RE: Multicasting software [7:47056]
Hi, Anyone know whether to get test Multicasting software for windows version. I believe iperf can do it in Unix but not in windows. Thanks Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Mike Bernico [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Thursday, June 20, 2002 11:27 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: RE: Multicasting software [7:47056] I wrote a program called mint that can do this very thing. http://sourceforge.net/projects/mc-mint/ --- Mike Bernico [EMAIL PROTECTED] Illinois Century Network http://www.illinois.net (217) 557-6555 -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Thursday, June 20, 2002 9:29 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Multicasting software [7:47056] Greetings, Someone was looking for some software to test multicasting feature on routers/switches. Can you please let me know where can I also get that software! I can't remember who requested that info before, please add me in the loop. Thanks...Nabil I have never let my schooling interfere with my education. Message Posted at: http://www.groupstudy.com/form/read.php?f=7i=47126t=47056 -- FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: Recent CCIE power session [7:46026]
Hi, I can't locate the presentation slides based on the following URL. I require something like this one http://www.cisco.com/networkers/nw00/pres/3304/3304.htm Does anyone know where to locate the 1-day lab format ? Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Schwantz [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Sunday, June 09, 2002 12:40 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: Recent CCIE power session [7:46026] Is this what you are looking for? http://www.cisco.com/networkers/nw01/pres/ Schwantz shi neo wrote in message [EMAIL PROTECTED]">news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]... could u send it to me? thanks#65281; my email:[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I attended Networkers in 2001 in Chicago and attended the CCIE Power Session, this was prior to the lab going to the one-day format. Does anyone have a link where I could download the latest CCIE Power Session powerpoint presentation that applies to the one-day format? Does Cisco make those presentations available to the public? Would I be breaking any rules by having this power session presentation if I did not attend the Networkers from which it came? -- Kevin Keay (N+,CNE,CCSE,CCDP,CCNP, CISSP) Sr. Network Specialist Ondeo-Nalco One Ondeo-Nalco Center Naperville, IL 60563 (630) 305-2557 Message Posted at: http://www.groupstudy.com/form/read.php?f=7i=46341t=46026 -- FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: Mail Relay [7:45144]
Hi, To my knowledge, Mail Relay is SMTP server forwording the email which source don't belong to its client or domain. For example, [EMAIL PROTECTED] want to send mail to his friend. By default, [EMAIL PROTECTED] require to specify its STMP server under abc.com domain ie SMTP server under abc.com domain. If [EMAIL PROTECTED] specify its SMTP server as xxx.def.com and xxx.def.com SMTP server allow this email to forward its to global interenet, then xxx.def.com is doing mail relay... In conclusion, all the email client in the world can send mail to their friend as long as they specific their SMTP server as xxx.def.com...which causing spamming... Thus, to prevent mail relay, SMTP server should check the source domain before forwarding the email out... Do correct me if i am wrong. Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Viet Tran [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Thursday, May 30, 2002 4:19 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: RE: Mail Relay [7:45144] Nobody knows ?? Can anyone tell me what is a mail relay for ?? -- In a typical mail flow, a source mail client sends message to its mail server. This mai server then directs the message to its nearest mail relay, then to next mail relay, then to the next-next ... until the message reaches the mail server at the other end to be delivered to the destination mail client. -- I know it is not a Cisco issue, but for me it is related to the fact that I am only studying cisco stuff and therefore do not know anything about those kind of Microsoft things. --- Actually it's not Microsoft or whatever thing, but should be called SMTP thing. However, the majority of mail relay boxes out there implement their relay job running sendmail, an integrated GNU software found in every Unix machine including Linux of course. Maintaining sendmail is challenging, but very rewarding. You can start by reading DNS BIND and Sendmail of O'Reilly, then jumping to Sendmail Theory Practice of someone I don't recall the name right now. - Hope it helps little bit. Regards, Victor Tran. Santa Clara County ISD. __ Do You Yahoo!? Yahoo! - Official partner of 2002 FIFA World Cup http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com Message Posted at: http://www.groupstudy.com/form/read.php?f=7i=45406t=45144 -- FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: BGP Design Issues Require Assistance [7:11390]
