Doug, The Ice Shield technique envisages not spraying seawater, but letting it flow in directable streams down the sides of each growing, conical ice mountain in a manner similar to the way that lava flows down, congeals, and creates rocky mountains. The streams would be influenced by an AI system programmed to direct the rotating gush of pumped saltwater so that the ice shield retained its level and conical shape. As the growing ice shield depresses the sea ice at its rim, cracks will appear in the sea ice that allow the concentrated brine, residual from the fresher water that has frozen further up the conical slope, to trickle back into the sea. Eventually, these cracks would be sealed up with frozen water and new cracks appear further out. Thus, the ice forming each ice shield will have considerably less salt content than did the seawater from which it was produced. The dense, chilled brine will then contribute to the maintenance of beneficial ocean currents and upwelling, much as the current formation of seasonal sea-ice does now. Thick and well-maintained ice shields, having a low salt content, particularly those grounded solidly in the ocean sediments, will be highly resistant to both undersea and net surface melting. Their bulky mass will also hinder wave action from disturbing sea-ice down-wave of them and limit edge-melt and abrasion.
Should this technique be used to generate sea-ice/glacial cover of pre-industrial extent or better (less the sea passages and polynas that we allocate), then its very albedo would have a substantial effect in offsetting global warming. It might also prove highly beneficial in re-establishing polar habitat, in reducing and controlling methane emissions from the seabed, in producing renewable and low-carbon energy, and in stabilising the polar vortex. Best of all, it is a technique that allows fine control, and reversibility, of the extent of glaciation that is modelled to be most desirable. Sev > On 7 May 2015, at 1:24 am, Doug MacMartin <macma...@cds.caltech.edu> wrote: > > A late addition to the thread – just catching up on email after taking a few > days off, so apologies if my point here has already been made. > > Broadly I think the idea of thickening ice is a great one, but before getting > too much into it, there’s a basic question that needs to be answered of > whether it “works” in terms of helping preserve ice later into the summer. > Making ice thicker by pumping or spraying water onto the surface will > probably result in salty ice. As a result, it may melt *earlier* in the > spring rather than later, despite the added thickness. I have inquired > regarding data on whether existing ice roads made through this technique last > longer or not, and it was pointed out that they are higher than the > surrounding ice, so any early season melt will run off (and potentially lead > to earlier melt of surrounding ice). This seems to me to be amenable to > simple 1-D sea ice modeling… There is no need to develop technology or do > global climate simulations without answering this question first. (Which I > would be happy to participate in, but I don’t have the relevant expertise to > do myself, otherwise I would.) > > One could also attempt perhaps to measure salinity content of ice made in > this way as to whether the brine percolates through existing ice and is thus > rejected, which would resolve the above concern. > > Note that Mike’s icebreaker approach wouldn’t suffer from this salt problem. > > And per the original root of this chain, don’t expect thickening sea ice to > be a good way to achieve substantial global cooling, but it may be a useful > contribution to maintaining sea ice, at least locally. > > doug > > From: Peter Flynn [mailto:pcfl...@ualberta.ca] > Sent: Tuesday, May 05, 2015 4:44 PM > To: Fred Zimmerman; Sev Clarke > Cc: Mark Capron; John Nissen; Ken Caldeira; Andrew J. Lockley; Cvijanovic, > Ivana; Doug MacMartin; Bru Pearce; Dr. Natalia Shakhova > Subject: RE: [geo] Impacts of ocean albedo alteration on Arctic sea ice > restoration and Northern Hemisphere climate - ERL > > Fred, > > I agree in general that any action will have lots of arm chair critics. I > note, however, that thickening ice is a standard northern practice that has > been used for almost a century for ice roads and for forty plus years for > drilling platforms in the Beaufort Sea. The relevant governments will likely > see this existing technology in a less threatening light than atmospheric > modification. I’m not critical of atmospheric modification, just predicting > that an extension of a well known technology may be a good starting place. > > Peter > > Peter Flynn, P. Eng., Ph. D. > Emeritus Professor and Poole Chair in Management for Engineers > Department of Mechanical Engineering > University of Alberta > peter.fl...