On Wed, 22 Apr 2020 12:03:24 -0600 Craig via Mercedes <mercedes@okiebenz.com> wrote:
> Go to https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12925188/?report=docsum for a > listing of similar articles and their links: For those who want even more information, particularly if you live in areas with high UV (Arizona and New Mexico, among others), or are concerned about skin cancer (particularly the third through fifth articles): ======== Phys Med Biol. 1999 Apr;44(4):917-26. Ultraviolet radiation penetrating vehicle glass: a field based comparative study. Kimlin MG[1], Parisi AV. [1] Centre for Astronomy an Atmospheric Research, Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia. Abstract The solar UV transmitted through automobile glass was measured in the field in two cars using a spectroradiometer. The two cars were identical except that one of the cars had all of the windows (except the windshield) tinted. The measured spectral erythemal UV on a horizontal plane with the windows fully closed was reduced in the tinted car by a factor of 42 when compared with the erythemal UV measured in the untinted car. The ambient UVA irradiances at various locations within four different makes of car and a tractor were also measured with a broad band UVA handheld meter. The average normalized daily UVA exposure (measured with a broad band UVA meter) was 1.3 times higher in a large family sedan when compared with that in a small hatchback and the UVA exposure in a car with tinted windows was 3.8 times less than in a similar untinted car. PMID: 10232805 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/008 ========= ========= Br J Dermatol. 2004 Oct;151(4):873-6. Implication for photosensitive patients of ultraviolet A exposure in vehicles. Hampton PJ[1], Farr PM, Diffey BL, Lloyd JJ. [1] Regional Medical Physics Department, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4LP, UK. Abstract BACKGROUND: Photosensitive patients sometimes report disease flares during journeys by car. Window glass blocks all UVB but not all UVA. All car windscreens are made from laminated glass. Side and rear windows are usually made of nonlaminated glass. OBJECTIVES: To determine which types of glass provide most protection from UVA with particular reference to the implications for patients with polymorphic light eruption (PLE). METHODS: The percentage transmission of UVA was determined for a selection of glass, both laminated and nonlaminated, and with differing colour tints. RESULTS: Laminated glass transmits less UVA than nonlaminated glass. Tinted glass transmits less UVA than clear glass. Nonlaminated clear glass transmitted the highest percentage of UVA (62.8%) and grey laminated glass the lowest (0.9%). A dose of 5 J cm(-2) UVA, enough to trigger PLE in some patients, could be transmitted through clear nonlaminated glass in 30 min but would take 50 h through grey laminated glass. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe UVA-induced PLE and other photosensitivity disorders may have disease flares from solar UVA transmission through side-window glass. Protective measures such as wearing long-sleeved clothing, keeping the arm beneath the bottom of the window aperture, or choosing tinted and laminated car windows may be helpful. PMID: 15491429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06098.x ========= ========= J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2004;14(5):415-30. Use of UV-protective windows and window films to aid in the prevention of skin cancer. Edlich RF[1], Winters KL, Cox MJ, Becker DG, Horowitz JH, Nichter LS, Britt LD, Long WB, Edlic EC. [1] De Camp Burn and Wound Healing Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. redli...@attbi.com Abstract People are exposed to ambient solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation throughout their daily routine, intentionally and unintentionally. Cumulative and excessive exposure to UV radiation is the behavioral cause to skin cancers, skin damage, premature skin aging, and sun-related eye disorders. More than one million new cases of skin cancer were diagnosed in the United States this year. UV radiates directly and diffusely scattered by the various environmental and atmospheric conditions and has access to the skin from all directions. Because of this diffuse UV radiation, a person situated under a covering, such as the roof of a car or house, is not completely protected from the sun's rays. Because shade structures do not protect effectively against UV radiation, there have been major advances in photoprotection of glass by the development of specially designed photoprotective windows and films. It is the purpose of this collective review to highlight the photoprotective windows and films that should be incorporated into residential, commercial, and school glass windows to reduce sun exposure. Low-emittence (low-E) coatings are microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layers deposited on a window or skylight glazing surface to reduce the U-factor by suppressing radiative heat flow as well as to limit UV