Hi, Thanks Jim Dixon and Richard Chang for your suggestion. The reason of coming to this 2 design was the merging of 2 Internet Exchange, IX. IX1 having AS1000 and IX2 having AS2000. In the merging policy, IX2 will require to change its AS to AS1000. To solve this problem, BGP confederation is used. The engineer in IX1 proposed Design 1 which is grouping the original gateway routers from IX2 via 45M WAN link into their Sub-AS 65111. They claim that they require to manage this router for Core Sub-AS which is AS65111. The engineer from IX2 is unhappy and tried to see whether is there other reason why they proposed Design 1 as he feel that Design 2 is much better as full-mesh is required within Sub-AS So, it carried traffic via WAN link if Design 1 is inuse. In the Cisco ISP/IXP Workshops, a few things require to take into consideration when doing BGP Confederation which i don't really understanding how to apply in this situation. - Path diverity - Sub-AS hierarchy - Best path sent to neighbour sub-AS - Packet forwarding depends on next hop - IGP carries next hops and local networks - Preserve next hop across sub-AS eBGP - Confederation boundary - AS-sequence and AS path length - AS-sequence should be skipped during MED comparison Rgds, Sam SAM Meng Wai wrote in message [EMAIL PROTECTED]">news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]... Hi Do give some comments like Advantages and Disadvantages on the 2 design as follows : (1) AS1000BGP Conferadation issus -- |Sub-AS 65111 | || | -- | | ||| | -| | /\| |45 / M WAN \ link| | -- -| | || | | | | -- --- | | || | ||---| | FastEthernet| EBGP || | -- --- | | || | | | | -- --- | | Sub-AS 65110 | --- (2) AS1000BGP Conferadation issus -- |Sub-AS 65111 | |IGP(OSPF)| | -- | | ||| | -| | /\| -/---\--- / 45M WAN \ link EBGP ---/\ - | / \ | | -- -| | || | | | | -- --- | | ||| | | FastEthernet|| | | IGP(OSPF) || Assume it is | -- --- | full-mesh of RR | || | | | in Sub-AS 65110 | -- --- | | Sub-AS 65110 | --- Thank in advance. Rgds, Meng Wai Message Posted at: http://www.groupstudy.com/form/read.php?f=7i=11621t=11390 -- FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
BGP Design Issues Require Assistance [7:11390]
Hi
Do give some comments like Advantages and Disadvantages on
the 2 design as follows :
(1)
AS1000BGP Conferadation issus
--
|Sub-AS 65111 |
||
| -- |
| |||
| -|
| /\|
|45 / M WAN \ link|
| -- -|
| || | | |
| -- --- |
| || |
||---|
| FastEthernet| EBGP
||
| -- --- |
| || | | |
| -- --- |
| Sub-AS 65110 |
---
(2)
AS1000BGP Conferadation issus
--
|Sub-AS 65111 |
|IGP(OSPF)|
| -- |
| |||
| -|
| /\|
-/---\---
/ 45M WAN \ link EBGP
---/\ -
| / \ |
| -- -|
| || | | |
| -- --- |
| |||
| | FastEthernet||
| | IGP(OSPF) || Assume it is
| -- --- | full-mesh of RR
| || | | | in Sub-AS 65110
| -- --- |
| Sub-AS 65110 |
---
Thank in advance.
Rgds,
Meng Wai
Message Posted at:
http://www.groupstudy.com/form/read.php?f=7i=11390t=11390
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RE: AS5300 Async Dial-up Connectivity problem [7:1840]
Hi Burgin Kozak, I have similar problem when i using ppp on AS5300. However, i don't encounter any problem when i using slip. Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Burgin Kozak [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Wednesday, April 25, 2001 6:33 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: AS5300 Async Dial-up Connectivity problem [7:1840] Hi. I have an AS5300 Access Server. I want to dial-up access to AS5300 using my Laptop and my async modem. But I cant log in. ( I mean AS5300 doesnt authenticate) AS5300s show running-config output and show version output are below. If someone check the configs I will be very happy. Thanks. Regards. Burcin /* ** **/ /*RUNNING CONFIGURATION */ /* ** **/ Current configuration: ! version 12.0 service timestamps debug datetime msec localtime service timestamps log datetime msec localtime no service password-encryption ! hostname merkez-access ! aaa new-model aaa authentication login default local aaa authentication ppp default local none enable secret 5 /* i erased passwords */ enable password 7 /* i erased passwords */ ! username dial password 0 dial username user1 password 0 user1 modem country mica turkey ip subnet-zero no ip domain-lookup ! isdn switch-type primary-net5 ! ! controller E1 0 clock source line primary pri-group timeslots 1-31 ! controller E1 1 clock source line secondary 1 pri-group timeslots 1-31 ! controller E1 2 clock source line secondary 2 ! controller E1 3 clock source line secondary 3 ! controller E1 4 clock source line secondary 4 ! controller E1 5 clock source line secondary 5 ! controller E1 6 clock source line secondary 6 ! controller E1 7 clock source line secondary 7 ! ! interface Loopback0 ip address 10.9.0.1 255.255.255.0 no ip directed-broadcast ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.32.9.1 255.255.255.0 no ip directed-broadcast shutdown ! interface Serial0 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 no ip directed-broadcast no ip mroute-cache shutdown no