Blind Signature Patent Expiration Party this Saturday

Friends, colleagues, and co-conspirators, It has been 17 long years and now the time is finally here to celebrate at the: BLIND SIGNATURE PATENT EXPIRATION PARTY === WHAT: A party to celebrate the expiration of the Blind Signature patent. WHY: U.S. Patent 4,7

CFP: What the Hack '05 and Blind Signature Expiration Party

ears go, I will take it upon myself to throw that party. Anybody that knows what blind signatures are is welcome, no, make that implored, to come to the expiration party at my house (or other venue if there are too many people for my place) to celebrate the expiration of the patent on Saturday,

RE: FIPS chassis/linux security engineer?

at's inside the aluminum case that matters. In principle, any solid case with 6 sides could be the basis for a FIPS certified device. --Lucky Green This message could have been secured by PGP Universal. To secure future messages

New PGP Universal beta: PGP and S/MIME

Universal is 322MB in size and requires a dedicated x86 server to install. Have fun, --Lucky Green <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>

RE: RSA performance on Athlon64 vs. Itanium

> -Original Message- > From: J.A. Terranson [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Wednesday, October 22, 2003 18:46 > To: Lucky Green > Cc: [EMAIL PROTECTED] > Subject: Re: RSA performance on Athlon64 vs. Itanium > > > > On Sun, 12 Oct 2003, Lucky Green wro

RE: C3 Nehemia C5P with better hardware RNG and AES support

to understand why VIA bothered adding AES support into the CPU. When was AES last the bottleneck on a general-purpose CPU? The bottleneck tends to be modular exponentiations, yet VIA failed to include a modular exponentiation engine. Strange. --Lucky Green

RSA performance on Athlon64 vs. Itanium

optimized assembler. That's rather poor performance on the Athlon64. Are the figures that I am seeing typical for OpenSSL on the Athlon64? Has anybody here seen different figures using optimized code? Thanks, --Lucky Green

RE: COWed news networks not showing Baghdad market dead

Tim wrote: > I'm scanning all four COWed networks--CNN, Fox, MSNBC, > CNBC--for images > from the downtown Baghdad market and housing area strike. > Supposedly Al > Jazeera is showing the images of dismembered children, > frantic searches > under rubble, body parts blown against walls. Estimates ar

RE: Things are looking better all the time

Eugen wrote: > This is dire lunacy. Currently US is perceived as an agressor > by the majority of the world, including the so-called ally > U.K. which has lent more than just its name. You will see an > unprecedented surge in terrorism in the heart of homeland > soon after this campaign is over

RE: pgp in internet cafe (webpgp)

se's machine (say, internet cafe). So [...] > The question is - do I have to code this or has someone > already done it ? http://www.lokmail.com/ --Lucky Green

RE: IDEA

Mindfuq wrote: > I compiling the Mixmaster remailer, I get an error the > OpenSSL was not compiled with IDEA support. However, OpenSSL > was supposed to have compiled with IDEA out of the box, with > only an option to disable it. What am I missing? You in all likelihood fell victim to some mis

RE: Switzerland: Another hit for phone privacy

Gabriel wrote: > Swisscom's prepaid cell phone service does not allow one to > make calls from outside Switzerland. Receive calls, yes, make > them, no. The issue has become murky along the way. I have > had two swiss pre-paid cell phones and even while still in > the Geneva area, if you're too

RE: Switzerland: Another hit for phone privacy

Thomas Shaddack wrote: > If anything, Twist (or how they changed the name after > T-Mobile took over and screwed with things) > (www.t-mobile.cz), Go (www.eurotel.cz), and > Oskarta (Oscard, > www.oskarmobil.cz) prepaid cards are quite common here. What Swisscom's EasyRoam pre-paid SIMs offered

CodeCon happenings [was: RE: Social democrats on our list]

Anon wrote quoting Tim: > > Does my right to control my own property vanish when I > become a shop > > or restaurant? How about when I get larger? > > Renowned cypherpunk Dave Del Torto thinks it does. This is > the argument that he was using to try to gain admittance to > CodeCon this year, a