@ualberta.ca <mailto:peter.fl...@ualberta.ca> > cell: 928 451 4455 > > > > From: wfzimmer...@gmail.com <mailto:wfzimmer...@gmail.com> > [mailto:wfzimmer...@gmail.com <mailto:wfzimmer...@gmail.com>] On Behalf Of > Fred Zimmerman > Sent: May-04-15 10:05 PM > To: Sev Clarke > Cc: Mark Capron; John Nissen; Peter Flynn; Ken Caldeira; Andrew J. Lockley; > Cvijanovic, Ivana; Doug MacMartin; Bru Pearce; Dr. Natalia Shakhova > Subject: Re: [geo] Impacts of ocean albedo alteration on Arctic sea ice > restoration and Northern Hemisphere climate - ERL > > A point of clarification. It is not exactly "my" requirement that there is a > high bar political approval of large-scale engineering activities in the > Arctic. Personally, I would have no objection to seeing an acceleration of > research on the topic. I am simply pointing out that there are obvious huge > obstacles on the human side of this particular idea. It's all very well for > proponents to state that they believe the degree of risk is enough to justify > immediate action, but it's not mere negativity to point out the real-world > fact that many of the exact same people who are super concerned about polar > bears (as I am, majestic animals) are going to have an immediate negative > reaction to the idea of doing geoengineering in the Arctic. It would be not > just a scientific and technical challenge, but also a political and > educational challenge of the first order. > > On Sun, May 3, 2015 at 11:16 PM, Sev Clarke <sevcla...@me.com > <mailto:sevcla...@me.com>> wrote: > As John seems to be referring to my Ice Shields concept that is an extension > of Peter’s original work, and which may be the first to envisage methane > capture using hexagonally-close-packed arrays of ice shields and wind turbine > power to concentrate, collect, compress, separate and pipe the methane (see > http://envisionation.co.uk/index.php/sev-clarke > <http://envisionation.co.uk/index.php/sev-clarke> ), perhaps I might be > permitted to respond to both Fred and Mark. Of course, the answer is that it > would most likely be the deep-pocketed exploration, gas & petrochemical > industries, pipeline & electricity distribution authorities, the wind farm > industry, and logistics and utility companies associated with these that > would be most interested financially, though polar & marine governance > organisations, governments, international organisations and NGOs would > doubtless insist on being involved. Shipping, scientific, and environmental > rehabilitation groups would doubtless be interested but would tend to be > beneficiaries, rather than funding providers. Note also, that capturing the > methane by this method would typically require no drilling and no likelihood > of massive oil spills in relatively pristine wilderness, as only the > increasingly mobile methane clathrate deposits, not oil, should be permitted > to be extracted there. Indeed, the main observable environmental effect would > be the re-establishment of Arctic habitat and albedo. As the use of > 'naturally-emitting’ methane may well enable us largely to stop mining and > burning coal, this should be regarded as an acceptable trade-off whilst we > develop a low-carbon global economy. > > The increasingly frightening methane torches, eruptions and gas bubbling out > of Arctic waters and permafrost, polar warming, and polar vortex instability > that are evidenced by AMEG and the excellent work of Shakhova and Semiletov > are the real-time evidence of climate catastrophes required by Fred. > > Sev Clarke > sevcla...@me.com <mailto:sevcla...@me.com> > > > >> On 4 May 2015, at 10:17 am, Fred Zimmerman <geoengineerin...@gmail.com >> <mailto:geoengineerin...