fair-queue clockrate 2015232 ! interface Serial1 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 no ip directed-broadcast shutdown no fair-queue clockrate 2015232 ! interface Serial2 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 no ip directed-broadcast shutdown no fair-queue clockrate 2015232 ! interface Serial3 ip unnumbered Ethernet0 no ip directed-broadcast shutdown no fair-queue clockrate 2015232 ! interface Serial0:15 ip unnumbered Loopback0 no ip directed-broadcast encapsulation ppp isdn switch-type primary-net5 isdn incoming-voice modem peer default ip address pool deneme fair-queue 64 256 0 ! interface Serial1:15 ip unnumbered Loopback0 no ip directed-broadcast encapsulation ppp isdn switch-type primary-net5 isdn incoming-voice modem peer default ip address pool deneme fair-queue 64 256 0 ! interface FastEthernet0 no ip address no ip directed-broadcast shutdown ! interface Group-Async1 ip unnumbered Loopback0 no ip directed-broadcast encapsulation ppp async dynamic address peer default ip address pool deneme ppp authentication chap group-range 1 240 hold-queue 10 in ! router eigrp 100 network 10.0.0.0 ! ip local pool deneme 10.9.0.1 10.9.0.254 no ip http server ip classless ! logging history notifications dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ! line con 0 logging synchronous transport input none line 1 240 autoselect during-login autoselect ppp modem Dialin modem autoconfigure discovery transport input telnet transport output telnet line aux 0 line vty 0 4 ! end /* ** ***/ /* SH VERSION OUTPUT */ /* ** ***/ sh version Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 5300 Software (C5300-I-M), Version 12.0(4)XJ4, EARLY DEPLOYMENT RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) TAC:Home:SW:IOS:Specials for info Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Sun 24-Oct-99 20:26 by sharpd Image text-base: 0x600088F8, data-base: 0x60676000 ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 12.0(2)XD1, EARLY DEPLOYMENT RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) BOOTFLASH: 5300 Software (C5300-BOOT-M), Version 12.0(4)T1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) merkez-access uptime is 2 hours, 10 minutes System restarted by reload System image file is flash:c5300-i-mz.120-4.XJ4 cisco AS5300 (R4K) processor (revision A.32) with 65536K/16384K bytes of memory. Processor board ID 17041484 R4700 CPU at 150Mhz, Implementation 33, Rev 1.0, 512KB L2 Cache Channelized E1, Version 1.0. Bridging software. X.25 software, Version
RE:
Look like this is one of the CCIE questions -Original Message- From: Circusnuts [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Monday, March 26, 2001 12:55 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Cc: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: Looks like a Serial connection through a Frame-Relay network, with Traffic Shaping applied in low/ medium/ high intervals. Whatever you do not understand in this config can be easily plugged into the CCO search engine. www.Cisco.com Phil - Original Message - To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]; [EMAIL PROTECTED]; [EMAIL PROTECTED]; [EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Saturday, March 24, 2001 5:40 PM Can anyone explain to me this confi": int se0 ip add 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 load interval 3 traffic-shape group 101 32000 8000 8000 traffic-shape group 102 32000 8000 8000 access-list 101 permit ip host 172.17.246.169 host 10.0.0.2 access-list 102 permit ip host 172.17.246.169 host 10.0.0.2 _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: CCIE written pass score
Just taken my wriitten paper last month. Passing score is 700/1000. -Original Message- From: Mantiz [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Saturday, March 24, 2001 12:20 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: CCIE written pass score Does anyone know what the current passing score for the CCIE written exam is? Thanks, _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: Please Help me with this lab --- Im stuck
Looking thru' your configuration and i found something funny. Your serial network masking is 255.128.0.0 your ospf network is set to 255.255.0.0. Maybe i suggest you to try to set your network masking to 255.255.0.0. Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: David Bader [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Saturday, March 17, 2001 9:19 PM To: Cisco Groupstudy; Albert Lu Subject: AW: Please Help me with this lab --- Im stuck Make sure your default gateways on your ethernet hosts are pointing to your router1. dave -Ursprüngliche Nachricht- Von: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]]Im Auftrag von Albert Lu Gesendet: Samstag, 17. März 2001 11:45 An: MJL Cc: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Betreff: RE: Please Help me with this lab --- Im stuck A suggestion is to a 'trace' and see the results. It would show who is dropping the packet. Could you send a 'trace' result to the list? Albert -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]]On Behalf Of MJL Sent: Saturday, 17 March 2001 9:33 To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Please Help me with this lab --- Im stuck Hi gang... I have a problem that is driving me nutz. Take a look at my configs and see if you can figure it out. Diagram: |___| ethernet LAN | R1 --serial--R2 Problem: I can't ping anything on the LAN from R2 R1#sh run Building configuration... Current configuration: ! version 11.2 no service password-encryption no service udp-small-servers no service tcp-small-servers ! hostname R1 ! ! ! interface Ethernet0 ip address 10.1.5.1 255.255.0.0 ! interface Serial0 ip address 10.128.1.1 255.128.0.0 bandwidth 56 clockrate 56000 ! interface Serial1 no ip address shutdown ! router ospf 200 network 10.1.