Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Don Wilhelm
Those of you who have a desktop computer with an available PCI slot and 
are looking for an alternative soundcard at a lesser price, you might 
want to find a SoundBlaster Live 24 as an add-on.  It is a 24 bit 
soundcard that can operate duplex and has a decent dynamic range and 
good S/N ratio.

I have mine configured as the default soundcard because I like to listen 
to good music and do recordings.  I will also use it for the receiving 
end of my Z1/Softrock panadapter when that project is finsihed.

I then use the stock on-board computer soundcard (not the default card) 
for digital modes since I can see little difference in the *usable* 
dynamic range - (my computer uses a SoundMAX) - it is not the greatest, 
but it does OK for me in digital modes.

The net result is that Windows sounds can occur 'on-top' of my music or 
panadapter output, but I will not be transmitting those sounds because I 
do not use this default card for data modes.

If you are using a laptop for the shack computer, then you best choice 
is an external USB soundcard.  I prefer to use a desktop computer in the 
hamshack.

73,
Don W3FPR

Adam Koczarski wrote:
>   
>> -Original Message-
>> From: Joe Subich, W4TV [mailto:li...@subich.com]
>> Sent: Thursday, January 22, 2009 4:27 PM
>> To: 'Adam Koczarski'; elecraft@mailman.qth.net
>> Subject: RE: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31
>>
>> That's fine if no other program (or Windows) decides to send
>> something to the sound card while you are transmitting.  It
>> also works if you don't run anything else while running DM780.
>> However, there are reasons for a second sound card ... and a
>> need for other station control/interfacing capabilities in
>> some of the "purpose built" interfaces.
>>
>> If you are comfortable with the capabilities of your built-in
>> soundcard, congratulations.
>>
>> 
> You're absolutely correct. That dawned on me after I sent the message. I'm
> using a laptop with only a few radio related programs installed on it for
> use with my K3. I guess disabling the Windows sounds would be the best
> solution if you don't have enough sound cards to run the apps you're using.
> I already have two, one for the LP-PAN and the internal card I'm using for
> data transmissions, so I guess I'd need a third sound card.
>
>   
>
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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Adam Koczarski


> -Original Message-
> From: Joe Subich, W4TV [mailto:li...@subich.com]
> Sent: Thursday, January 22, 2009 4:27 PM
> To: 'Adam Koczarski'; elecraft@mailman.qth.net
> Subject: RE: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31
> 
> That's fine if no other program (or Windows) decides to send
> something to the sound card while you are transmitting.  It
> also works if you don't run anything else while running DM780.
> However, there are reasons for a second sound card ... and a
> need for other station control/interfacing capabilities in
> some of the "purpose built" interfaces.
> 
> If you are comfortable with the capabilities of your built-in
> soundcard, congratulations.
> 
You're absolutely correct. That dawned on me after I sent the message. I'm
using a laptop with only a few radio related programs installed on it for
use with my K3. I guess disabling the Windows sounds would be the best
solution if you don't have enough sound cards to run the apps you're using.
I already have two, one for the LP-PAN and the internal card I'm using for
data transmissions, so I guess I'd need a third sound card.

> The USB Interface II is not a sound card ... it is a purpose
> built USB to serial converter with audio isolation transformers.
> The audio capabilities are redundant with the K3 since it has
> transformer isolated line in/line out.
>
Thank you for the clarification.
 
Adam - ka7ark




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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Joe Subich, W4TV

> Also, since HRD is using PTT via the LP-Bridge so I don't see 
> the radio try to transmit when/if the computer makes sound 
> via the internal soundcard.

That's fine if no other program (or Windows) decides to send 
something to the sound card while you are transmitting.  It 
also works if you don't run anything else while running DM780. 
However, there are reasons for a second sound card ... and a 
need for other station control/interfacing capabilities in 
some of the "purpose built" interfaces. 

If you are comfortable with the capabilities of your built-in 
soundcard, congratulations.   

