There must be an answer to black holes and where thier captured/devoured energy goes in this jumble somewhere...though I did not see it. I anyone has that info...please send it my way:)
On Sun, Dec 7, 2008 at 8:56 AM, Isparklaria <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > Here is some information on the big collision hypothesis and a link to > the page. Google Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok, the creators of this > idea for more information. Steinhardt and Turok also wrote a popular > account in book form. I suggest that we read it next for the book > club, since it gives a hypothetical answer as to what happened before > the big bang. > > http://www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/steinhardt.html > > The cyclic universe model > > In this context, a new paradigm has been recently proposed by Paul > Steinhardt (Princeton) and Neil Turok (Cambridge) —the cyclic universe > — that turns the conventional picture topsy-turvy.2 (Perhaps the model > should be called an old paradigm since it reinvigorates ancient cosmic > mythologies and philosophies, albeit using the tools of 21st century > physics.) In this picture: > · space and time exist forever > · the big bang is not the beginning of time; rather, it is a bridge > to > a pre-existing contracting era > · the Universe undergoes an endless sequence of cycles in which it > contracts in a big crunch and re-emerges in an expanding big bang, > with trillions of years of evolution in between > · the temperature and density of the universe do not become infinite > at any point in the cycle; indeed, they never exceed a finite bound > (about a trillion trillion degrees) > · no inflation has taken place since the big bang; the current > homogeneity and flatness were created by events that occurred before > the most recent big bang > · the seeds for galaxy formation were created by instabilities > arising > as the Universe was collapsing towards a big crunch, prior to our big > bang > The new model provides insight into some questions unanswered by the > Big Bang theory. > The prospects for an alternative cosmology that is so different from > the well-The prospects for an alternative cosmology that is so > different from the well-established convention would seem extremely > dim. Yet, the cyclic model recoups all of the successful predictions > of the big bang/inflationary theory and has sufficient additional > predictive power to address many questions which the big bang/ > inflationary model does not address at all: > · What occurred at the initial singularity? > · What is the ultimate fate of the Universe? > · What is the role of dark energy and the recently observed cosmic > acceleration? > · Does time, and the arrow of time, exist before the big bang? or > after the big crunch? > In the new paradigm, each cycle proceeds through a period of radiation > and matter domination consistent with standard cosmology, producing > the observed primordial abundance of elements, the cosmic microwave > background, the expansion of galaxies, etc. For the next trillion > years or more, the Universe undergoes a period of slow cosmic > acceleration (as detected in recent observations1), which ultimately > empties the Universe of all of the entropy and black holes produced in > the preceding cycle and triggers the events that lead to contraction > and a big crunch. Note that dark energy is not simply added on — it > plays an essential role. The transition from big crunch to big bang > automatically replenishes the Universe by creating new matter and > radiation. Gravity and the transition from big crunch to big bang keep > the cycles going forever. In fact, as will be discussed, the cyclic > behavior is a strong attractor. That is, even if the Universe were > disrupted from its periodic behavior, it would rapidly reconverge to > the cyclic solution. > > In the new paradigm, each cycle proceeds through a period of radiation > and matter domination consistent with standard cosmology, producing > the observed primordial abundance of elements, the cosmic microwave > background, the expansion of galaxies, etc. For the next trillion > years or more, the Universe undergoes a period of slow cosmic > acceleration (as detected in recent observations1), which ultimately > empties the Universe of all of the entropy and black holes produced in > the preceding cycle and triggers the events that lead to contraction > and a big crunch. Note that dark energy is not simply added on — it > plays an essential role. The transition from big crunch to big bang > automatically replenishes the Universe by creating new matter and > radiation. Gravity and the transition from big crunch to big bang keep > the cycles going forever. In fact, as will be discussed, the cyclic > behavior is a strong attractor. That is, even if the Universe were > disrupted from its periodic behavior, it would rapidly reconverge to > the cyclic solution. > Superstring theory and the cyclic universe > The linchpin to the new paradigm is the transition from big crunch to > big bang. The transition was thought to be an impossible passage in > which the laws of physics blow up. However, recent developments in > superstring theory suggest that the cosmic singularity is otherwise, > as the two authors have argued in a recent paper with Justin Khoury > (Princeton), Burt Ovrut (Penn) and Nathan Seiberg (IAS).3 Superstring > theory relies on the idea that the Universe contains nine or ten > spatial dimensions, depending on the formulation, all but three of > which are curled up in a compact manifold of microscopic size. In this > framework, the big bang and big crunch may be an illusion. Expressed > in the usual variables of general relativity, it may appear that our > usual space and time are disappearing. However, viewed with the proper > variables, our usual space dimensions actually remain infinite and > time runs continuously. The transition from big crunch to big bang is > due, instead, to the collapse, bounce and re-expansion of one of the > extra dimensions. For example, in a variant known as M theory: > · the Universe consists of two branes (surfaces) bounding an extra > dimension, and the singularity corresponds to a collision and bounce > of the two branes > · the temperature and density of ordinary radiation and matter remain > finite at the bounce, and particles move continuously in a natural and > intuitive way > New cosmological possibilities > If superstring theory is proven to dispel the myth that the big bang > is the beginning of time, then it opens up new possibilities for the > cosmological history of the Universe. Six months ago, the "ekpyrotic > model"4 was proposed by Khoury, Ovrut, Steinhardt and Turok as one new > possibility based on the idea of making a universe from a single > collapse of the extra dimension. The cyclic model builds on lessons > learned from the ekpyrotic example to produce a picture with > remarkable predictive and explanatory power. > (c) 2002, Paul J. Steinhardt, Ph.D. An update by the author of a > previously published paper from his personal web page. See reprint > policy. > Paul J. Steinhardt, Ph.D., is a theoretical physicist in the > departments of Physics and Astrophysical Sciences at Princeton > University. His research spans problems in cosmology, astrophysics, > particle physics and condensed matter physics. He is a leading expert > on inflationary cosmology and other events in the very early universe. > His work led to the first inflationary models for the universe, to the > discovery that inflation can seed galaxy formation, and to new > observational tests. He also introduced the concept of quasicrystals > and pioneered the study of their structural and elastic properties. > Prior to his position at Princeton, Dr. Steinhardt served as the Mary > Amanda Word Professor of Physics at the University of Pennsylvania. He > is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a Fellow of the > American Physics Society, and a member of the American Astronomical > Society. http://www.physics.princeton.edu/www /jh/research/ > steinhardt_paul.html > > > > -- gnothe se auton --~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~ You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Memphis Freethought Alliance" group. 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