producer.sh > > --broker-list n5:9092 --secure --client.security.file > > config/client.security.properties --topic test > > [2014-07-23 20:45:17,530] WARN Property topic is not valid > > (kafka.utils.VerifiableProperties) > > 1 > > [2014-07-23 20:45:24,509] WARN Attempt to reinitialize auth context > > (kafka.network.security.SecureAuth$) > > 2 > > 3 > > 4 > > > > Consuming worked with these options: > > > > root@n5[918]:~/kafka_2.10-0-8-2-0.1.0.0> bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh > > --topic test --zookeeper n5:2181 --from-beginning --security.config.file > > config/client.security.properties > > 1 > > 2 > > 3 > > 4 > > ^CConsumed 5 messages > > > > I hope that helps! > > Chris > > > > > > On Tue, Jul 22, 2014 at 2:10 PM, Pramod Deshmukh <dpram...@gmail.com> > > wrote: > > > > > Anyone getting this issue. Is it something related to environment or it > > is > > > the code. Producer works fine when run with secure=false (no security) > > > mode. > > > > > > > > > pdeshmukh$ bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --broker-list > > localhost:9092:true > > > --topic secureTopic > > > > > > [2014-07-18 13:12:29,817] WARN Property topic is not valid > > > (kafka.utils.VerifiableProperties) > > > > > > Hare Krishna > > > > > > [2014-07-18 13:12:45,256] WARN Fetching topic metadata with correlation > > id > > > 0 for topics [Set(secureTopic)] from broker > > > [id:0,host:localhost,port:9092,secure:true] failed > > > (kafka.client.ClientUtils$) > > > > > > java.io.EOFException: Received -1 when reading from channel, socket has > > > likely been closed. > > > > > > at kafka.utils.Utils$.read(Utils.scala:381) > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > kafka.network.BoundedByteBufferReceive.readFrom(BoundedByteBufferReceive.scala:67) > > > > > > at kafka.network.Receive$class.readCompletely(Transmission.scala:56) > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > kafka.network.BoundedByteBufferReceive.readCompletely(BoundedByteBufferReceive.scala:29) > > > > > > at kafka.network.BlockingChannel.receive(BlockingChannel.scala:102) > > > > > > at kafka.producer.SyncProducer.liftedTree1$1(SyncProducer.scala:79) > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.SyncProducer.kafka$producer$SyncProducer$$doSend(SyncProducer.scala:76) > > > > > > at kafka.producer.SyncProducer.send(SyncProducer.scala:117) > > > > > > at kafka.client.ClientUtils$.fetchTopicMetadata(ClientUtils.scala:58) > > > > > > at > > > > > > kafka.producer.BrokerPartitionInfo.updateInfo(BrokerPartitionInfo.scala:82) > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.DefaultEventHandler$$anonfun$handle$1.apply$mcV$sp(DefaultEventHandler.scala:67) > > > > > > at kafka.utils.Utils$.swallow(Utils.scala:172) > > > > > > at kafka.utils.Logging$class.swallowError(Logging.scala:106) > > > > > > at kafka.utils.Utils$.swallowError(Utils.scala:45) > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.DefaultEventHandler.handle(DefaultEventHandler.scala:67) > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.tryToHandle(ProducerSendThread.scala:104) > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread$$anonfun$processEvents$3.apply(ProducerSendThread.scala:87) > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread$$anonfun$processEvents$3.apply(ProducerSendThread.scala:67) > > > > > > at scala.collection.immutable.Stream.foreach(Stream.scala:526) > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.processEvents(ProducerSendThread.scala:66) > > > > > > at > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.run(ProducerSendThread.scala:44) > > > > > > > > > On Fri, Jul 18, 2014 at 1:20 PM, Pramod Deshmukh <dpram...@gmail.com> > > > wrote: > > > > > > > Thanks Joe, I don't see any Out of memory error. Now I get exception > > when > > > > Producer fetches metadata for a topic > > > > > > > > Here is how I created the topic and run producer > > > > > > > > pdeshmukh$ bin/kafka-topics.sh --create --zookeeper localhost:2181 > > > > --replication-factor 1 --partitions 1 --topic secureTopic > > > > Created topic "secureTopic". > > > > > > > > pdeshmukh$ bin/kafka-topics.sh --list --zookeeper localhost:2181 > > > > > > > > secure.test > > > > > > > > secureTopic > > > > > > > > >> Run producer, tried both localhost:9092:true and localhost:9092 > > > > > > > > pdeshmukh$ bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --broker-list > > > localhost:9092:true > > > > --topic secureTopic > > > > > > > > [2014-07-18 13:12:29,817] WARN Property topic is not valid > > > > (kafka.utils.VerifiableProperties) > > > > > > > > Hare Krishna > > > > > > > > [2014-07-18 13:12:45,256] WARN Fetching topic metadata with > correlation > > > id > > > > 0 for topics [Set(secureTopic)] from broker > > > > [id:0,host:localhost,port:9092,secure:true] failed > > > > (kafka.client.ClientUtils$) > > > > > > > > java.io.EOFException: Received -1 when reading from channel, socket > has > > > > likely been closed. > > > > > > > > at kafka.utils.Utils$.read(Utils.scala:381) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.network.BoundedByteBufferReceive.readFrom(BoundedByteBufferReceive.scala:67) > > > > > > > > at