> Isn't the MicroHAM USB Interface II more than just a USB 
> soundcard? Would it really be required? An additional 0202 
> for data modes would be cheaper.

The USB Interface II is not a sound card ... it is a purpose 
built USB to serial converter with audio isolation transformers. 
The audio capabilities are redundant with the K3 since it has 
transformer isolated line in/line out.  


> -Original Message-
> From: elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net 
> [mailto:elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net] On Behalf Of Adam Koczarski
> Sent: Thursday, January 22, 2009 12:28 PM
> To: elecraft@mailman.qth.net
> Subject: Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31
> 
> 
> 
> > -Original Message-
> > From: elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net [mailto:elecraft- 
> > boun...@mailman.qth.net] On Behalf Of Julian, G4ILO
> > Sent: Thursday, January 22, 2009 2:40 AM
> > To: elecraft@mailman.qth.net
> > Subject: Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31
> > 
> > 
> > I can honestly
> > say
> > I have not noticed any difference either on TX or RX in 
> ordinary sound 
> > card operation.
> 
> I'm using a Thinkpad laptop with my K3. I have a Creative 
> E-MU 0202 connect to an LP-PAN for use with the IF output on 
> the K3. I've been using the built in SoundMAX sound card in 
> the laptop to do the data modes via HRD and DM. So far so 
> good. Would I really see any advantage in using another 
> external sound card for data modes? Isn't the MicroHAM USB 
> Interface II more than just a USB soundcard? Would it really 
> be required? An additional 0202 for data modes would be cheaper.
> 
> Also, since HRD is using PTT via the LP-Bridge so I don't see 
> the radio try to transmit when/if the computer makes sound 
> via the internal soundcard. It's just like having the Windows 
> sounds disabled. If I pull the plug from the laptops sound 
> output I can hear the laptop sound if/when I need it without 
> having to re-enable the sound card.
> 
> Adam - ka7ark
> http://ka7ark.com
> 
> 
> 
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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Adam Koczarski
> -Original Message-
> From: elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net [mailto:elecraft-
> boun...@mailman.qth.net] On Behalf Of Jay Bromley
> Sent: Thursday, January 22, 2009 12:00 PM
> To: elecraft@mailman.qth.net
> Subject: Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

I just did a little poking around for USB sound cards. The link
http://www.usbgear.com/USB-Sound.html
has a slew of USB sound cards packaged a variety of different ways. The
specs on these devices appear to be identical. Probably the same internals,
just package a variety of ways for marketing purposes. When specs are listed
they all appear to be about the same, Sampling rate (fs): 32, 44.1, 48 kHz.

I looked for specs on the internal sound card in the Thinkpad T60p. It uses
a AD1981HD:  HD Audio SoundMAXR Codec. The specs seem to be about the same
as all these other USB devices.

HD audio sample rates
8 kHz, 11.025 kHz, 16 kHz, 22.05 kHz, 32 kHz, 44.1 kHz, 48 kHz
Greater than 90 dB dynamic range
S/PDIF output: 32 kHz, 44.1 kHz or 48 kHz, 16- or 24-bit 

Doesn't look like any of these $20 devices would gain me a thing. I was just
looking for a cheap alternative to play with.

Adam - ka7ark


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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Jay Bromley
HI Adam,
Yes the MKII is more than just a sound card interface.  It also has
provisions for FSK keying, Winkeyer, Built-in readout that can be configured
many ways.  PTT/Amp keying buffer, Footswitch input, LNA relay keying.  In
the virtual router that is used with it has voice message buffers CW, FSK,
and voice.  I could go on forever.  It might not hurt to join their
reflector and monitor it for a while.

If I wasn't going to do FSK keying I would use what I have for a while and
get the feel of things.

73 de jay/w5jay..