@gmail.com>> wrote: >> >> Mark, I don't mean to be difficult, but I think the answer to this question >> is plainly "no" and is likely to remain that way until such there is such >> time as there is an unambiguous, impossible to rationalize away, real-time >> climate catastrophe. This thread is talking about a large quasi-industrial >> activity in one of the few relatively pristine areas in the world. You can >> quibble with the phrase "quasi industrial" but you are talking about dozens >> or hundreds of ships or kilometer upon kilometer of pipes, and the coalition >> that favors action is automatically split by concern over the Arctic wild. >> This just isn't going to happen. We should focus resources on CDR methods >> that are more palatable to wider audiences. >> >> Could the governments of Canada, Denmark, Norway, and the United States be >> convinced to make covering the Arctic Ocean with summer sea ice a condition >> of ship passage or oil development? >> >> On Sun, May 3, 2015 at 7:57 PM, <markcap...@podenergy.org >> <mailto:markcap...@podenergy.org>> wrote: >>> Team, >>> >>> So who has a lot of money and might be convinced to thicken sea ice? >>> >>> The offshore oil industry, the shipping industry, and governments around >>> the Arctic planning to benefit from both oil and shipping. >>> >>> Sea ice prevents the formation of large surface waves by limiting fetch. >>> Sea ice dampens waves to zero within a few hundred meters. Sea ice is >>> destroyed by surface waves. (Mark Harris, "Waves of Destruction", >>> Scientific American, May 2015). >>> >>> Oil companies could shelter oil platforms with grounded rings of sea ice. >>> Shipping companies would benefit from calm water. >>> >>> Mark E. Capron, PE >>> Ventura, California >>> www.PODenergy.org <http://www.podenergy.org/> >>> >>> >>>> -------- Original Message -------- >>>> Subject: Re: [geo] Impacts of ocean albedo alteration on Arctic sea ice >>>> restoration and Northern Hemisphere climate - ERL >>>> From: John Nissen <johnnissen2...@gmail.com >>>> <mailto:johnnissen2...@gmail.com>> >>>> Date: Sat, May 02, 2015 10:56 am >>>> To: Peter Flynn <pcfl...@ualberta.ca <mailto:pcfl...@ualberta.ca>> >>>> Cc: Ken Caldeira <kcalde...@gmail.com <mailto:kcalde...@gmail.com>>, >>>> Andrew Lockley >>>> <andrew.lock...@gmail.com <mailto:andrew.lock...@gmail.com>>, "Cvijanovic, >>>> Ivana" <cvijanov...@llnl.gov <mailto:cvijanov...@llnl.gov>>, >>>> geoengineering <geoengineering@googlegroups.com >>>> <mailto:geoengineering@googlegroups.com>>, Doug MacMartin >>>> <macma...@cds.caltech.edu <mailto:macma...@cds.caltech.edu>>, Sev Clarke >>>> <sevcla...@me.com <mailto:sevcla...@me.com>>, Bru Pearce >>>> <b...@portgeorge.com <mailto:b...@portgeorge.com>> >>>> >>>> >>>> Hi Peter, >>>> >>>> As the paper points out, projections for sea ice suggest that the Arctic >>>> Ocean will be seasonably free before mid-century [1], and this will pose >>>> challenges in the Arctic; but there are potential impacts on the whole >>>> planet from the Arctic being locked into rapid warming: >>>> 1. sea level will rise ever faster; >>>> 2. methane bubbling up from the ocean bed in ever increasing quantities >>>> could add disastrously to global warming; >>>> 3. the jet stream could be further disrupted, causing extreme climate >>>> change in the Northern Hemisphere [2]. >>>> >>>> Thus saving the sea ice takes on a high priority for urgent action. To >>>> minimise risk of extreme impacts, we need to restore sea ice by employing >>>> both cooling techniques (such as tropospheric cloud brightening, >>>> stratospheric aerosol cooling and ocean brightening) and ice thickening >>>> techniques. >>>> >>>> Furthermore we need to deal with growing impacts of Arctic warming in the >>>> pipeline: preparing for sea level rise; suppressing and/or capturing >>>> methane; and adapting to more extreme climate change than already seen >>>> this century as the jet stream meanders more and gets stuck for longer >>>> periods. >>>> >>>> It may be possible to combine some of these techniques. For example, sea >>>> ice could be thickened such as to capture methane bubbling up underneath >>>> it. We need urgent study on this kind of intervention, and I would be >>>> grateful if the geoengineering googlegroup forum could be used for an open >>>> discussion on the possibilities. >>>> >>>> Cheers, John >>>> >>>> [1] Many reputable scientists now say that the Arctic Ocean could be >>>> seasonally ice free by 2030; and a few top sea ice experts point to the >>>> observed volume trend which suggests September ice free by 2020. >>>> >>>> [2] See Scientific American, May 2015 issue, on Arctic waves, with >>>> reference to extreme climate change in the past. >>>> >>>> >>>> On Thu, Apr 30, 2015 at 7:12 PM, Peter Flynn <peter.fl...