kafka.network.Receive$class.readCompletely(Transmission.scala:56) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.network.BoundedByteBufferReceive.readCompletely(BoundedByteBufferReceive.scala:29) > > > > > > > > at kafka.network.BlockingChannel.receive(BlockingChannel.scala:102) > > > > > > > > at kafka.producer.SyncProducer.liftedTree1$1(SyncProducer.scala:79) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.SyncProducer.kafka$producer$SyncProducer$$doSend(SyncProducer.scala:76) > > > > > > > > at kafka.producer.SyncProducer.send(SyncProducer.scala:117) > > > > > > > > at kafka.client.ClientUtils$.fetchTopicMetadata(ClientUtils.scala:58) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.BrokerPartitionInfo.updateInfo(BrokerPartitionInfo.scala:82) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.DefaultEventHandler$$anonfun$handle$1.apply$mcV$sp(DefaultEventHandler.scala:67) > > > > > > > > at kafka.utils.Utils$.swallow(Utils.scala:172) > > > > > > > > at kafka.utils.Logging$class.swallowError(Logging.scala:106) > > > > > > > > at kafka.utils.Utils$.swallowError(Utils.scala:45) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.DefaultEventHandler.handle(DefaultEventHandler.scala:67) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.tryToHandle(ProducerSendThread.scala:104) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread$$anonfun$processEvents$3.apply(ProducerSendThread.scala:87) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread$$anonfun$processEvents$3.apply(ProducerSendThread.scala:67) > > > > > > > > at scala.collection.immutable.Stream.foreach(Stream.scala:526) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.processEvents(ProducerSendThread.scala:66) > > > > > > > > at > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.run(ProducerSendThread.scala:44) > > > > > > > > [2014-07-18 13:12:45,258] ERROR fetching topic metadata for topics > > > > [Set(secureTopic)] from broker > > > > [ArrayBuffer(id:0,host:localhost,port:9092,secure:true)] failed > > > > (kafka.utils.Utils$) > > > > > > > > kafka.common.KafkaException: fetching topic metadata for topics > > > > [Set(secureTopic)] from broker > > > > [ArrayBuffer(id:0,host:localhost,port:9092,secure:true)] failed > > > > > > > > at kafka.client.ClientUtils$.fetchTopicMetadata(ClientUtils.scala:72) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.BrokerPartitionInfo.updateInfo(BrokerPartitionInfo.scala:82) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.DefaultEventHandler$$anonfun$handle$1.apply$mcV$sp(DefaultEventHandler.scala:67) > > > > > > > > at kafka.utils.Utils$.swallow(Utils.scala:172) > > > > > > > > at kafka.utils.Logging$class.swallowError(Logging.scala:106) > > > > > > > > at kafka.utils.Utils$.swallowError(Utils.scala:45) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.DefaultEventHandler.handle(DefaultEventHandler.scala:67) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.tryToHandle(ProducerSendThread.scala:104) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread$$anonfun$processEvents$3.apply(ProducerSendThread.scala:87) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread$$anonfun$processEvents$3.apply(ProducerSendThread.scala:67) > > > > > > > > at scala.collection.immutable.Stream.foreach(Stream.scala:526) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.processEvents(ProducerSendThread.scala:66) > > > > > > > > at > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.run(ProducerSendThread.scala:44) > > > > > > > > Caused by: java.io.EOFException: Received -1 when reading from > channel, > > > > socket has likely been closed. > > > > > > > > at kafka.utils.Utils$.read(Utils.scala:381) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.network.BoundedByteBufferReceive.readFrom(BoundedByteBufferReceive.scala:67) > > > > > > > > at kafka.network.Receive$class.readCompletely(Transmission.scala:56) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.network.BoundedByteBufferReceive.readCompletely(BoundedByteBufferReceive.scala:29) > > > > > > > > at kafka.network.BlockingChannel.receive(BlockingChannel.scala:102) > > > > > > > > at kafka.producer.SyncProducer.liftedTree1$1(SyncProducer.scala:79) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.SyncProducer.kafka$producer$SyncProducer$$doSend(SyncProducer.scala:76) > > > > > > > > at kafka.producer.SyncProducer.send(SyncProducer.scala:117) > > > > > > > > at kafka.client.ClientUtils$.fetchTopicMetadata(ClientUtils.scala:58) > > > > > > > > ... 