>
> I'm using a Thinkpad laptop with my K3. I have a Creative E-MU 0202 
> connect
> to an LP-PAN for use with the IF output on the K3. I've been using the 
> built
> in SoundMAX sound card in the laptop to do the data modes via HRD and DM. 
> So
> far so good. Would I really see any advantage in using another external
> sound card for data modes? Isn't the MicroHAM USB Interface II more than
> just a USB soundcard? Would it really be required? An additional 0202 for
> data modes would be cheaper.
>
> Also, since HRD is using PTT via the LP-Bridge so I don't see the radio 
> try
> to transmit when/if the computer makes sound via the internal soundcard.
> It's just like having the Windows sounds disabled. If I pull the plug from
> the laptops sound output I can hear the laptop sound if/when I need it
> without having to re-enable the sound card.
>
> Adam - ka7ark
> http://ka7ark.com
>
:// 

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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Jay Bromley
I have both the Navigator and Microkeyer II with built in sound cards and 
yes I can see a difference (used on other rigs here).  Not much compared to 
my high end sound card I am using in another computer with the K3.  It is 
not one of those professional jobs, just a gaming one from Creative that 
cost a few hundred when new.  Even that is much better against overload 
compared to the stock internal sound card.

However the new internals are sure better than there were a few years ago! 
The thing I like using the USB external boxes is normally less wires 
compared to something like a Rig Blaster Pro.  However except for FSK keying 
the K3 is right up there with very few wires, line in, line out, and RS232 
cable.  Simple and nice!

For years I heard from RTTY contesters to just use the stock internal board 
sound card.  However I do see enough performance advantage to keep using the 
external boxes or after market sound cards.

If you haven't ran calibration on your internal sound card that will also 
help in performance.

I have also found very few internal laptop sound cards that are up to much 
of the task asked of them, most of the time they are very poor.  The two 
interfaces I mentioned above are worth their weight in gold if I am using my 
laptop and while bypassing their internal card that most of the time stinks 
in performance!  There are some high in XLS Dels I have seen that don't fall 
in this category.

Like with everything there is always the exception to the rule!

73 de w5jay/jay..




>> I'm using a Thinkpad laptop with my K3. I have a Creative E-MU 0202 
>> connect
>> to an LP-PAN for use with the IF output on the K3. I've been using the 
>> built
>> in SoundMAX sound card in the laptop to do the data modes via HRD and DM. 
>> So
>> far so good. Would I really see any advantage in using another external
>> sound card for data modes?
>
> I find the built-in soundcard function on my various computers to be
> perfectly adequate for soundcard-based digital modes with my K3 and
> other radios.  I have not run exhaustive tests, but I've not observed
> any performance improvememt when using the EMU0202 or one of the
> built-in-soundcard-USB-based-radio-interface widgets here.
>
> YMMV
>
> 73,
>
> Lyle KK7P

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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Kok Chen

On Jan 22, 2009, at 10:16 AM, Simon (HB9DRV) wrote:

> A good soundcard will not suffer from intermod - just like a good  
> radio.

Not just with intermod, but many mediocre sound cards also suffer from  
bad second harmonic distortion that could be more troublesome than IMD.

I have measured poor ones that have second harmonic distortion as bad  
as -55 dB, and I have seen traces of the second harmonic of a strong  
signal from them on a waterfall. I.e., similar to the problem with the  
K3 Line Output before applying the K8ZOA modifications.  Fortunately,  
unlike IMD, you can nudge the VFO knob a little and get the second  
harmonic to fall at a different spot in the audio spectrum from a weak  
signal that you are trying to copy.

Simon is right.  The reason for using a better quality sound card with  
narrow band rigs is not necessarily to get a lower noise floor.  It is  
to get lower IMD and harmonic distortion.  Even the worst sound card  
that I have encountered in the past half dozen years had a dynamic  
range which beats the analog gold standard that we use on HF RTTY, the  
HAL ST-8000 modem.

If you are using filters that only lets through a single signal to the  
sound card, none of this matters -- you should be able to live with 50  
dB of dynamic range if only a single signal reaches the sound card,  
and the rig's AGC can keep the amplitude of that signal moderately  
constant.   But many of us digital mode operators use at least a 2 kHz  
bandwidth; that is where good and poor sound cards can make a  
difference.

