That is an interesting complication Axil. There is no doubt that the electrons can act as a screen of the electric field to an extent. Once, I tried to get a handle upon the magnitude of this effect from a simple mental model point of view and a few things seemed to show up. The COE and COM like to make it difficult to visualize. I placed an electron between two protons and realized that as long as the electron was in the middle, there was no Coulomb barrier to counter since the negative charge exerted a slightly larger pull than the opposite positive charge repelled as the combination gets smaller.
This model leads to an interesting idea. If the electron could be judiciously placed precisely between the protons, there would be no net force acting upon it. If we then allow the protons to slowly come together, there would be no net energy imparted upon the electron as the system shrinks. Each proton would actually be drawn towards the other one and a small amount of energy would be imparted upon each. This is due to the fact that the electron charge is closer to the proton charge than is the other positive repelling charge. This process could be continued until something gives. A net amount of energy is given to the protons as they head towards each other. The electron is merely kept in the center without expending any energy. Now, if the electron squirts out of the line at right angles to the axis between the protons, then it must be given energy equal to the amount of Coulomb energy that it helped overcome as the protons came towards each other. This would be expected if the electron were to escape the vicinity. The protons would then possess the same amount of energy that they would have obtained had they not had the electron to help. If an electron could be coaxed into this behavior and remain between the proton pair until the group merges, then fusion would be common. Since this is not true, one must assume that the electron diverts at some point. Perhaps a gamma ray comes along to set it free, but more likely, quantum mechanics intervenes and the electron begins some form of orbital motion around one or both protons. Unless the orbit that it settles within allows for the release of extremely high energy, then the protons are not close enough to fuse. I suspect that a process of this general nature might lower the net Coulomb barrier to a degree, but I have no idea how much. I began to think of a multiple electron case, but grew weary as my mind wasted away. Dave -----Original Message----- From: Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> To: vortex-l <vortex-l@eskimo.com> Sent: Fri, Jan 25, 2013 2:21 pm Subject: Re: [Vo]:Chemonuclear Transitions For one, it is not possible for an alpha with that total energy to be released. I would like to introduce a complicating factor: electron screening.. Both the cross section of alpha decay and nuclear fusion can be significantly reduced by electron screening. In fact I believe that the helium 4 seen in cold fusion experiments are many times derived from enhanced alpha emissions from high Z elements rather than fusion of hydrogen. In the presence of an electron cloud, the consideration of the coulomb barrier potential must be replaced by the Tomas Fermi potential to account for electron screening. Furthermore In astrophysics, cross sections of low energy fusion events can increase by a factor of one million based on the extent of electron screening around the fusion site. In fact, it is impossible to experimentally produce correct stellar fusion reaction cross sections because both theory and experiment is not able to explain astrophysical fusion based observations due to the electron screening problem. Astrophysics uses the Trojan horse approximation to get around this electron screening conundrum. Cheers: Axil On Fri, Jan 25, 2013 at 1:17 PM, David Roberson <dlrober...@aol.com> wrote: Sometimes the emails do get crossed up with the number of responses. In this particular case I think that my input helped to clarify the problem to many others who may be following this discussion. My choice of observation locations proves that there are two bodies or body equivalents that must exit the reaction. Now it is plain for all to see that it is not possible for an alpha particle to be the only result since I have demonstrated that the conservation of momentum would be violated it this were to happen. Before my mental example, it was just a statement that was difficult to defend. Now we can more readily understand the type of reaction that must take place in this form of fusion. For one, it is not possible for an alpha with that total energy to be released. If we could get a measure of the energy of the alphas that actually are emitted, then that information can be directly used to calculate the transferred momentum and energy which is received by the matrix. Now, I have