12 more > > > > [2014-07-18 13:12:45,337] WARN Fetching topic metadata with > correlation > > > id > > > > 1 for topics [Set(secureTopic)] from broker > > > > [id:0,host:localhost,port:9092,secure:true] failed > > > > (kafka.client.ClientUtils$) > > > > > > > > 2014-07-18 13:12:46,282] ERROR Failed to send requests for topics > > > > secureTopic with correlation ids in [0,8] > > > > (kafka.producer.async.DefaultEventHandler) > > > > > > > > [2014-07-18 13:12:46,283] ERROR Error in handling batch of 1 events > > > > (kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread) > > > > > > > > kafka.common.FailedToSendMessageException: Failed to send messages > > after > > > 3 > > > > tries. > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.DefaultEventHandler.handle(DefaultEventHandler.scala:90) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.tryToHandle(ProducerSendThread.scala:104) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread$$anonfun$processEvents$3.apply(ProducerSendThread.scala:87) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread$$anonfun$processEvents$3.apply(ProducerSendThread.scala:67) > > > > > > > > at scala.collection.immutable.Stream.foreach(Stream.scala:526) > > > > > > > > at > > > > > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.processEvents(ProducerSendThread.scala:66) > > > > > > > > at > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.run(ProducerSendThread.scala:44) > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > On Fri, Jul 18, 2014 at 11:56 AM, Joe Stein <joe.st...@stealth.ly> > > > wrote: > > > > > > > >> Hi Pramod, > > > >> > > > >> Can you increase KAFKA_HEAP_OPTS to lets say -Xmx1G in the > > > >> kafka-console-producer.sh to see if that gets you further along > please > > > in > > > >> your testing? > > > >> > > > >> Thanks! > > > >> > > > >> /******************************************* > > > >> Joe Stein > > > >> Founder, Principal Consultant > > > >> Big Data Open Source Security LLC > > > >> http://www.stealth.ly > > > >> Twitter: @allthingshadoop <http://www.twitter.com/allthingshadoop> > > > >> ********************************************/ > > > >> > > > >> > > > >> On Fri, Jul 18, 2014 at 10:24 AM, Pramod Deshmukh < > dpram...@gmail.com > > > > > > >> wrote: > > > >> > > > >> > Hello Raja/Joe, > > > >> > When I turn on security, i still get out of memory error on > > producer. > > > Is > > > >> > this something to do with keys? Is there any other way I can > connect > > > to > > > >> > broker? > > > >> > > > > >> > *producer log* > > > >> > [2014-07-17 15:38:14,186] ERROR OOME with size 352518400 > > > (kafka.network. > > > >> > BoundedByteBufferReceive) > > > >> > java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space > > > >> > > > > >> > *broker log* > > > >> > > > > >> > INFO begin ssl handshake for localhost/ > > > 127.0.0.1:50199//127.0.0.1:9092 > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > >> > On Thu, Jul 17, 2014 at 6:07 PM, Pramod Deshmukh < > > dpram...@gmail.com> > > > >> > wrote: > > > >> > > > > >> > > Correct, I don't see any exceptions when i turn off security. > > > >> Consumer is > > > >> > > able to consume the message. > > > >> > > > > > >> > > I still see warning for topic property. > > > >> > > > > > >> > > [2014-07-17 18:04:38,360] WARN Property topic is not valid > > > >> > > (kafka.utils.VerifiableProperties) > > > >> > > > > > >> > > > > > >> > > > > > >> > > > > > >> > > > > > >> > > On Thu, Jul 17, 2014 at 5:49 PM, Rajasekar Elango < > > > >> > rela...@salesforce.com> > > > >> > > wrote: > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> Can you try with turning off security to check if this error > > > happens > > > >> > only > > > >> > >> on secure mode? > > > >> > >> > > > >> > >> Thanks, > > > >> > >> Raja. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > >> > > > >> > >> > > > >> > >> > > > >> > >> On Thu, Jul 17, 2014 at 3:51 PM, Pramod Deshmukh < > > > dpram...@gmail.com > > > >> > > > > >> > >> wrote: > > > >> > >> > > > >> > >> > Thanks Raja, it was helpful > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > Now I am able to start zookeeper and broker in secure mode > > ready > > > >> for > > > >> > SSL > > > >> > >> > handshake. I get *java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap > space* > > on > > > >> > >> producer. > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > I using the default configuration and keystore. Is there > > anything > > > >> > >> missing > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *Start broker:* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *bin/kafka-server-start.sh config/server.properties* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *broker.log:* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:46,281] INFO zookeeper state changed > > > >> (SyncConnected) > > > >> > >> > (org.I0Itec.zkclient.ZkClient) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:46,523] INFO Loading log 'secure.test-0' > > > >> > >> > (kafka.log.LogManager) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:46,558] INFO Recovering unflushed segment 0 > > in > > > >> log > > > >> > >> > secure.test-0. (kafka.log.Log) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:46,571] INFO Completed load of log > > > secure.test-0 > > > >> > with > > > >> > >> log > > > >> > >> > end offset 0 (kafka.log.Log) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:46,582] INFO Starting log cleanup with a > > period > > > >> of > > > >> > >> 60000 > > > >> > >> > ms. (kafka.log.LogManager) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:46,587] INFO Starting log flusher with a > > > default > > > >> > >> period > > > >> > >> > of 