However IMHO, it is always better to use even a poor external output  
sound card; to prevent system chimes, music, etc, from getting out on  
the air.

73
Chen, W7AY

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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Dave Gilbert

One of the premium PCI sound cards highly
recommended by N8LP (the M-Audio
Audiophile 2496) for use with LP-PAN,
albeit with a 90 KHz display limitation, is currently available
for $85 at Amazon.com, and it might be found even cheaper elsewhere.

http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B6I5H5

73,
Dave   AB7E



 Original Message 
Subject: Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31
From: "Simon \(HB9DRV\)" 
Date: Thu, January 22, 2009 11:16 am


A *very* good reason for using a second soundcard is that Windows will not 
use it for send the clicks, clacks and beeps you hear while playing with 
your PC. On SSTV it's easy to see when someone is using the internal 
soundcard instead of second card.

A good soundcard will not suffer from intermod - just like a good radio.

So even if you don't want to shell out for a microHam spend $50 and get a 
second soundcard anyway and use this for your radio.

Simon Brown, HB9DRV
www.ham-radio-deluxe.com 

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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Simon (HB9DRV)
- Original Message - 
From: "Lyle Johnson" 
>
> I find the built-in soundcard function on my various computers to be
> perfectly adequate for soundcard-based digital modes with my K3 and
> other radios.
>

A *very* good reason for using a second soundcard is that Windows will not 
use it for send the clicks, clacks and beeps you hear while playing with 
your PC. On SSTV it's easy to see when someone is using the internal 
soundcard instead of second card.

A good soundcard will not suffer from intermod - just like a good radio.

So even if you don't want to shell out for a microHam spend $50 and get a 
second soundcard anyway and use this for your radio.

Simon Brown, HB9DRV
www.ham-radio-deluxe.com 

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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Lyle Johnson
> I'm using a Thinkpad laptop with my K3. I have a Creative E-MU 0202 connect
> to an LP-PAN for use with the IF output on the K3. I've been using the built
> in SoundMAX sound card in the laptop to do the data modes via HRD and DM. So
> far so good. Would I really see any advantage in using another external
> sound card for data modes?

I find the built-in soundcard function on my various computers to be 
perfectly adequate for soundcard-based digital modes with my K3 and 
other radios.  I have not run exhaustive tests, but I've not observed 
any performance improvememt when using the EMU0202 or one of the 
built-in-soundcard-USB-based-radio-interface widgets here.

YMMV

73,

Lyle KK7P
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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Adam Koczarski

> -Original Message-
> From: elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net [mailto:elecraft-
> boun...@mailman.qth.net] On Behalf Of Julian, G4ILO
> Sent: Thursday, January 22, 2009 2:40 AM
> To: elecraft@mailman.qth.net
> Subject: Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31
> 
> 
> I can honestly
> say
> I have not noticed any difference either on TX or RX in ordinary sound
> card
> operation. 

I'm using a Thinkpad laptop with my K3. I have a Creative E-MU 0202 connect
to an LP-PAN for use with the IF output on the K3. I've been using the built
in SoundMAX sound card in the laptop to do the data modes via HRD and DM. So
far so good. Would I really see any advantage in using another external
sound card for data modes? Isn't the MicroHAM USB Interface II more than
just a USB soundcard? Would it really be required? An additional 0202 for
data modes would be cheaper.

Also, since HRD is using PTT via the LP-Bridge so I don't see the radio try
to transmit when/if the computer makes sound via the internal soundcard.
It's just like having the Windows sounds disabled. If I pull the plug from
the laptops sound output I can hear the laptop sound if/when I need it
without having to re-enable the sound card.

Adam - ka7ark
http://ka7ark.com



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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Joe Subich, W4TV

> I can honestly say I have not noticed any 
> difference either on TX or RX in ordinary sound card 
> operation. 

With the K3 the Line Out level is sufficient for nearly any sound 
card as long as care is taken to avoid obvious wiring errors that 
would introduce noise.  However, with some rigs that have limited 
outputs (some early Kenwood transceivers or the K2 without the 
W3FPR modification) the signal level is in the noise floor of the 
soundcard.  