radiation. The exclusive Thermaflect coating uses the most advanced, double-layer soft coat technology to continue to deliver top performance for UV protection as well as prevent heat loss in the home. This product blocks 87% of UV radiation and has an Energy Star certification in all climate zones. Tints and films have been another important advance in glass photoprotection, especially in automobiles. Quality widow film products are high-tech laminates of polyester and metallized coatings bonded by distortion-free adhesives. The International Window Film Association provides members with accreditation in solar control films, safety films, and automotive films in an effort to increase consumer awareness and demand for all professionally installed film window products. The Skin Cancer Foundation has also played a leadership role in certifying window films that limit UV transmission. The Panorama Designer and Safety Films are currently recommended for UV photoprotection by The Skin Cancer Foundation. On the basis of these innovative scientific and industrial advances in window and film photoprotective products, we recommend that they be used in all residential, commercial, and school facilities to provide photoprotection in an effort to reduce skin cancer. PMID: 15479155 DOI: 10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v14.i5.70 ========= ========= Dermatology. 1992;185(4):237-41. Broad-spectrum photoprotection: the roles of tinted auto windows, sunscreens and browning agents in the diagnosis and treatment of photosensitivity. Johnson JA[1], Fusaro RM. [1] Department of Internal Medicine/Dermatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-4360. Abstract Since window glass absorbs sunlight below 320 nm, it provides a means of assessing sensitivity to longer wavelengths, i.e. UVA and visible radiation. Positive responses to the query of whether symptoms develop in the auto with the windows up must now be interpreted with regard to the possible presence of tinted plastic film on side and rear windows. These films block nearly all UVA radiation, as does the plastic interleaf of windshields. Thus, occupants of an auto equipped with plastic film receive photoprotection from UVB radiation and well into the UVA region. We define three classes of topical sunscreens: (1) conventional UVB screens, (2) broad-spectrum preparations containing a UVB screen and a UVA absorber, and (3) browning agents such as dihydroxyacetone (DHA) that produce a skin coloration that absorbs in the low end of the visible region, with overlap into long-wavelength UVA. By considering responses of photosensitive persons in autos with tinted or untinted windows, coupled with efficacy of appropriate sunscreens, we produced an algorithm defining three photosensitivity subsets. Persons sensitive to long-wavelength UVA and/or visible radiation will benefit from tinted auto windows. In particular, patients with lupus erythematosus (LE) have actively promoted legislation allowing tinted windows. Support for their position is documented by recent reports of induction of lesions in LE patients by exposure to UVA and visible radiation. The brown color produced by DHA is a useful adjunct to the screening action of broad-spectrum sunscreens. Development of a durable color overnight allows application of the DHA preparation in the evening, thus eliminating possible interference with sunscreen use during the day. PMID: 1477415 DOI: 10.1159/000247459 ========= ========= Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2013 Apr;29(2):65-72. doi: 10.1111/phpp.12022. Current status of photoprotection by window glass, automobile glass, window films, and sunglasses. Almutawa F[1], Vandal R, Wang SQ, Lim HW. [1] Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA. Abstract Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has known adverse effects on the skin and eyes. Practitioners are becoming more aware of the importance of outdoor photoprotection. However, little attention is directed to the exposure of the skin and eyes to UVR through the window glass or sunglasses. The amount of ultraviolet transmission through glass depends mainly on the type of the glass. All types of commercial and automobile glass block the majority of ultraviolet-B; however, the degree of ultraviolet-A transmission depends on the type of glass. Laminated glass offers better UVA protection than tempered glass; new safety regulations for automobiles may result in increased use of laminated glass for side windows. Window films can be applied to glass to increase UVR protection. Sunglasses need to be compliant with one of the national standards; a wraparound style or side shields offer the best protection. Increased understanding by practitioners on the transmission of UVR through glass, window films, and sunglasses would allow them to better educate the public and to better manage photosensitive patients. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. PMID: 23458389 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12022 =========
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