shown that some reactionary force is required through which the energy and momentum is transferred to the system. This is an important observation in my opinion. It is good that the members of vortex-l can discuss issues of this nature since much is not known about the reactions that take place. Sometimes a small spark of incite at the correct moment will lead to added knowledge. Perhaps others now will realize that what I have written here is educational. The next time, they might use my ideal observation location or something of a similar nature to understand other physics problems. Had I written a paper, it is likely that I would have overlooked this particular tidbit of knowledge and left out a major issue that should have been considered. So, I suggest that we continue to engage in similar discussions within vortex and enlarge our knowledge base since no one person is required to be the holder of all that is important. Knowledge is always advancing as more minds are engaged. I vote for open discussion within vortex. And, my post was not a waste of anybodies time. Proof of this assertion will be from this point forth since most of those engaged in the current discussion will now understand the issue of energy and momentum requirements. Dave -----Original Message----- From: Edmund Storms <stor...@ix.netcom.com> To: vortex-l <vortex-l@eskimo.com> Cc: Edmund Storms <stor...@ix.netcom.com> Sent: Fri, Jan 25, 2013 12:12 pm Subject: Re: [Vo]:Chemonuclear Transitions The problem with such exchanges is that the messages to different people cross so that I have to explain the same thing several times, which is a waste of time. That is why I write papers so that everyone can study the same explanation. On Jan 25, 2013, at 9:51 AM, David Roberson wrote: Ed, I am confused by your statement that cold fusion is a 2-body to 1 body reaction. I see two reaction components unless I am missing something. One is the alpha particle and the other appears in the form of mass released as energy into the surrounding structure. The energy release must result from emission of something. Normally in hot fusion, the release results from emission of a strong gamma when He4 forms. This gamma is not present when He4 forms during cold fusion. Why not? The mechanism of energy transfer is obviously not conventional, yet it must be consistent with the law of conservation of momentum. I try to solve this problem in my theory. Most people ignore the issue. Ed Every observer must see that the laws of physics apply to what he sees. My favorite point is to be located precisely between the two protons as they head toward each other with exactly the same energy. In this location an observer sees that a finite amount of kinetic energy is measured for the two particles and that there is exactly zero momentum for the equal velocity pair. When they collide together, there is no motion required for the resulting alpha particle until it releases the excess energy. When that energy is finally emitted in some form, then a reaction force would result in relative motion of the alpha particle. In this manner, both conservation of energy as well as conservation of momentum is shown. In my experience, when these laws are seen by any one observer, then they are true for all of the others. Do you see a hole in this argument? How are the laws true for others but not for the one ideally located? Dave -----Original Message----- From: Edmund Storms <stor...@ix.netcom.com> To: vortex-l <vortex-l@eskimo.com> Cc: Edmund Storms <stor...@ix.netcom.com> Sent: Fri, Jan 25, 2013 10:38 am Subject: Re: [Vo]:Chemonuclear Transitions The human mind is able to imagine endless possibilities. In order to make any progress, a triage must be done by eliminating the ideas that are so improbable or so illogical that they have very little chance of being correct. That is what I'm attempting to do. In any case, several basic rules MUST be considered. Hot fusion is a conventional 2 body-2 body reaction as is required to carry away the energy and momentum. Cold fusion is a 2-body to 1 body reaction that violates this condition. That violation MUST be acknowledged and explained. People are not free to imaginary any thing. Certain rules are known to apply. These rules are so basic that they MUST not be ignored. Ed Storms On Jan 25, 2013, at 8:22 AM, Daniel Rocha wrote: d+d=n+He3 and d+d=t+p What about d+d+...+d=? We don't know. This is what many many particle models ends up being. Theyare hot fusion. The only difference it is that there are many, more than 2>, incoming nuclei to fuse. You cannot do that in experiments using colliders, it is too unlikely. So, you cannot say that cold fusion is any different than hot fusion that easily. 2013/1/25 Edmund Storms <stor...@ix.netcom.com> Yes, people try to explain LENR using the behavior described in the paper. -- Daniel Rocha - RJ danieldi...@gmail.com