9223372036854775807 ms. (kafka.log.LogManager) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:46,614] INFO Initializing secure > > authentication > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SecureAuth$) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:46,678] INFO Secure authentication > > > initialization > > > >> > has > > > >> > >> > been successfully completed > > (kafka.network.security.SecureAuth$) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:46,691] INFO Awaiting socket connections on > > > >> > >> 0.0.0.0:9092 > > > >> > >> > . > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.Acceptor) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:46,692] INFO [Socket Server on Broker 0], > > > Started > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.SocketServer) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:46,794] INFO Will not load MX4J, > > mx4j-tools.jar > > > >> is > > > >> > >> not in > > > >> > >> > the classpath (kafka.utils.Mx4jLoader$) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:46,837] INFO 0 successfully elected as > leader > > > >> > >> > (kafka.server.ZookeeperLeaderElector) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:47,057] INFO Registered broker 0 at path > > > >> > >> /brokers/ids/0 > > > >> > >> > with address 10.1.100.130:9092. (kafka.utils.ZkUtils$) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:34:47,059] INFO New leader is 0 > > > >> > >> > (kafka.server.ZookeeperLeaderElector$LeaderChangeListener) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *[2014-07-17 15:34:47,068] INFO [Kafka Server 0], started > > > >> > >> > (kafka.server.KafkaServer)* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *[2014-07-17 15:34:47,383] INFO begin ssl handshake for > > > >> > >> > /10.1.100.130:9092//10.1.100.130:51685 > > > >> > >> > <http://10.1.100.130:9092//10.1.100.130:51685> > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel)* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *[2014-07-17 15:34:47,392] INFO begin ssl handshake for > > > >> > >> > 10.1.100.130/10.1.100.130:51685//10.1.100.130:9092 > > > >> > >> > <http://10.1.100.130/10.1.100.130:51685//10.1.100.130:9092> > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel)* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *[2014-07-17 15:34:47,465] INFO finished ssl handshake for > > > >> > >> > 10.1.100.130/10.1.100.130:51685//10.1.100.130:9092 > > > >> > >> > <http://10.1.100.130/10.1.100.130:51685//10.1.100.130:9092> > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel)* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *[2014-07-17 15:34:47,465] INFO finished ssl handshake for > > > >> > >> > /10.1.100.130:9092//10.1.100.130:51685 > > > >> > >> > <http://10.1.100.130:9092//10.1.100.130:51685> > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel)* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *[2014-07-17 15:34:47,617] INFO [ReplicaFetcherManager on > > broker > > > 0] > > > >> > >> Removed > > > >> > >> > fetcher for partitions (kafka.server.ReplicaFetcherManager)* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *[2014-07-17 15:34:47,627] INFO [ReplicaFetcherManager on > > broker > > > 0] > > > >> > >> Added > > > >> > >> > fetcher for partitions List() > > > (kafka.server.ReplicaFetcherManager)* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *[2014-07-17 15:34:47,656] INFO [ReplicaFetcherManager on > > broker > > > 0] > > > >> > >> Removed > > > >> > >> > fetcher for partitions [secure.test,0] > > > >> > >> > (kafka.server.ReplicaFetcherManager)* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:37:15,970] INFO begin ssl handshake for > > > >> > >> > 10.1.100.130/10.1.100.130:51689//10.1.100.130:9092 > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:37:16,075] INFO begin ssl handshake for > > > >> > >> > 10.1.100.130/10.1.100.130:51690//10.1.100.130:9092 > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:37:16,434] INFO begin ssl handshake for > > > >> > >> > 10.1.100.130/10.1.100.130:51691//10.1.100.130:9092 > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:37:16,530] INFO begin ssl handshake for > > > >> > >> > 10.1.100.130/10.1.100.130:51692//10.1.100.130:9092 > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:37:16,743] INFO begin ssl handshake for > > > >> > >> > 10.1.100.130/10.1.100.130:51693//10.1.100.130:9092 > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:37:16,834] INFO begin ssl handshake for > > > >> > >> > 10.1.100.130/10.1.100.130:51694//10.1.100.130:9092 > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:37:17,043] INFO begin ssl handshake for > > > >> > >> > 10.1.100.130/10.1.100.130:51695//10.1.100.130:9092 > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:37:17,137] INFO begin ssl handshake for > > > >> > >> > 10.1.100.130/10.1.100.130:51696//10.1.100.130:9092 > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:37:17,342] INFO begin ssl handshake for > > > >> > >> > 10.1.100.130/10.1.100.130:51697//10.1.100.130:9092 > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.security.SSLSocketChannel) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *Start