@ualberta.ca >>>> <mailto:peter.fl...@ualberta.ca>> wrote: >>>>> If the object is restoration of sea ice, I continue to believe that a >>>>> direct approach of thickening sea ice by pumping sea water onto it, >>>>> thereby circumventing the self insulating feature of natural formation of >>>>> sea ice, is the quickest, most direct, and most proven approach, easily >>>>> terminated if any unintended consequence is observed. >>>>> >>>>> Thickening ice by putting water onto the surface of existing ice is well >>>>> proven for both fresh water and sea water. Ice roads throughout the >>>>> north, including the supply road to Leningrad during WWII, are built this >>>>> way. Sea water was used in the Beaufort Sea to quickly build ice islands >>>>> to support drilling platforms, with maximum thicknesses greater than >>>>> eight meters. >>>>> >>>>> To the extent that the ocean can be brightened without ice, it would >>>>> perhaps make more sense to do this at lower latitude, to reflect more >>>>> light per square meter of brightened surface. >>>>> >>>>> Peter >>>>> >>>>> Peter Flynn, P. Eng., Ph. D. >>>>> Emeritus Professor and Poole Chair in Management for Engineers >>>>> Department of Mechanical Engineering >>>>> University of Alberta >>>>> peter.fl...@ualberta.ca <mailto:peter.fl...@ualberta.ca> >>>>> cell: 928 451 4455 <tel:928%20451%204455> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> From: geoengineering@googlegroups.com >>>>> <mailto:geoengineering@googlegroups.com> >>>>> [mailto:geoengineering@googlegroups.com >>>>> <mailto:geoengineering@googlegroups.com>] On Behalf Of Ken Caldeira >>>>> Sent: April-30-15 8:07 AM >>>>> To: Andrew Lockley >>>>> Cc: Cvijanovic, Ivana; geoengineering; Doug MacMartin >>>>> Subject: Re: [geo] Impacts of ocean albedo alteration on Arctic sea ice >>>>> restoration and Northern Hemisphere climate - ERL >>>>> >>>>> I agree that it would be good to investigate Arctic cloud brightening. >>>>> >>>>> We studied Arctic Ocean brightening because it has been proposed by >>>>> ice911.org <http://ice911.org/>, among others, and has not yet been >>>>> subject to scrutiny in a peer-reviewed context. >>>>> >>>>> Also, note that ocean surface whitening has a long pedigree, being >>>>> proposed by none other than the President's Science Advisory Committee in >>>>> 1965. >>>>> >>>>> http://dge.stanford.edu/labs/caldeiralab/Caldeira%20downloads/PSAC,%201965,%20Restoring%20the%20Quality%20of%20Our%20Environment.pdf >>>>> >>>>> <http://dge.stanford.edu/labs/caldeiralab/Caldeira%20downloads/PSAC,%201965,%20Restoring%20the%20Quality%20of%20Our%20Environment.pdf> >>>>> >>>>> Furthermore, we have previously analyzed effects of reducing Arctic >>>>> insolation at the top of atmosphere. >>>>> >>>>> http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1882/4039 >>>>> <http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1882/4039> >>>>> >>>>> The analyses of ocean surface albedo whitening and top-of-atmosphere >>>>> solar insolation reduction should provide useful context for studies of >>>>> effects of changes in Arctic cloud properties. >>>>> >>>>> Best, >>>>> Ken >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> On Wednesday, April 29, 2015, Andrew Lockley <andrew.lock...@gmail.com >>>>> <mailto:andrew.lock...@gmail.com>> wrote: >>>>> Ken >>>>> I appreciate that this is an idealised experiment, but I'm still puzzled >>>>> by the design. >>>>> Surely any serious attempt to cool the land down, or to reduce global >>>>> temperatures, would be based on generalised ocean cooling, in the manner >>>>> of MCB. >>>>> Could you explain why you chose to investigate the pattern of ocean >>>>> albedo alteration prescribed in your paper? >>>>> A >>>>> On 29 Apr 2015 23:05, "Ken Caldeira" <kcalde...@carnegiescience.edu >>>>> <mailto:kcalde...