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0 network 10.128.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0 ! ip classless ! ! line con 0 logging synchronous line aux 0 line vty 0 4 login ! end R1 Routing Table: R1#sh ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is not set 10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks C 10.1.0.0/16 is directly connected, Ethernet0 C 10.128.0.0/9 is directly connected, Serial0 172.16.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets O 172.16.25.1 [110/1786] via 10.128.1.2, 00:04:20, Serial0 -- -- - Router #2 R2#sh %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console run Building configuration... Current configuration: ! version 11.2 no service password-encryption no service udp-small-servers no service tcp-small-servers ! hostname R2 ! enable password ccna ! ! interface Loopback0 ip address 172.16.25.1 255.255.0.0 ! interface Ethernet0 no ip address shutdown ! interface Serial0 ip address 10.128.1.2 255.128.0.0 ! interface Serial1 no ip address shutdown ! router ospf 200 network 10.128.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0 network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0 ! ip classless ! ! line con 0 line aux 0 line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! end R2 Routing Table: R2#sh ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is not set 10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks O 10.1.0.0/16 [110/74] via 10.128.1.1, 00:06:04, Serial0 C 10.128.0.0/9 is directly connected, Serial0 C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Loopback0 _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and
RE: Sample CCNA test question..bogus?
See Below -Original Message- From: Bruce [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Thursday, March 15, 2001 12:11 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Sample CCNA test question..bogus? Q. Which one of the following is a valid host using the address of 172.16.0.0 /19? a. 172.16.32.0Network Address b. 172.16.64.0Network Address c. 172.16.63.255 broadcast Address d. 172.16.80.255 Ok Which one and why? (I say none of them. Am I going mad?) _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: Token Ring White Paper
Here is the sites. http://www.ccprep.com/resources/news/archives/Token_Ring2.pdf Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Yonkerbonk [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Friday, February 09, 2001 3:45 AM To: Hal White; [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: Token Ring White Paper I originall found it on ccprep.com and it's still there. So check that out under Resources. Michael --- Hal White [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Several people have asked me where I got the Token Ring white paper that I used to study for the CCIE written. I got the paper from www.certificationzone.com when it was free for download a few months ago. Unfortunately, it is not free this month. If you have a membership you should definitely read this white paper. If you are not a member then go to their site and decide if it is worth spending the money. I was not a member, but others on the list have said it was a good investment. Caslow's book and the exam cram both have chapters about bridging and token ring that are also helpful although they do not explain it as well and as clearly as the white paper on certification zone. There is another document about Token Ring that is also helpful which can be found at http://www.groupstudy.com/notes/notepages/rif2.html I hope this helps everyone who is preparing for the CCIE Written. Hal _ Get your FREE download of MSN Explorer at http://explorer.msn.com _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] __ Do You Yahoo!? Get personalized email addresses from Yahoo! Mail - only $35 a year! http://personal.mail.yahoo.com/ _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: Am I alive??
Yes You are alive -Original Message- From: David Richard [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Friday, January 26, 2001 4:48 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Am I alive?? Hey.. This is test mail.. DR. Get free email and a permanent address at http://www.netaddress.com/?N=1 _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: How to increase VTY line ?