> Although the K3's receiver may have the dynamic range to 
> handle working with the AGC off I think you would increase 
> the risk of clipping or distortion somewhere in the audio 
> path that would result in "ghost" signals.

Without AGC the dynamic range at Line Out is sufficient to drive 
most soundcards into clipping with an S9 signal if the "no signal" 
noise floor is set 10 dB above the noise floor of the sound card. 
Some level of AGC (compression at S9 or above) is beneficial but 
can also result in blocking by strong signals in a wideband 
decode mode as you point out. 

73, 

   ... Joe, W4TV 
 

  

> -Original Message-
> From: elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net 
> [mailto:elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net] On Behalf Of Julian, G4ILO
> Sent: Thursday, January 22, 2009 5:40 AM
> To: elecraft@mailman.qth.net
> Subject: Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31
> 
> 
> 
> I recently purchased an SB Live 24 card to use for datamodes, 
> so I could use the built-in Realtek sound for normal computer 
> purposes. I can honestly say I have not noticed any 
> difference either on TX or RX in ordinary sound card 
> operation. I imagine there might be a benefit if I was using 
> it with an SDR (SoftRock, etc.) but I haven't tried that.
> 
> Although the K3's receiver may have the dynamic range to 
> handle working with the AGC off I think you would increase 
> the risk of clipping or distortion somewhere in the audio 
> path that would result in "ghost" signals. I prefer to 
> operate with AGC on and use the filtering to exclude other 
> signals that would affect the AGC to the detriment of the one 
> I am trying to copy.
> 
> -
> Julian, G4ILO. K2 #392  K3 #222.
> http://www.g4ilo.com/ G4ILO's Shack   
> http://www.ham-directory.com/ Ham
> Directoryhttp://www.g4ilo.com/kcomm.html KComm for 
> Elecraft K2 and K3 



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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Greg Storms


Joe Subich, W4TV wrote:
>   
>
> If you don't want the Windows sounds getting from your computer to the radio, 
> consider 
> one of the interfaces with a dedicated USB soundcard, radio 
> control (CAT interface) and other features in one box.  
>
>
>   
Or just connect up the K-3 directly and turn the Windows sounds off.  
They are a PITA anyway.

Greg
KD7SRC
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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-22 Thread Julian, G4ILO

I recently purchased an SB Live 24 card to use for datamodes, so I could use
the built-in Realtek sound for normal computer purposes. I can honestly say
I have not noticed any difference either on TX or RX in ordinary sound card
operation. I imagine there might be a benefit if I was using it with an SDR
(SoftRock, etc.) but I haven't tried that.

Although the K3's receiver may have the dynamic range to handle working with
the AGC off I think you would increase the risk of clipping or distortion
somewhere in the audio path that would result in "ghost" signals. I prefer
to operate with AGC on and use the filtering to exclude other signals that
would affect the AGC to the detriment of the one I am trying to copy.

-
Julian, G4ILO. K2 #392  K3 #222.
http://www.g4ilo.com/ G4ILO's Shack   http://www.ham-directory.com/ Ham
Directoryhttp://www.g4ilo.com/kcomm.html KComm for Elecraft K2 and K3 
-- 
View this message in context: 
http://n2.nabble.com/AGC-Setting-for-PSK-31-tp2194895p2197068.html
Sent from the Elecraft mailing list archive at Nabble.com.

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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-21 Thread Simon (HB9DRV)
- Original Message - 
From: "Joe Subich, W4TV" 
> 
> Unfortunately the RigBlaster series of interfaces are not soundcards 
> nor do they - as far as I know - provide any receive interface.  They 
> are essentially a transmit interface that provides isolation and 
> switching for the mic line. 
> 

I never knew taht - seem you're right. I was getting confused here...

>
> I'm partial to the microHAM products (www.microHAM-USA.com) 
> 

A good option.

