Older Libertarian Party (US)<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(US)> Platform stances were more pro-open borders. The 2004 Platform called for "the elimination of all restrictions on immigration, the abolition of the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the Border Patrol, and a declaration of full amnesty for all people who have entered the country illegally". [2]<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration#cite_note-2> Due to fears from the 2001 Terrorist attack, this was changed to permit some immigration controls.
Within recent times, some libertarians<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism>, especially paleolibertarians<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolibertarianism> such as Lew Rockwell <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Rockwell> and Ron Paul<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul>, have voiced concerns pertaining to the traditional "open borders" policy held by most libertarians. Hans-Hermann Hoppe<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe> has argued much in his writings about open borders being against anarcho-capitalist theory <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism>.[15]<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration#cite_note-15> The British <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom>-based Libertarian Alliance <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Alliance> are prominent advocates of a restricted immigration policy within a libertarian society<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society> . [16]<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration#cite_note-16> On 12th January 2009 the Libertarian Party (UK)<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(UK)> was criticized by No Border Network<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Border_Network> for having authoritarian and anti-libertarian policies on immigration, in particular the treatment of asylum seekers. On Thursday, January 16, 2014 4:50:40 PM UTC-6, KeithInTampa wrote: > > The Libertarian Party promotes open borders. (Not Libertarians per-se, > but the "Libertarian Party") > > > On Thu, Jan 16, 2014 at 12:49 PM, plainolamerican > <[email protected]<javascript:> > > wrote: > >> we know who promotes open borders in America. >> the same people who promote closed borders in israel. >> >> On Wednesday, January 15, 2014 2:42:45 PM UTC-6, Travis wrote: >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> How tunnels are built, used along US-Mexico border >>> http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_DRUG_TUNNEL_ >>> ROBOTS_QA?SITE=AP&SECT >>> ION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT<http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_DRUG_TUNNEL_ROBOTS_QA?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT> >>> >>> >>> By BRIAN SKOLOFF and JACQUES BILLEAUD >>> Associated Press >>> >>> NOGALES, Ariz. (AP) -- As border security has tightened, drug cartels >>> have >>> turned to tunneling beneath the ground to avoid detection. >>> >>> Nearly 170 tunnels have been found nationwide since 1990, most along the >>> Arizona and California border with Mexico. The job of searching these >>> networks can be dangerous, so the U.S. Border Patrol is unveiling its >>> latest >>> technology in the underground war - a wireless, camera-equipped robot >>> that >>> can do the job in a fraction of the time. >>> >>> HOW ARE THEY BUILT? >>> >>> Tunnel construction ranges from extremely rudimentary, a small burrow >>> dug by >>> hand sometimes only large enough for a person to crawl through, to very >>> sophisticated, including lights, supports to hold up the ceiling and >>> ventilation. They can range from just a few feet stretching from one >>> side of >>> the border to the other, to up to a quarter mile long. >>> >>> Some tunnels merely go from one side of the border to the other with the >>> contraband being offloaded in a field or on public land, while others >>> exit >>> into warehouses or homes along the border. >>> >>> Miners and other laborers hired by cartels use hoes, jackhammers, shovels >>> and picks to gouge out soil and load the dirt into buckets that are >>> brought >>> back out of the tunnel's starting point in Mexico. Their tools are >>> old-fashioned and can be bought at home improvement stores. Miners, for >>> instance, must use compasses because GPS devices don't work underground. >>> >>> Smugglers have dug dozens of crude tunnels in Nogales, Ariz., that begin >>> in >>> Mexico and tie into the Arizona city's storm drainage system. >>> >>> For sophisticated tunnels, such as those found near San Diego, cartels >>> will >>> hire engineers and miners to build the tunnels. A cartel will have a >>> financier or a cell that reports to the cartel bosses and runs the >>> construction. >>> >>> U.S. border officials estimate