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Regarding the Iwamura finding of 12 nucleon transmutation additions: A
number of comments appeared here regarding a paper presented at ICCF-10 entitled
"Comment On Carbon Production In Deuterium-Metal Systems" by Dan Chicea,
Visiting Research Associate Professor at Portland State.
http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDcommentonc.pdf Some apparently thought this carbon was due to contamination. I don't
think that this is the case, nor do many experts particularly G. Miley. At
least the bulk of carbon is indeed the ash of nuclear reactions. Hopefully,
someone will replicate this work soon.
Also, there has been a recent flurry in the mainstream scientific press
concerning many new aspects of BEC condensation. Most do not specifically
mention LENR, so it is not likely that any of them was hurried out in
anticipation of a more positive verdict from DoE. Here is one which might be
somewhat relevant to LENR:
Many mainstream articles in metallurgy and hydrogen storage journals, with
focus on palladium and other metals suggest that far more than two
deuterium atoms can easily be squeezed closely together in metal vacancies -
resulting in even more tight spacing than in deuterium molecules. In contrast,
one of the common arguments of skeptics against CF in the past has been that the
vacancies in Pd actually permit larger spacing than in the normal D2 molecule. I
always suspected that this was a bogus argument and now it appears certain to be
bogus.
First, to back-track and clear up some semantic issues: BECs are formed of
Bosons, integer spin particles, which category does include many atoms and
nuclei, including a deuteron nucleus. The D atom, electron and all, would
not have a "net" integer spin, and would be a fermion, but things are different
within a metal matrix. Deuterium in a lattice is subject to the Pauli
exclusion principle unless these confined deuterons don't have tightly bound
electrons, which seems to be the case, and they are at least "virtual" bosons.
Consequently, to avoid semantic issues, it is easier to say that CF could
possibly involve a "BEC-like" reaction. In answer to the critics, then, an
"atom" of deuterium is a fermion but that doesn't change the fact that deuterons
in a metal matrix may act like Bosons. As to the issue of lack of cryogenic
temperature, I am also suggesting that confinement acts just as effectively as
low temperature and that the important variable is the lack of kinetic freedom
of movement at the instant of coherence. CF may be BEC-like for only a few
picoseconds out of every second, and that is why it is ultimately based on
"probability".
Looking at all of these ideas in composite suggests a possible mechanism
for cold fusion which actually lies if not within the framework of present-day
physics, then fairly closer than one might realize... except, that is, for the
lack of gamma radiation following the fusion.
"Super abundant vacancies" is a catch-phase which one see a lot these
days. These occur in many transition period metals such as palladium, iron,
nickel, titanium and so on. Under ordinary laboratory conditions super
abundant vacancies have been proven to form easier when metals are deposited
electrolytically instead of being cold-worked or forged (ala Miles work). There
are disagreements about how many deuterium atoms can fit in such a vacancy
(about 10 cubic-angstroms).
The classic and still valid opinion on how many fit into an
active vacancy IMHO is 6 D atoms (Nordlander - Phys. Rev. B. 40, 1990). The
only thing Nordlander got wrong was the *minimum* spacing. Side Note: In regard
to the Iwamura paper and others where 12 nucleons seem to be "in-play" which is
3 alphas or six D atoms, which could be the equivalent of one carbon -
this opinion makes a lot of sense, but cannot be generalized to cover other
kinds of CF reactions.
It is accepted in the mainstream that if two deuterons are forced within
0.1 angstrom (1 pm) the fusion rate would be the equivalent about one million
per sec per mole (Cottingham, http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0954-3899/15/8/003
It is also known that that three-body boson interactions can have
considerably longer range than two-body boson interactions, and presumably this
reaction rate goes up with the number of bound nucleons, even without a BEC-like
condensation. Deuterium-filled super-abundant vacancies like this would, of
course, open up the reality of multi-body fusion, as has been
suggested by Takahashi of Osaka University. But something has been missing in
these models.
How does one envision the collapse of the vacancy in which 6 D atoms are
held from about 10 cubic-angstroms down to about 2
cubic-angstroms? The super abundant vacancy hypothesis (together with the
multi-body fusion hypothesis) needs one further bit of help which can be
supplied by a previously mentioned idea about the overlap of sonofusion with
normal CF. This dynamic mechanism also benefits from the decided advantage of
*spherical convergence* in condensed matter and the proven kinetics of
"excitons."
As mentioned in a previous posting, excitons may be the "operative
structure" in LENR and can be analogized to coincide geometrically with the
phonon structure of certain types of containment matrices. Coincidently they are
on the geometric scale of the Casimir "force" (beta aether). IOW - it is
suggested that phonon/exciton "pulsation," becomes another kind of
"ultrasound," on a much smaller geometric scale... with this addition then
it becomes clearer that certain kinds of CF may involve a new kind of
sonofusion on a much smaller scale.
As mentioned good *visual* answer as to why LENR can occur at "apparently" low kinetic energy (actually not low, just greatly underestimated) or at least how that low energy can be multiplied enormously in certain physical structures, can be found in a certain applet near the top of this page: http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Alternative-Energy-Cold-Fusion.htm which rather intuitively demonstrates how waves: In-Waves and Out-Waves - can form a Standing Wave around the Wave-Center 'particle'. A LENR exciton may end up being best described as a sphere-within-a-sphere of a few microns in diameter, containing a central core of perhaps 50 nm in diameter, where the loading of deuterium is super-saturated by the pumping action of the skin layer(optimally giving 6 D atoms per vacancy). The waves are a result of DC current flow being modulated to terahertz frequency by both geometry and heat - and the resultant pulsations end-up doing about the same thing that one finds in sonofusion, except the frequency is 10 billion times higher (and as we know, the net energy of waves is proportional to frequency). Jones
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- Re: Chicea, Iwamura and carbon Jones Beene
- Re: Chicea, Iwamura and carbon Mitchell Swartz
- Re: Chicea, Iwamura and carbon Mitchell Swartz
- Re: Chicea, Iwamura and carbon Jones Beene