producer* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --broker-list > 10.1.100.130:9092 > > > >> :true > > > >> > >> > --topic > > > >> > >> > secure.test* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *producer.log:* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --broker-list > 10.1.100.130:9092 > > > :true > > > >> > >> --topic > > > >> > >> > secure.test > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > [2014-07-17 15:37:46,889] WARN Property topic is not valid > > > >> > >> > (kafka.utils.VerifiableProperties) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > Hello Secure Kafka > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *[2014-07-17 15:38:14,186] ERROR OOME with size 352518400 > > > >> > >> > (kafka.network.BoundedByteBufferReceive)* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > *java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space* > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at java.nio.HeapByteBuffer.<init>(HeapByteBuffer.java:57) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocate(ByteBuffer.java:331) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > kafka.network.BoundedByteBufferReceive.byteBufferAllocate(BoundedByteBufferReceive.scala:80) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > kafka.network.BoundedByteBufferReceive.readFrom(BoundedByteBufferReceive.scala:63) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> kafka.network.Receive$class.readCompletely(Transmission.scala:56) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > kafka.network.BoundedByteBufferReceive.readCompletely(BoundedByteBufferReceive.scala:29) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > kafka.network.BlockingChannel.receive(BlockingChannel.scala:102) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > kafka.producer.SyncProducer.liftedTree1$1(SyncProducer.scala:79) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > kafka.producer.SyncProducer.kafka$producer$SyncProducer$$doSend(SyncProducer.scala:76) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at kafka.producer.SyncProducer.send(SyncProducer.scala:117) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> kafka.client.ClientUtils$.fetchTopicMetadata(ClientUtils.scala:58) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > kafka.producer.BrokerPartitionInfo.updateInfo(BrokerPartitionInfo.scala:82) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.DefaultEventHandler$$anonfun$handle$1.apply$mcV$sp(DefaultEventHandler.scala:67) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at kafka.utils.Utils$.swallow(Utils.scala:172) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at kafka.utils.Logging$class.swallowError(Logging.scala:106) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at kafka.utils.Utils$.swallowError(Utils.scala:45) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.DefaultEventHandler.handle(DefaultEventHandler.scala:67) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.tryToHandle(ProducerSendThread.scala:104) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread$$anonfun$processEvents$3.apply(ProducerSendThread.scala:87) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread$$anonfun$processEvents$3.apply(ProducerSendThread.scala:67) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > scala.collection.immutable.Stream.foreach(Stream.scala:526) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.processEvents(ProducerSendThread.scala:66) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > at > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > kafka.producer.async.ProducerSendThread.run(ProducerSendThread.scala:44) > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > On Wed, Jul 16, 2014 at 6:07 PM, Rajasekar Elango < > > > >> > >> rela...@salesforce.com> > > > >> > >> > wrote: > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > Pramod, > > > >> > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > I presented secure kafka configuration and usage at last > meet > > > >> up. So > > > >> > >> hope > > > >> > >> > > this > > > >> > >> > > video recording <http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/48396701 > > >would > > > >> > help. > > > >> > >> You > > > >> > >> > > can skip to about 59 min to jump to security talk. > > > >> > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > Thanks, > > > >> > >> > > Raja. > > > >> > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > On Wed, Jul 16, 2014 at 5:57 PM, Pramod Deshmukh < > > > >> > dpram...@gmail.com> > > > >> > >> > > wrote: > > > >> > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > Hello Joe, > > > >> > >> > > > > > > >> > >> > > > Is there a configuration or example to test Kafka > security > > > >> piece? > > > >> > >> > > > > > > >> > >> > > > Thanks, > > > >> > >> > > > > > > >> > >> > > > Pramod > > > >> > >> > > > > > > >> > >> > > > > > > >> > >> > > > On Wed, Jul 16, 2014 at 5:20 PM, Pramod Deshmukh < > > > >> > >> dpram...