Try this line vty 0 4 password 7 050F05011E5E5A1B login line vty 5 74 password 7 070B2242711B0D17 login ! Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Nomi [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Friday, January 12, 2001 5:26 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: How to increase VTY line ? Dear fellows, I want to increase the number of Vty line. Is there is any way to get = 10 vty lines. By default cisco 2500 has 0-4 vty lines.(only 5 user can = telnet to router) Nomi _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: Weekend Challenge - Route Aggregation
My ans are GRP1: 143.178.0.0/16- only first 16 bits are common GRP2: 148.233.0.0/20 GRP3: 148.135.0.0/17 GRP4: 148.233.96.0/20 148.233.128.0/17 Duno right or wrong ? Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Stephen Skinner [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Tuesday, December 19, 2000 4:17 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]; [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: Weekend Challenge - Route Aggregation GRP1 143.178.0.0 /19 GRP2 148.233.0.0 /24 GRP3 148.235.0.0 /17 GRP4 148.233.110.0 /19 don`t know if ti`s right but ATLEAST it`s an answer steve From: "Chuck Larrieu" [EMAIL PROTECTED] Reply-To: "Chuck Larrieu" [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: "Cisco Mail List" [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Weekend Challenge - Route Aggregation Date: Fri, 15 Dec 2000 19:18:30 -0800 Just sitting around eating some chicken, catching up on my e-mail. I see in the Tony Bates CIDR report to the NANOG list there is a reference to "interesting aggregations". http://www.employees.org/~tbates/cidr-report.html#Aggs Thought some excerpts might make an interesting challenge. To whit, come up with the appropriate summarization for the following routes that currently appear in the "global internet BGP table" These are things that caught my eye while browsing the report. I have not tried to summarize them myself as yet. How about it? Take a stab and publish your results? Have some fun? Group 1 143.178.0.0/19 143.178.64.0/19 143.178.128.0/19 143.178.140.0/24 Group 2 148.233.0.0/21 148.233.1.0/24 148.233.2.0/24 148.233.6.0/24 148.233.8.0/21 Group 3 148.235.0.0/17 148.235.2.0/24 148.235.4.0/23 148.235.6.0/24 148.235.8.0/21 Group 4 - the Big Challenge 148.223.112.0/21 148.223.120.0/22 148.223.124.0/24 148.223.128.0/17 148.223.128.0/20 148.223.151.0/24 148.223.160.0/24 148.223.176.0/20 148.223.177.0/24 148.223.178.0/24 148.223.192.0/19 148.223.224.0/23 148.223.226.0/24 148.223.249.0/24 148.223.250.0/24 148.233.110.0/24 148.233.112.0/20 148.233.113.0/24 148.233.116.0/22 148.233.120.0/21 148.233.122.0/24 148.233.128.0/21 148.233.128.0/24 148.233.130.0/24 148.233.137.0/24 148.233.140.0/22 148.233.140.0/24 148.233.155.0/24 148.233.156.0/22 148.233.160.0/20 148.233.160.0/21 148.233.164.0/24 148.233.165.0/24 148.233.168.0/22 148.233.175.0/24 148.233.176.0/20 One way to determine how well we understand aggregation / supernetting / CIDR :- Chuck -- I am Locutus, a CCIE Lab Proctor. Xx_Brain_dumps_xX are futile. Your life as it has been is over ( if you hope to pass ) From this time forward, you will study US! ( apologies to the folks at Star Trek TNG ) _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com. _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: Numbers . . . What numbers?
Save some IP address without assigning any IP on your WAN link and your routing still working fine. Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Dyland Desmarais [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Saturday, December 16, 2000 1:22 PM To: '[EMAIL PROTECTED]' Subject: Numbers . . . What numbers? Greetings all Could someone please shed some light on IP Unnumbered Serial Interfaces. From my BSCN book, I understand this is getting ip routing to work on a serial interface without specifying a specific ip to the serial interface (using the ip unnumbered command) My question is why would anyone want to do this? thanx Dyland _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: What to know, all night long . . .