@carnegiescience.edu>> wrote: >>>>> Folks, >>>>> >>>>> Please find attached the paper cited. >>>>> >>>>> The paper has attracted some press attention. >>>>> >>>>> Also, here are simplified forms of two figures from the paper. >>>>> >>>>> Best, >>>>> >>>>> Ken >>>>> >>>>> <image001.jpg> >>>>> <image002.jpg> >>>>> >>>>> <image003.jpg> >>>>> <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150428171402.htm> >>>>> Whitening the Arctic Ocean: May restore sea ice, but not climate >>>>> <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150428171402.htm> >>>>> Science Daily - Apr 28, 2015 >>>>> Ivana Cvijanovic, Ken Caldeira, Douglas G MacMartin. Impacts of ocean >>>>> albedo alteration on Arctic sea ice restoration and Northern Hemisphere >>>>> climate. Environmental Research Letters, 2015; 10 (4): 044020 DOI: >>>>> 10.1088/1748-9326/10/4/044020 ... >>>>> Geoengineering Arctic Ocean albedo will not mitigate climate change >>>>> <http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/news/61045> >>>>> environmentalresearchweb - 12 hours ago >>>>> But a bigger question is whether the approaches would even reduce warming >>>>> as they intend, which is why Ivana Cvijanovic and Ken Caldeira at the >>>>> Carnegie Institution for Science, US, together with Douglas MacMartin at >>>>> the California Institute of Technology, addressed this puzzle for >>>>> ocean-albedo modification. ... Some of the results were positive: an >>>>> extreme albedo boost could recover 40% of the sea ice that existed >>>>> pre-industrialization and cool the surface of the Arctic by some two >>>>> degrees. However, the ... >>>>> Study: Arctic Whitening Might Help Ice But Not Climate >>>>> <http://www.reportingclimatescience.com/news-stories/article/study-arctic-whitening-might-help-ice-but-not-climate.html> >>>>> reportingclimatescience.com <http://reportingclimatescience.com/> - 15 >>>>> hours ago >>>>> New research from Carnegie's Ivana Cvijanovic (now at Lawrence Livermore >>>>> National Laboratory) and Ken Caldeira, as well as Douglas MacMartin of >>>>> Caltech, shows that while an incredibly large effort could, in principle, >>>>> restore vast amounts of sea ice by this method, it would not result in >>>>> substantial cooling. As a result, it ... Imposed albedo changes and sea >>>>> ice recovery alter climate outside the Arctic region too, affecting >>>>> precipitation distribution over parts of the continental United States >>>>> and Northeastern Pacific. >>>>> <image004.jpg> >>>>> <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3060586/Ocean-whitening-plans-doomed-fail-Scheme-tackle-climate-change-little-impact-restoring-sea-ice-warns-study.html> >>>>> Turning the oceans 'white' will NOT stop sea ice from melting >>>>> <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3060586/Ocean-whitening-plans-doomed-fail-Scheme-tackle-climate-change-little-impact-restoring-sea-ice-warns-study.html> >>>>> Daily Mail - 8 hours ago >>>>> The white sea ice in the Arctic Ocean (shown above) helps to reflect some >>>>> of the sun's heat back into space but as it reduces, due to global >>>>> warming, there are fears it will increase the impacts of climate change. >>>>> ... Dr Ken Caldeira, an expert on global ecology at the Carnegie >>>>> Institution for Science who took part I the study, said: 'Simply put, our >>>>> results indicate that whitening the surface of the Arctic Ocean would not >>>>> be an effective tool for offsetting the effects of climate change caused >>>>> by atmospheric greenhouse gas. >>>>> >>>>> <http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/artificially-manipulating-arctic-climate-by-whitening-surface-of-ocean-to-reflect-sunlight-back-into-space-will-fail-say-scientists-10210896.html> >>>>> Artificially manipulating Arctic climate by 'whitening' surface of ocean >>>>> to reflect ... >>>>> <http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/artificially-manipulating-arctic-climate-by-whitening-surface-of-ocean-to-reflect-sunlight-back-into-space-will-fail-say-scientists-10210896.html> >>>>> The Independent - Apr 28, 2015 >>>>> Attempts to artificially manipulate the Arctic climate by “whitening” the >>>>> surface of the ocean in order to reflect sunlight back into space and so >>>>> mimic the effect of lost sea iceare almost certainly doomed to fail, >>>>> scientists said. ... “Simply put, our results indicate that whitening of >>>>> the surface of the Arctic Ocean would not be an effective tool for >>>>> offsetting the effects of climate change cause by atmospheric greenhouse >>>>> gas,” said Kenneth Caldeira, a climate researcher at the Carnegie >>>>> Institution in Washington DC. >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> _______________ >>>>> Ken Caldeira >>>>> >>>>> Carnegie Institution for Science >>>>> Dept of Global Ecology >>>>> 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305 USA >>>>> +1 650 704 7212 <tel:%2B1%20650%20704%207212> >>>>> kcalde...