@gmail.com> > > > >> > >> > > > wrote: > > > >> > >> > > > > > > >> > >> > > > > Thanks Joe, > > > >> > >> > > > > > > > >> > >> > > > > This branch works. I was able to proceed. I still had > to > > > set > > > >> > scala > > > >> > >> > > > version > > > >> > >> > > > > to 2.9.2 in kafka-run-class.sh. > > > >> > >> > > > > > > > >> > >> > > > > > > > >> > >> > > > > > > > >> > >> > > > > On Wed, Jul 16, 2014 at 3:57 PM, Joe Stein < > > > >> > joe.st...@stealth.ly> > > > >> > >> > > wrote: > > > >> > >> > > > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> That is a very old branch. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > >> > >> > > > >> Here is a more up to date one > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > https://github.com/stealthly/kafka/tree/v0.8.2_KAFKA-1477 > > > >> > >> (needs to > > > >> > >> > > be > > > >> > >> > > > >> updated to latest trunk might have a chance to-do that > > > next > > > >> > >> week). > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > >> > >> > > > >> You should be using gradle now as per the README. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > >> > >> > > > >> /******************************************* > > > >> > >> > > > >> Joe Stein > > > >> > >> > > > >> Founder, Principal Consultant > > > >> > >> > > > >> Big Data Open Source Security LLC > > > >> > >> > > > >> http://www.stealth.ly > > > >> > >> > > > >> Twitter: @allthingshadoop < > > > >> > >> http://www.twitter.com/allthingshadoop> > > > >> > >> > > > >> ********************************************/ > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > >> > >> > > > >> On Wed, Jul 16, 2014 at 3:49 PM, Pramod Deshmukh < > > > >> > >> > dpram...@gmail.com> > > > >> > >> > > > >> wrote: > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > >> > >> > > > >> > Thanks Joe for this, > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > I cloned this branch and tried to run zookeeper but > I > > > get > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > Error: Could not find or load main class > > > >> > >> > > > >> > org.apache.zookeeper.server.quorum.QuorumPeerMain > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > I see scala version is still set to 2.8.0 > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > if [ -z "$SCALA_VERSION" ]; then > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > SCALA_VERSION=2.8.0 > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > fi > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > Then I installed sbt and scala and followed your > > > >> instructions > > > >> > >> for > > > >> > >> > > > >> different > > > >> > >> > > > >> > scala versions. I was able to bring zookeeper up but > > > >> brokers > > > >> > >> fail > > > >> > >> > to > > > >> > >> > > > >> start > > > >> > >> > > > >> > with error > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > Error: Could not find or load main class kafka.Kafka > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > I think I am doing something wrong. Can you please > > help > > > >> me? > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > Our current production setup is with 2.8.0 and want > to > > > >> stick > > > >> > to > > > >> > >> > it. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > Thanks, > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > Pramod > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > On Tue, Jun 3, 2014 at 3:57 PM, Joe Stein < > > > >> > >> joe.st...@stealth.ly> > > > >> > >> > > > wrote: > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > Hi,I wanted to re-ignite the discussion around > > Apache > > > >> Kafka > > > >> > >> > > > Security. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > This > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > is a huge bottleneck (non-starter in some cases) > > for a > > > >> lot > > > >> > of > > > >> > >> > > > >> > organizations > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > (due to regulatory, compliance and other > > > requirements). > > > >> > Below > > > >> > >> > are > > > >> > >> > > my > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > suggestions for specific changes in Kafka to > > > accommodate > > > >> > >> > security > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > requirements. This comes from what folks are > doing > > > "in > > > >> the > > > >> > >> > wild" > > > >> > >> > > to > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > workaround and implement security with Kafka as it > > is > > > >> today > > > >> > >> and > > > >> > >> > > also > > > >> > >> > > > >> > what I > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > have discovered from organizations about their > > > >> blockers. It > > > >> > >> also > > > >> > >> > > > >> picks up > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > from the wiki (which I should have time to update > > > later > > > >> in > > > >> > >> the > > > >> > >> > > week > > > >> > >> > > > >> based > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > on the below and feedback from the thread). > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > 1) Transport Layer Security (i.e. SSL) > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > This also includes client authentication in > addition > > > to > > > >> > >> > in-transit > > > >> > >> > > > >> > security > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > layer. This work has been picked up here > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KAFKA-1477 > > and > > > do > > > >> > >> > > appreciate > > > >> > >> > > > >> any > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > thoughts, comments, feedback, tomatoes, whatever > for > > > >> this > > > >> > >> patch. > > > >> > >> > > It > > > >> > >> > > > >> is a > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > pickup from the fork of the work first done here > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > https://github.com/relango/kafka/tree/kafka_security. