In explanation, when Xenon is forced to move in a coherent direction in a group, translational, rotational and vibrational energy is converted to directional energy and the Xenon atoms are cooled but still energetic.
Typical set-up for cooling noble gases is the supersonic beam technique. Such cooling can be done using radio frequency or a high stream jet of high pressure gas when the ionized Xenon atoms are forced to move back and forth in unison. Any kinetic energy that the Xenon atoms have is converted to directional energy. So in plain language, Radio frequency or a high speed gas jet will catalyze the formation of Xenon clusters as the atoms of Xenon are cooled by coherent motion. *The Roundup* Think of a collection of Noble gas atoms as a herd of cattle. To begin with the cattle roam around on the prairie aimlessly with boundless energy but not applied to any purpose. To build a herd for a cattle drive, the cowpunchers prod the cattle into a tight bunch during the roundup. Then the drovers get the cattle to all go in the same direction as a herd. The drovers pack them close, shoulder to short ribs. The cows have little room but to march forward hardly able to move their heads. The cattle are all contented and well behaved and centered on the mindless march forward, but they are still are exerting a large amount of energy as they stumble forward to cover ground. In this analogy, the *cowpokes* are radio frequency radiation (RF) and the constraining coils. Papp talks about using RF in his engines. Xenon is easy to excite using RF because its binding energy is low: many orders of magnitude lower than hydrogen. The RF also produces clusters because the RF get noble gas atoms to all go in the same direction and the coils pack them tight.. Xenon strongly interacts with RF because these molecules have good dipole characteristics like water. Noble gases are cooled and now can combine and readily form clusters that can be very complex. For example, Helium and Xenon form a family of atomic clusters that behaves like argon. Excited Clusters have a positively charged ionic core composed of possibly hundreds or thousands of ionized atoms. Around this core of positive charge ions swarm a loosely connected flight of electrons orbiting on the outside of the cluster core and can be easily removed from the cluster by ionization. On Sat, Feb 8, 2014 at 1:08 PM, David Roberson <dlrober...@aol.com> wrote: > I just wanted to make a statement about conservation of momentum. Linear > momentum and angular momentum are different animals and can not be > converted freely. > > Recently, I have seen proposals that suggest that one can convert linear > momentum into angular momentum and that is clearly not possible. You can > visualize linear momentum as pertaining to motion of an object or group of > objects that are progressing as a group past an observer. The center of > mass of the objects is in motion and can be used to calculate the total > linear momentum of the subjects. > > Angular momentum is measured and calculated by observing the rotation of > the center of mass of a system of objects. Think of a planet in motion > around its central star as an example of this type of momentum. An > observer can be stationary with respect to the center of mass of the > objects and calculate the magnitude of the collective angular momentum they > contain. And, since he is stationary with respect to the center of mass of > the objects, they have no linear momentum according to his determination. > Any forces which operate between the collection of objects taken as a > system are not able to convert angular momentum into linear momentum or > vice versa. > > Dave >