RE: The Wimps of War

Steve wrote quoting: PAUL KRUGMAN > And though you don't hear much about it in the U.S. media, a > lack of faith > in Mr. Bush's staying power  a fear that he will wimp out in > the aftermath > of war, that he won't do what is needed to rebuild Iraq  is > a large factor > in the growing rif

RE: DOJ quietly drafts USA Patriot II w/crypto-in-a-crime penalty

In other words, the enhanced penalties only apply if the person is a past or present reader of the Cypherpunks or similar mailing lists. --Lucky Green

RE: Encrypted hard drive enclosure for $139

Declan wrote: > http://fwdepot.com/thestore/product_info.php?products_id=331 > http://www.del > trontech.com/Enclosure/E3S/E3S.htm > > Interesting, but I'm confused about the "Real-time 64-bit/ > 40-bit DES (Data > Encryption Standard) Encryption/ Decryption with throughput > of 712Mbit/ sec"

RE: status of SMS encryption project?

ome non-zero deployed base. Hope that helps, --Lucky Green

RE: [IP] Limits Sought on Wireless Internet Access (fwd)

te disabling of your network connectivity. Remote invalidation, if not downright alteration, of your digital documents. I wonder what they'll announce next. --Lucky Green

RE: Libel lunacy -all laws apply fnord everywhere

Steve wrote: > This is totally bogus thinking. The Internet is not broadcast medium. > Information from Web sites must be requested, the equivalent > of ordering a > book or newspaper, for delivery. Under this logic a retailer in one > country, selling a controversial book to someone in another

RE: Photographer Arrested For Taking Pictures Of Vice President'S Hotel

James A. Donald wrote: > In general wars lead to a major temporary reduction in liberty, > but a smaller permanent reduction in liberty. Unfortunately > the war on terror will probably never end, so there will be no > recovery. I heard some governmental official on the radio the other day (I p

RE: How to Stop Telemarketers...

Harmon Seaver wrote: >Tim mentioned cell phones and the lack of telemarketing > calls on his, but really that's only because, at this point > at least, the cellphone number lists haven't been sold. This > might change in the near future, as several wireless > providers have been considering

RE: Build It Rolling Your Own Tivo (fwd)

Jamie Lawrence wrote: > > > Jim, you post enough crap from Slashdot to know > differently. People > > > are doing it. I have a whitebox machine (AMD, 256M ram, cheap TV > > > card, 20G disk, $300 a year ago) that does it. It isn't a > big deal. > > > > Speaking of posting crap...and don't send

RE: How to Stop Telemarketers...

Adam Stenseth wrote: > Just for my own edification, does this apply to > landline service as well(or other government-sanctioned > monopolies)? For example, are your calling habits and > landline number "assets" of your phone company? Many of them > seem to think so. Yes, they are. Jus

RE: stego building

Anonymous wrote quoting Lucky: > >A reasonable guess, but wrong. The building is a computing and > > >processing center for Bank of America. That's where your checks go > >after > > >you deposit them at the bank. > > > > > >The CO for this area is a few blocks away on Mc Coppin. The brick > >

RE: stego building

the windows. Yes, this CO has been around for long enough to have windows. --Lucky Green

RE: Torture done correctly is a terminal process

ressed in the last 300 years. --Lucky Green

RE: "Emergency Coercive Unit"

Tyler wrote: > b) Downstairs and across the street in front of Starbucks I > just saw two NYC > cops holding what looked like AK-47s...on their backs it said > "Emergency > Coercive Unit". A URL with pictures of that team would be appreciated. --Lucky

RE: Transparent drive encryption now in FreeBSD

d to review and test this new feature. > > > >URLs: > > http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/src/sbin/gbde/ > > http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/src/sys/geom/bde/ > > > > > >Thanks, > >--Lucky Green > > > _ > MSN 8 with e-mail virus protection service: 2 months FREE* > http://join.msn.com/?page=features/virus

Transparent drive encryption now in FreeBSD

g/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/src/sys/geom/bde/ Thanks, --Lucky Green

RE: Intel's LaGrab

Tim wrote: > Microsoft calls its technology "Palladium." Intel dubs it > "LaGrande." " > > I say we call it "LaGrab." Has anybody on the list seen any official specs, datasheets, etc. for Intel's LaGrande feature set? Any documents that could be donated to Cryptome's collection? So far, all I ha

RE: What is the truth of the anti war rallys?