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > 2) Data encryption at rest. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > This is very important and something that can be > > > >> > facilitated > > > >> > >> > > within > > > >> > >> > > > >> the > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > wire protocol. It requires an additional map data > > > >> structure > > > >> > >> for > > > >> > >> > > the > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > "encrypted [data encryption key]". With this map > > > >> (either in > > > >> > >> your > > > >> > >> > > > >> object > > > >> > >> > > > >> > or > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > in the wire protocol) you can store the > dynamically > > > >> > generated > > > >> > >> > > > >> symmetric > > > >> > >> > > > >> > key > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > (for each message) and then encrypt the data using > > > that > > > >> > >> > > dynamically > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > generated key. You then encrypt the encryption > key > > > >> using > > > >> > >> each > > > >> > >> > > > public > > > >> > >> > > > >> key > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > for whom is expected to be able to decrypt the > > > >> encryption > > > >> > >> key to > > > >> > >> > > > then > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > decrypt the message. For each public key > encrypted > > > >> > symmetric > > > >> > >> > key > > > >> > >> > > > >> (which > > > >> > >> > > > >> > is > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > now the "encrypted [data encryption key]" along > with > > > >> which > > > >> > >> > public > > > >> > >> > > > key > > > >> > >> > > > >> it > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > was encrypted with for (so a map of [publicKey] = > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > encryptedDataEncryptionKey) as a chain. Other > > > patterns > > > >> > can > > > >> > >> be > > > >> > >> > > > >> > implemented > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > but this is a pretty standard digital enveloping > [0] > > > >> > pattern > > > >> > >> > with > > > >> > >> > > > >> only 1 > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > field added. Other patterns should be able to use > > that > > > >> > field > > > >> > >> > to-do > > > >> > >> > > > >> their > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > implementation too. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > 3) Non-repudiation and long term non-repudiation. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > Non-repudiation is proving data hasn't changed. > > This > > > is > > > >> > >> often > > > >> > >> > (if > > > >> > >> > > > not > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > always) done with x509 public certificates > (chained > > > to a > > > >> > >> > > certificate > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > authority). > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > Long term non-repudiation is what happens when the > > > >> > >> certificates > > > >> > >> > of > > > >> > >> > > > the > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > certificate authority are expired (or revoked) and > > > >> > everything > > > >> > >> > ever > > > >> > >> > > > >> signed > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > (ever) with that certificate's public key then > > becomes > > > >> "no > > > >> > >> > longer > > > >> > >> > > > >> > provable > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > as ever being authentic". That is where RFC3126 > [1] > > > and > > > >> > >> RFC3161 > > > >> > >> > > [2] > > > >> > >> > > > >> come > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > in (or worm drives [hardware], etc). > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > For either (or both) of these it is an operation > of > > > the > > > >> > >> > encryptor > > > >> > >> > > to > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > sign/hash the data (with or without third party > > > trusted > > > >> > >> timestap > > > >> > >> > > of > > > >> > >> > > > >> the > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > signing event) and encrypt that with their own > > private > > > >> key > > > >> > >> and > > > >> > >> > > > >> distribute > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > the results (before and after encrypting if > > required) > > > >> along > > > >> > >> with > > > >> > >> > > > their > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > public key. This structure is a bit more complex > but > > > >> > >> feasible, > > > >> > >> > it > > > >> > >> > > > is a > > > >> > >> > > > >> > map > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > of digital signature formats and the chain of dig > > sig > > > >> > >> > > attestations. > > > >> > >> > > > >> The > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > map's key being the method (i.e. CRC32, PKCS7 [3], > > > >> > XmlDigSig > > > >> > >> > [4]) > > > >> > >> > > > and > > > >> > >> > > > >> > then > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > a list of map where that key is "purpose" of > > signature > > > >> > (what > > > >> > >> > your > > > >> > >> > > > >> > attesting > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > too). As a sibling field to the list another > field > > > for > > > >> > "the > > > >> > >> > > > >> attester" as > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > bytes (e.g. their PKCS12 [5] for the map of PKCS7 > > > >> > >> signatures). > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > 4) Authorization > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > We should have a policy of "404" for data, topics, > > > >> > partitions > > > >> > >> > > (etc) > > > >> > >> > > > if > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > authenticated connections do not have access. In > > > >> "secure > > > >> > >> mode" > > > >> > >> > > any > > > >> > >> > > > >> non > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > authenticated connections should get a "404" type > > > >> message > > > >> > on > > > >> > >> > > > >> everything. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > Knowing "something is there" is a security risk in > > > many > > > >> > uses > > > >> > >> > > cases. > > > >> > >> > > > >> So > > > >> > >> > > > >> > if > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > you don't have access you don't even see it. > Baking > > > >> "that" > > > >> > >> into > > > >> > >> > > > Kafka > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > along with some interface for entitlement (access > > > >> > management) > > > >> > >> > > > systems > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > (pretty standard) is all that I think needs to be > > done > > > >> to > > > >> > the > > > >> > >> > core > > > >> > >> > > > >> > project. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > I want to tackle item later in the year after > > summer > > > >> after > > > >> > >> the > > > >> > >> > > > other > > > >> > >> > > > >> > three > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > are complete. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > I look forward to thoughts on this and anyone else > > > >> > >> interested in > > > >> > >> > > > >> working > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > with us on these items. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > [0] > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > >> > >> > > > > > > >> > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > http://www.emc.com/emc-plus/rsa-labs/standards-initiatives/what-is-a-digital-envelope.htm > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > [1] http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3126 > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > [2] http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3161 > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > [3] > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > >> > >> > > > > > > >> > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > http://www.emc.com/emc-plus/rsa-labs/standards-initiatives/pkcs-7-cryptographic-message-syntax-standar.htm > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Signature > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS_12 > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > /******************************************* > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > Joe Stein > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > Founder, Principal Consultant > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > Big Data Open Source Security LLC > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > http://www.stealth.ly > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > Twitter: @allthingshadoop < > > > >> > >> > > http://www.twitter.com/allthingshadoop> > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > ********************************************/ > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > >> > >> > > > > > > > >> > >> > > > > > > > >> > >> > > > > > > >> > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > -- > > > >> > >> > > Thanks, > > > >> > >> > > Raja. > > > >> > >> > > > > > >> > >> > > > > >> > >> > > > >> > >> > > > >> > >> > > > >> > >> -- > > > >> > >> Thanks, > > > >> > >> Raja. > > > >> > >> > > > >> > > > > > >> > > > > > >> > > > > >> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > -- Thanks, Raja.