I having the same situation as you are. I passed my CCNA v1 1.5 yrs ago and going for CCNP v2. Anyway, i managed to complete my CCNP without going thru the course note of CCNA v2. BSCN is stressing on OSPF, BGP, VLSM etc. It is not very much related to subject in CCNA v2. Hope it can help ypu. Thk. Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Dyland Desmarais [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Saturday, December 16, 2000 1:25 PM To: '[EMAIL PROTECTED]' Subject: What to know, all night long . . . Greets all I am currently studying for CCNP v2 and have begun with the BSCN exam. However, when I got my CCNA, it wrote the V1 exam. I their anything not on the v1 CCNA that there is on the CCNA v2 exam that I should study before getting to far into my BSCN? Say that 10 times over :-) Thanx Dyland _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Receive Mail Test
Rgds, SAM Meng Wai StarHub Pte Ltd, Email: [EMAIL PROTECTED], DID: +65 825-6646 H/P : 98592064 _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: CCIE exam
It should be a MC exam and a Lab Test. MC refer to Multiple Choice Exam. -Original Message- From: ROB [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Friday, December 15, 2000 3:27 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: CCIE exam As it states, there are 2 phases to the CCIE exam. First you must pass the Written(qualification) exam. Then you get the honor of sweating through the 2 day hands on lab. mak wrote: mak wrote: Dear all, As I check the Cisco Web site. There are two CCIE RS Exams 1. RS Qualification Exam (MC) It seems that it is written exam. I thought it is hand-written exam rather than MC exam :) 2. Lab exam Is the written exam including in lab exam? I thought there are one written exam and one lab exam. Regards, mak _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: CCNP 2.0 passing scores
The passing mark is abt 690-706/1000. They are abt 62 questions for each paper (ie 4 papers) Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Ravi Kumar [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Tuesday, December 12, 2000 12:24 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: CCNP 2.0 passing scores dear friends can u pls let me know numbers of questions and passing score for all CCNP 2.0 exams? tanx ravee Get free email and a permanent address at http://www.netaddress.com/?N=1 _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: Connecting S0 S1 back 2 back of single router
I think it is not possible. As a router only hold one routing table. The WAN address for S0 S1 must be in same prefix but the router will not allow you to configure it Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Nomi [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Tuesday, December 12, 2000 8:32 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Connecting S0 S1 back 2 back of single router Dear Users, Plz. help me in solving a problem , Is it possible to connect serial = interface of single router back to back to enable routing use it for = Routing protocols. If it is possible than how to do it ? I have a vauge picture of it how to connect S0 S1 of Router 2511 i-e = serial cable at both the interfaces and than both interface are = connected throiugh roll over cable / cross cable. Please comment on it.=20 _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: definitions
This is my answer : CCSE- Certified Checkpoint Systems Engineer CCNE- Center for Continuing Nursing Education CCSI- Certified Cisco Systems Instructors Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Ravi Kumar [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Friday, December 08, 2000 1:27 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: definitions dear friends I would like to know the definitions for following terms CCSE CCNE CCSI how to achive above said certificaitons? tanx revee Get free email and a permanent address at http://www.netaddress.com/?N=1 _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: OSPF Loopback
Hi Chris, You can have your loopbacks address as 2.2.2.0/24 but we required to put in either static or dynamic routing for all the routers to learn abt this address, otherwise, all other router will not able to ping the loopback address of other's router. Hope this will answer your questions. Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Christopher Larson [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Wednesday, December 06, 2000 2:51 AM To: '[EMAIL PROTECTED]' Subject: OSPF Loopback If all the interfaces in say area 0 are 170.100.1.0 /24 and my loopbacks are 2.2.2.0/24, should I be able to ping each loopback from all the other routers? or do I need to make my loopbacks a subnet of the 170.100.1.0/24 address?? Thanx!! _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: NTP in an Enterprise Network
You can setup an NTP Server on a unix machine and let all your routers sync to this NTP server by configure the following commands in your routers. Make sure you have a accurate timing in your server. ntp clock-period 17179860 ntp server 10.200.2.10 Hope this will ans your questions Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Circusnuts [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Tuesday, December 05, 2000 10:11 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: NTP in an Enterprise Network Can anyone share NTP implementation successes in an Enterprise scenario. It's my latest assignment @ work I have a good idea what I want to accomplish, just looking for a some lessons learned. Thanks All !!! Phil _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: hub-and-spoke
