List, - Minimal classification, but strong : *"Every systematic philosopher must provide himself a classification of the sciences. Comte first proposed to arrange the sciences in a series of steps, each leading another. This general idea may be adopted, and we may adapt our phraseology to the image of the well of truth with flights of stairs leading down into it:*
*We divide the whole into three great parts:* * - mathematics, the study of ideal constructions without reference to their real existence, - empirics, the study of phenomena with the purpose of identifying their forms with those mathematics has studied,* * - pragmatics, the study of how we ought to behave in the light of the truths of empirics."* (Peirce, MS 1345, undated, transcription 1976: NEM, III.2, 1122) [emphasize mine] - Maximally extended classification according to Tommi Vehkavaara, attached ... Robert Marty Honorary Professor; Ph.D. Mathematics; Ph.D. Philosophy fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Marty *https://martyrobert.academia.edu/ <https://martyrobert.academia.edu/>* Le mar. 13 juil. 2021 à 17:20, <g...@gnusystems.ca> a écrit : > List, > > Slide 14 is the last in Part 2 of the slideshow, and I’m sure many of us > are eager to start on Part 3, which is about “the place of phaneroscopy in > Peirce’s mature classification of the sciences.” So unless questions arise > today about the specific content of this slide, I’d like to post the next > slide tomorrow, along with slides 16 and 17 (as a sort of triptych). They > outline the two principles which guide Peirce’s classification of sciences, > which I think need to be considered together. Here’s why: > > Peirce’s classification is mostly inherited from Auguste Comte, including > the hierarchical order which places the most abstract sciences at the top, > with the idea that they supply *principles* to the lower sciences. Comte > also introduced the concept of *positive science*, which (for Peirce at > least) means *experiential* science. (This usage of “positive” has > nothing to do with “positive logic” (as opposed to “negative logic.”) Where > Peirce differs from today’s common usage is that he considered the > *normative* sciences (esthetics, ethics and critical logic) to be > positive sciences. He also argued, from 1902 on, that the normative > sciences — and especially logic — depend for their principles on > mathematics *and* phenomenology/phaneroscopy. We can’t hope to understand > the relationship *in practice* between mathematics and phaneroscopy by > reducing either one to the other. That is Peirce’s point in asserting that > phaneroscopy is a positive science while mathematics is not. > > The classification hierarchy in which order is determined by dependence *for > principles* of the lower upon the higher *does not reflect the procedural > order in the practice of heuristic sciences*. For example, Peirce says > that the practice of phanerocopy consists of “observation and > generalization.” Naturally we tend to assume that observation comes first > and generalization later. But if we are practicing this science *for the > purpose of discovering the categories* as elements of a phaneron which > includes possibilities *and* actualities, we are quite likely to start > with possibilities and *then* do a ‘reality check’ to see whether our > hypothetical schema applies as well to actualities; and the reality check > must be a kind of observation, experiential like the surprising events that > prompt us to come up with a hypothesis in the first place. Indeed all > theoretical sciences, to the extent that their theories are testable, go > through *cycles* of observation and generalization *and testing and > modification, *or conjecture and refutation (Popper). In practice, then, > sciences can *precede each other* so that there is no pragmatic > significance in debates over which comes first. > > This is all a sort of prolegomena to André’s outline of the *two* > principles which, he says, guide the classification of sciences. I suppose > those who consider themselves experts in that department (which I don’t!) > might want to skip Part 3 of the slideshow and jump ahead to Part 4, which > is entitled “From mathematics to phaneroscopy”; but I think that would > violate a cardinal principle which I just invented: *Thou shalt not rush > a slow read*. > > Gary f. > > > > *From:* peirce-l-requ...@list.iupui.edu <peirce-l-requ...@list.iupui.edu> *On > Behalf Of *g...@gnusystems.ca > *Sent:* 13-Jul-21 08:55 > > > > Continuing our slow read, here is the next slide of André De Tienne’s > slideshow posted on the Peirce Edition Project (iupui.edu) > <https://peirce.iupui.edu/publications.html#presentations> site. Now that > we have definitions of the three universal categories, the next step in > chronological order is Peirce’s application of them to various aspects of > logic. > > > > Gary f. > > > > > > Text: > > *From the 1890s on: * > > Peirce will be developing his mature theory of the three categories (and > their “degeneracies”) extensively throughout numerous writings, from many > standpoints, including the *logic of relations, *the* logic of evolution, > *the* logic of inferences, *the* logic of semiotics, metaphysics, *and > even the* classification of sciences. * > > One cannot discuss Peirce’s phaneroscopy without looking briefly at his > *classification > of the sciences.* > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ > ► PEIRCE-L subscribers: Click on "Reply List" or "Reply All" to REPLY ON > PEIRCE-L to this message. PEIRCE-L posts should go to > peirce-L@list.iupui.edu . > ► To UNSUBSCRIBE, send a message NOT to PEIRCE-L but to > l...@list.iupui.edu with UNSUBSCRIBE PEIRCE-L in the SUBJECT LINE of the > message and nothing in the body. More at > https://list.iupui.edu/sympa/help/user-signoff.html . > ► PEIRCE-L is owned by THE PEIRCE GROUP; moderated by Gary Richmond; and > co-managed by him and Ben Udell. >
classification sciences.PDF
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