Simon Brown, HB9DRV
www.ham-radio-deluxe.com
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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-21 Thread Joe Subich, W4TV


> The K3 is an excellent receiver so don't cripple the receive 
> chain with a poor soundcard - get a quality soundcard such as 
> the Rigblaster and you'll know there's nothing better you can 
> do.

Unfortunately the RigBlaster series of interfaces are not soundcards 
nor do they - as far as I know - provide any receive interface.  They 
are essentially a transmit interface that provides isolation and 
switching for the mic line. 

If you are getting started, connect the line output from your 
computer sound card to the Line In on the K3 and connect the 
Line Out of the K3 to the Line in on your computer soundcard 
and have fun learning all about PSK31.  If you don't want the 
Windows sounds getting from your computer to the radio, consider 
one of the interfaces with a dedicated USB soundcard, radio 
control (CAT interface) and other features in one box.  Such 
devices are made by several companies - I'm partial to the 
microHAM products (www.microHAM-USA.com) but then I distribute 
them in North and South America. 

73, 

   ... Joe, W4TV 
   


> -Original Message-
> From: elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net 
> [mailto:elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net] On Behalf Of Simon (HB9DRV)
> Sent: Wednesday, January 21, 2009 5:16 PM
> To: Frank MacDonell; Elecraft
> Subject: Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31
> 
> 
> - Original Message - 
> From: "Frank MacDonell" 
> 
> 
> >I have a K3/10 (with a 66' dipole in the attic) and get great  
> >reception on PSK-31.
> >
> > I have two questions. Should AGC be "on" or "off"? Aside 
> from having a 
> > dedicated sound card...is there a Rx or Tx advantage to 
> using an 
> > interface like Rigblaster. Thanks again for all the help you have 
> > provided!
> 
> The K3 is an excellent receiver so don't cripple the receive 
> chain with a 
> poor soundcard - get a quality soundcard such as the 
> Rigblaster and you'll 
> know there's nothing better you can do. Talk to Joe W4TV - 
> he's active in 
> these forums and can help as well.
> 
> Use AGC however you want. The K3's dynamic range is so good 
> that using your 
> 66' dipole you'll probably never suffer from strong signal overload, 
> especially if you're able to switch in a narrow filter if the 
> going gets 
> tough, for example in an RTTY contest when 1KW seems to be 
> the minimum power 
> level allowed :-)
> 
> Simon Brown, HB9DRV
> www.ham-radio-deluxe.com 
> 
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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-21 Thread Simon (HB9DRV)
- Original Message - 
From: "Simon (HB9DRV)" 
>
> The K3 is an excellent receiver so don't cripple the receive chain with a
> poor soundcard - get a quality soundcard such as the Rigblaster and you'll
> know there's nothing better you can do. Talk to Joe W4TV - he's active in
> these forums and can help as well.
>

BTW - what's your current soundcard?

Simon Brown, HB9DRV
www.ham-radio-deluxe.com 

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Re: [Elecraft] AGC Setting for PSK-31

2009-01-21 Thread Simon (HB9DRV)
- Original Message - 
From: "Frank MacDonell" 


>I have a K3/10 (with a 66' dipole in the attic) and get great
> reception on PSK-31.
>
> I have two questions. Should AGC be "on" or "off"? Aside from having a
> dedicated sound card...is there a Rx or Tx advantage to using an
> interface like Rigblaster. Thanks again for all the help you have
> provided!

The K3 is an excellent receiver so don't cripple the receive chain with a 
poor soundcard - get a quality soundcard such as the Rigblaster and you'll 
know there's nothing better you can do. Talk to Joe W4TV - he's active in 
these forums and can help as well.

Use AGC however you want. The K3's dynamic range is so good that using your 
66' dipole you'll probably never suffer from strong signal overload, 
especially if you're able to switch in a narrow filter if the going gets 
tough, for example in an RTTY contest when 1KW seems to be the minimum power 
level allowed :-)

Simon Brown, HB9DRV
www.ham-radio-deluxe.com 

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