Hub-and-spoke topology refer to the role of router in the networking world. Spoke router send out request and receive request but not passing the request from one interface to the other interface in the router. This function will be perform by the Hub router. For example, - Router A direct connect to Router B - Router C direct connect to Router B - Router B direct connect to both router A and C Router A and C are the spoke router and router B is Hub router. Router A can ping to router B and router C can ping to router B. Router A is unable to ping to router C as they don't have direct connection. However, since router B is acting as a Hub. It will translate the ping packet so that router A is able to ping router C without any direct connection. Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Hook Soso [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Monday, December 04, 2000 3:51 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: hub-and-spoke Could someone tell me what's the meaning of hub-and-spoke topology? _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: why can ping but traceroute stop half way
Hope i can answer your questions. Some of the routers disable ICMP response. Thus, they will not reply you but able to route packet through and the host you ping to will reply your ICMP packets. Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Sim, CT (Chee Tong) [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Monday, December 04, 2000 5:05 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: why can ping but traceroute stop half way Hi..Dear all, i wonder why I can ping to a site but when I do a traceroute stop half way.. I thought traceroute are based on ICMP as well?? See below sin-uunetping 210.24.136.242 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 210.24.136.242, timeout is 2 seconds: ! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 32/96/156 ms sin-uunettraceroute 210.24.136.242 Type escape sequence to abort. Tracing the route to 210.24.136.242 1 Loopback0.GW2.SIN1.Alter.Net (210.80.0.25) 12 msec 12 msec 12 msec 2 322.ATM5-0-0.XR2.SIN1.Alter.Net (210.80.3.65) 8 msec 12 msec 8 msec 3 412.ATM8-0-0.GW1.SIN1.Alter.Net (210.80.3.62) 12 msec 12 msec 8 msec 4 202.95.96.30 20 msec 16 msec 16 msec 5 scipk017.pacific.net.sg (203.120.90.17) 12 msec 16 msec 16 msec 6 202.42.42.234 20 msec 92 msec 36 msec 7 * * * 8 * * * 9 * * * == De informatie opgenomen in dit bericht kan vertrouwelijk zijn en is uitsluitend bestemd voor de geadresseerde. Indien u dit bericht onterecht ontvangt wordt u verzocht de inhoud niet te gebruiken en de afzender direct te informeren door het bericht te retourneren. == The information contained in this message may be confidential and is intended to be exclusively for the addressee. Should you receive this message unintentionally, please do not use the contents herein and notify the sender immediately by return e-mail. == _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: ATM Lane in switching 2.0(BCMSN)
There isn't any questions on ATM LANE which i take on this year Sept papers. Good Luck Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: STRAND Scott [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Tuesday, December 05, 2000 4:39 AM To: Brian; Waqar M Cc: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: ATM Lane in switching 2.0(BCMSN) There wasn't any on the one I took back in late August. Add trunking to the list mentioned below. --Scott Strand CCNP Brian wrote: Its been a while, but thinking back, I don't believe so. And if it did, it was so little I wouldn't worry to much on lane. Spanning Tree, VLANs, EtherChannel, MultiLayer Switchingthats the type of stuff you want to study up on On Mon, 4 Dec 2000, Waqar M wrote: Dear All, Can someone plz tell me that does SWITCHING (BCMSN)exam contain ATM Lane questions??? I have completed my preparation and i m bit confused a bit that whether to prepare for LANE also or not. Moreover, any sort of final tips as i m going to have this exam after 3 days. Any sort of help will be highly appreciated. Thanks, Waqar M. Network Engineer __ ___ Get more from the Web. FREE MSN Explorer download : http://explorer.msn.com _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] --- Brian Feeny, CCNP+ATM, CCDP [EMAIL PROTECTED] Network Administrator ShreveNet Inc. (ASN 11881) _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: Static Routes
Yes. I agree with Philip static route will not support load uneven balancing but EIGRP will. Static route will send out the packet in rotating basis and ignore the BW define. Q 1. Up to 6 static routes can be supported by Cisco IOS. Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Phillip Heller [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Tuesday, December 05, 2000 1:47 AM To: Brian Cc: Hussam Adili; [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: Static Routes 2) how Can traffic be load shared between two redundant links on 1 to 3 ratio using static routing (i.e. 1 packet on one interface and 3 packets on the other.) I don't believe you can do this.not "balancing" like that. Do you have something against running EIGRP on those links? How about 2 secondary addresses on the interface that you wish to send 3/4 of the traffic over? ex: int s0 ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.252 int s0 ip address 10.0.0.5 255.255.255.252 ip address 10.0.0.9 255.255.255.252 sec ip address 10.0.0.13 255.255.255.252 sec ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2 ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.6 ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.10 ip route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.14 Don't know if this'll work; never tried it. Regards, --phil _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: BSCN questions --need help