@carnegiescience.edu <mailto:kcalde...@carnegiescience.edu> >>>>> website: http://dge.stanford.edu/labs/caldeiralab/ >>>>> <http://dge.stanford.edu/labs/caldeiralab/> >>>>> blog: http://kencaldeira.org <http://kencaldeira.org/> >>>>> @KenCaldeira >>>>> >>>>> My assistant is Dawn Ross <dr...@carnegiescience.edu >>>>> <mailto:dr...@carnegiescience.edu>>, with access to incoming emails. >>>>> Postdoc positions: >>>>> https://jobs.carnegiescience.edu/jobs/postdoctoral-opportunity-global-climate-modeling/ >>>>> >>>>> <https://jobs.carnegiescience.edu/jobs/postdoctoral-opportunity-global-climate-modeling/> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> On Wed, Apr 29, 2015 at 12:01 PM, Andrew Lockley >>>>> <andrew.lock...@gmail.com <mailto:andrew.lock...@gmail.com>> wrote: >>>>> http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/10/4/044020/ >>>>> <http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/10/4/044020/> >>>>> Environmental Research Letters Volume 10 Number 4 >>>>> Ivana Cvijanovic et al 2015 Environ. Res. Lett. 10 044020 >>>>> doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/4/044020 >>>>> Impacts of ocean albedo alteration on Arctic sea ice restoration and >>>>> Northern Hemisphere climate >>>>> OPEN ACCESS >>>>> Ivana Cvijanovic, Ken Caldeira and Douglas G MacMartin >>>>> Abstract >>>>> The Arctic Ocean is expected to transition into a seasonally ice-free >>>>> state by mid-century, enhancing Arctic warming and leading to substantial >>>>> ecological and socio-economic challenges across the Arctic region. It has >>>>> been proposed that artificially increasing high latitude ocean albedo >>>>> could restore sea ice, but the climate impacts of such a strategy have >>>>> not been previously explored. Motivated by this, we investigate the >>>>> impacts of idealized high latitude ocean albedo changes on Arctic sea ice >>>>> restoration and climate. In our simulated 4xCO2 climate, imposing surface >>>>> albedo alterations over the Arctic Ocean leads to partial sea ice >>>>> recovery and a modest reduction in Arctic warming. With the most extreme >>>>> ocean albedo changes, imposed over the area 70°–90°N, September sea ice >>>>> cover stabilizes at ~40% of its preindustrial value (compared to ~3% >>>>> without imposed albedo modifications). This is accompanied by an annual >>>>> mean Arctic surface temperature decrease of ~2 °C but no substantial >>>>> global mean temperature decrease. Imposed albedo changes and sea ice >>>>> recovery alter climate outside the Arctic region too, affecting >>>>> precipitation distribution over parts of the continental United States >>>>> and Northeastern Pacific. For example, following sea ice recovery, wetter >>>>> and milder winter conditions are present in the Southwest United States >>>>> while the East Coast experiences cooling. We conclude that although ocean >>>>> albedo alteration could lead to some sea ice recovery, it does not appear >>>>> to be an effective way of offsetting the overall effects of CO2 induced >>>>> global warming. >>>>> -- >>>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups >>>>> "geoengineering" group. >>>>> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an >>>>> email to geoengineering+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com >>>>> <mailto:geoengineering%2bunsubscr...@googlegroups.com>. >>>>> To post to this group, send email to geoengineering@googlegroups.com >>>>> <mailto:geoengineering@googlegroups.com>. >>>>> Visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering >>>>> <http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering>. >>>>> For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout >>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/optout>. >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> -- >>>>> _______________ >>>>> Ken Caldeira >>>>> >>>>> Carnegie Institution for Science >>>>> Dept of Global Ecology >>>>> 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305 USA >>>>> +1 650 704 7212 <tel:%2B1%20650%20704%207212> >>>>> kcalde...