that the more sophisticated tunnels >>> probably >>> cost between $2 million to $3 million to build. >>> >>> HOW TUNNELS ARE USED? >>> >>> Smuggling groups use tunnels to move drugs, guns and people who want to >>> sneak across the U.S. border, though traffickers are sometimes selective >>> about what they will move through their tunnels. >>> >>> Experts say sophisticated tunnels are used for mostly drug and gun >>> smuggling, though people who don't want to risk traveling above ground >>> will >>> occasionally be sneaked through those tunnels. >>> >>> Cocaine and methamphetamine are brought in through the tunnels, but >>> marijuana - which is big and bulky and therefore difficult to move - is >>> the >>> most prevalent drug transported through the tunnels. >>> >>> Authorities found a 600-yard tunnel in Southern California during >>> November >>> 2011 that resulted in seizures of 32 tons of marijuana on both sides of >>> the >>> border, with 26 tons found on the U.S. side, accounting for one of the >>> largest marijuana busts in U.S. history. That tunnel was equipped with >>> electric railcars, lighting and ventilation while wooden planks lined the >>> floor. >>> >>> Immigrant smugglers use "gopher hole" tunnels made up of huge PVC pipes >>> that >>> are buried underground and span the border, providing enough space >>> through >>> which a person can barely squeeze. >>> >>> The storm-drain tunnels in places like Nogales are used for both >>> immigrant >>> and drug smuggling. >>> >>> HOW ARE TUNNELS DISCOVERED? >>> >>> The majority of tunnels are found by human intelligence, either by >>> Mexican >>> or U.S. authorities patrolling the border and noticing the ground has >>> been >>> disturbed, or through informants who tip authorities to their presence. >>> >>> HOW ARE TUNNELS EXPLORED AND INVESTIGATED ONCE THEY'RE LOCATED? >>> >>> So-called tunnel robots have been in use by Border Patrol for several >>> years. >>> They can safely navigate through corrugated pipes, tunnels, and drainage >>> systems while an agent controls the device from the surface, seeing what >>> the >>> robot sees on a handheld screen. The robots are used, in part, as a >>> safety >>> measure to keep agents out of harm's way as many tunnels can be poorly >>> built >>> and possibly collapse and lack proper ventilation. >>> >>> They also can navigate an underground labyrinth in a fraction of the >>> time it >>> would take an agent to explore the tunnel. Some of the newer robots, >>> which >>> weigh about 12 pounds and can navigate through passageways that are only >>> several feet wide, are being deployed this year across southern Arizona >>> and >>> California. >>> >>> Source: U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S. Immigration and >>> Customs >>> Enforcement. >>> >>> --- >>> >>> ========================================== >>> (F)AIR USE NOTICE: All original content and/or articles and graphics in >>> this >>> message are copyrighted, unless specifically noted otherwise. All rights >>> to >>> these copyrighted items are reserved. Articles and graphics have been >>> placed >>> within for educational and discussion purposes only, in compliance with >>> "Fair Use" criteria established in Section 107 of the Copyright Act of >>> 1976. >>> The principle of "Fair Use" was established as law by Section 107 of The >>> Copyright Act of 1976. "Fair Use" legally eliminates the need to obtain >>> permission or pay royalties for the use of previously copyrighted >>> materials >>> if the purposes of display include "criticism, comment, news reporting, >>> teaching, scholarship, and research." Section 107 establishes four >>> criteria >>> for determining whether the use of a work in any particular case >>> qualifies >>> as a "fair use". A work used does not necessarily have to satisfy all >>> four >>> criteria to qualify as an instance of "fair use". Rather, "fair use" is >>> determined by the overall extent to which the cited work does or does not >>> substantially satisfy the criteria in their totality. If you wish to use >>> copyrighted material for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use,' >>> you >>> must obtain permission from the copyright owner. For more information go >>> to: >>> http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml >>> >>> THIS DOCUMENT MAY CONTAIN COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. COPYING AND >>> DISSEMINATION IS >>> PROHIBITED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNERS. >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> ----------------------------------- >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> -- >> -- >> Thanks for being part of "PoliticalForum" at Google Groups. >> For options & help see http://groups.google.com/group/PoliticalForum >> >> * Visit our other community at http://www.PoliticalForum.com/ >> * It's active and moderated. 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