Q.9 Ans should be C:Nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) or E:Point-to-multipoint Ans C is fully meshed n/w and Ans E is for partially meshed n/w Q.10Ans C : DRs generated n/w link status and flood within the area. Q.13Ans C : Agree Q.27I think Ans C unless you want to change the physical BW Q.29I think Ans B Q.38. Ans D. The meaning of extended Access List Use in a Distribute List is different. The source parameters of the extended access list are used to indicate the address of the network whose updates are to be permitted or denied. The destination parameters of the extended access list are used to indicate the subnet mask of that network. Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: Mahesh Gupta [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Monday, December 04, 2000 5:54 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: BSCN questions --need help Hi, Attached are some of the BSCN questions which are creating lot doubts in my mind. I found these questions on one of the web site while preparing for BSCN exam. Please help me in understanding them as web site's evaluation said that my answers were wrong. Please spare some time for these questions.. if possible today... Thanks a lot. Regards, Mahesh Here are the questions with my answers :- Question 9 of 40. Which OSPF mode of operation is unot/u supported over NBMA topologies on a Cisco router? A. Broadcast B. Nonbroadcast point-to-point C. Nonbroadcast multi-access D. Point-to-point E. Point-to-multipoint My answer :- E as it is RPC mode and is not supported in some scenarios e.g. IP over ATM. Here I tried with option B as well but that was also wrong. Question 10 of 40. What generates an OSPF type-2 LSA? A. ABRs B. ASBRs C. DRs D. BDRs E. Each router for each area to which it belongs My answer :- C as Type 2 LSA's are Link LSA's. Question 13 of 40. Given the following configuration: outer ospf 20 network 10.3.3.2 0.0.0.0 area 0 network 10.4.4.1 0.0.0.0 area 3 network 10.5.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 3 area 0 range 10.3.0.0 255.255.0.0 area 3 range 10.4.4.0 255.255.255.0 area 3 range 10.5.0.0 255.255.0.0 Which statement about the difference between the effects of line 6 and the effects of line 7 is true? A. Line 6 advertises a single subnet into area 3 while line 7 advertises all subnets into area 3 B. Line 6 generates a host advertisement while line 7 generates a subnet advertisement C. Line 6 creates a more specific entry in the routing table of a router belonging to area 3 than does line 7 D. Line 6 advertises a single subnet into area 0 while line 7 advertises all subnets into area 0 My answer :-C seems to most logical... Question 27 of 40. Which of the following best completes the following statement? When configuring EIGRP for WAN interfaces, the BANDWIDTH statement is _. A. required for Frame Relay only B. required for subinterfaces only C. not required D. only used for multipoint circuits My answer :- no clue as very generic question guess was A or D but both were wrong. I thought A becasue specially in framerelay multipoint networks we put bandwidth but not necessarily only on subinterfaces. We may want to use the bandwidth command directly on a interface so that we can change the default value of T1 (1.544MB). Question 29 of 40. When using Enhanced IGRP in large scalable networks, why is additional EIGRP configuration required? A. To be hierarchical B. To adjust only WAN bandwidth because EIGRP is preconfigured (Plug and Play) C. To be monitored by the administrator D. To create manually entered summary routes My answer :- I tried A and D but both were wrong. any clue Question 37 of 40. Which is unot/u a benefit of manual route summarization in EIGRP networks? A. Smaller routing tables B. Boundaries for query packets C. More rapid convergence D. A route to the null interface My answer :- C becasue if we limit query boundry, rapid concergence will automatically happen ?? Question 38 of 40. Which statement about an extended IP access list is true when configuring a distribute-list to filter BGP route advertisements on a Cisco router? A. It cannot be used; only standard IP access lists can be configured B. It can be used, to specify the source and destination IP address of the routes C. It can be used, to specify the network number and subnet mask of the routes D. It can be used, with a different syntax than the usual use of the extended IP access list My answer :- Tried B and D but was wrong ?? no idea .. _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and
RE: CCIE LAB Groupstudy list
Do anyboody have any information of taking CCIE Lab Test. How can i prepare for this exam ? Rgds, Sam -Original Message- From: ElephantChild [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Monday, December 04, 2000 11:45 AM To: Brian Cc: Paul Borghese; Nigel Taylor; [EMAIL PROTECTED]; [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: CCIE LAB Groupstudy list On Sun, 3 Dec 2000, Brian wrote: On Sun, 3 Dec 2000, Paul Borghese wrote: For the last two weeks I have been fighting them to get more bandwidth. The end result is going to be we need to move the server to a new location. Any ideas? You could put it at ShreveNet :) We have transit to Sprint, Qwest, Global Crossing, UUNet and Cable and Wireless. I would offer you free colo at shreve.net, we have plenty of bandwidth. Or you could ask cdrom.com (aka Walnut Creek). IIRC their own traffic, I doubt that they would notice a 5GB/day increase. :-) (Sorry, I don't have any contact there.) -- "Airplane travel is nature's way of making you look like your passport photo." --- Al Gore _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED] _ FAQ, list archives, and subscription info: http://www.groupstudy.com/list/cisco.html Report misconduct and Nondisclosure violations to [EMAIL PROTECTED]
