<<However, naturalism does call into question the basis for
retributive attitudes, namely the idea
that individuals could have done otherwise in the situation in which
their behavior arose and so deeply deserve punishment. >>

No, it doesn't.  The idea of punishment doesn't require any moral
agent.  If you are a punisher, you are part of the natural world that
the organism deals with and it will adjust its behavior to avoid the
punishment. If the punishment is swift, assured and unpleasant, the
organism cannot do otherwise.

The idea of punishment being "deserved" is irrelevant.  The only thing
that's important is that it exists..








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