@carnegiescience.edu <mailto:kcalde...@carnegiescience.edu> >>>>> website: http://dge.stanford.edu/labs/caldeiralab/ >>>>> <http://dge.stanford.edu/labs/caldeiralab/> >>>>> blog: http://kencaldeira.org <http://kencaldeira.org/> >>>>> @KenCaldeira >>>>> >>>>> My assistant is Dawn Ross <dr...@carnegiescience.edu >>>>> <mailto:dr...@carnegiescience.edu>>, with access to incoming emails. >>>>> Postdoc positions: >>>>> https://jobs.carnegiescience.edu/jobs/postdoctoral-opportunity-global-climate-modeling/ >>>>> >>>>> <https://jobs.carnegiescience.edu/jobs/postdoctoral-opportunity-global-climate-modeling/> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> -- >>>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups >>>>> "geoengineering" group. >>>>> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an >>>>> email to geoengineering+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com >>>>> <mailto:geoengineering+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com>. >>>>> To post to this group, send email to geoengineering@googlegroups.com >>>>> <mailto:geoengineering@googlegroups.com>. >>>>> Visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering >>>>> <http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering>. >>>>> For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout >>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/optout>. >>>>> -- >>>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups >>>>> "geoengineering" group. >>>>> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an >>>>> email to geoengineering+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com >>>>> <mailto:geoengineering+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com>. >>>>> To post to this group, send email to geoengineering@googlegroups.com >>>>> <mailto:geoengineering@googlegroups.com>. >>>>> Visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering >>>>> <http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering>. >>>>> For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout >>>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/optout>. >>>> >>>> >>>> -- >>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups >>>> "geoengineering" group. >>>> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an >>>> email to geoengineering+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com >>>> <mailto:geoengineering+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com>. >>>> To post to this group, send email to geoengineering@googlegroups.com >>>> <mailto:geoengineering@googlegroups.com>. >>>> Visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering >>>> <http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering>. >>>> For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout >>>> <https://groups.google.com/d/optout>. >>> >>> >>> -- >>> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups >>> "geoengineering" group. >>> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an >>> email to geoengineering+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com >>> <mailto:geoengineering+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com>. >>> To post to this group, send email to geoengineering@googlegroups.com >>> <mailto:geoengineering@googlegroups.com>. >>> Visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering >>> <http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering>. >>> For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout >>> <https://groups.google.com/d/optout>. > > > William S. Clarke BA, BSc, (Melb) MBA (Stanford) > T: +613 5426 1330 <tel:%2B613%205426%201330> M: 0431 488 506 > E: sevcla...@me.com <mailto:sevcla...@me.com> > Skype: willow7777777 > P: PO Box 16, Mt Macedon, VIC 3441, Australia > Managing Director, Winwick Business Solutions Pty Ltd. William S. Clarke BA, BSc, (Melb) MBA (Stanford) T: +613 5426 1330 M: 0431 488 506 E: sevcla...@me.com <mailto:sevcla...@me.com> Skype: willow7777777 P: PO Box 16, Mt Macedon, VIC 3441, Australia Managing Director, Winwick Business Solutions Pty Ltd. -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "geoengineering" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to geoengineering+unsubscr...@googlegroups.com. To post to this group, send email to geoengineering@googlegroups.com. Visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