James wrote: > Supposedly tens of thousands turned up, forty two thousand in > San Francisco > > Yet oddly, the photos of marches that I see look more like > forty in San Francisco, and four hundred in Washington. > > Perhaps there were a lot more out of frame, but that is an odd > way to phot

RE: What email encryption is actually in use?

Ben wrote: > Lucky Green wrote: > > I also agree that current MTAs' implementations of STARTTLS > are only a > > first step. At least in postfix, the only MTA with which I am > > sufficiently familiar to form an opinion, it appears impossible to > > requ

RE: What email encryption is actually in use?

red in practice is a list of trusted MTAs with corresponding hashes implemented at the MTA level. --Lucky Green

Best Windows XP drive encryption program?

What are folks' recommendations here for drive encryption programs under Windows XP? Must encrypt the entire hard drive, loading before the OS, and support NTFS. I am in particular interested in first-hand experiences. Thanks, --Lucky Green

RE: Prosecutors' Contention That Hotmail E-mail Is "Extremely Difficult To Trace"

r discounts to customers that exclusively utilize encrypting protocols. The logic being that it is cheaper to notify law enforcement that the ISP is unable to tap the information due to the link being encrypted than it is to tap a link. --Lucky Green

RE: S/MIME in Outlook -- fucked.

Meyer Wolfsheim wrote: > ... just making certain Lucky has seen this gem. Lucky reads Bugtraq daily. :) --Lucky Green

RE: right MTA for crypto support

il. Either way, I would recommend to first enable STARTTLS in your MTA and only after that start looking at PGP integrations. (I fully understand that STARTTLS and PGP fulfill different needs and address different thread models). --Lucky Green

RE: TCPA hack delay appeal

this out. Hopefully some of those people will not limit themselves to hypothetical attacks against The Spec, but will actually test those supposed attacks on shipping TPMs. Which are readily available in high-end IBM laptops. --Lucky Green

RE: A faster way to factor prime numbers found?

Gary Jeffers > Sent: Tuesday, August 13, 2002 3:07 PM > To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] > Subject: A faster way to factor prime numbers found? > > > A faster way to factor prime numbers found? AFICT, the proposed algorithm is for a test for primality and does not represent an algorithm to factor composit

RE: Seth on TCPA at Defcon/Usenix

David wrote: > AARG! Anonymous wrote: > >His description of how the Document Revocation List could work is > >interesting as well. Basically you would have to connect to > a server > >every time you wanted to read a document, in order to > download a key to > >unlock it. Then if "someone"

FAQ: How will Microsoft respond to Lucky's patent application?

Lastly, I feel obliged to mention that it is quite irrelevant what I, Microsoft, or the subscribers to this list believe to be the case with respect to my patent application. All that matters is what the patent examiner at the USPTO believes. Unless one of the subscribers to this list happens to work as a patent examiner. --Lucky Green

RE: Signing as one member of a set of keys

Anonymous wrote: > > Here is the signature block from the "ring signature" program > which got truncated. I'll try sending it through a few > different anon remailers until it gets through. Replace the > lines from the earlier posting starting with the "END PGP > PUBLIC KEY BLOCK" line. I

RE: Challenge to TCPA/Palladium detractors

y from source that matched the hash of the binaries built by PGP. --Lucky Green

Utilizing Palladium against software piracy

today - an application for an US Patent covering numerous methods by which software applications can be protected against software piracy on a platform offering the features that are slated to be provided by Palladium. --Lucky Green

RE: White House Sounds Call For New Internet Standards

Steve wrote: > The Bush administration's cyber security czar, Richard > Clarke, said it might be time to replace the "creaky, cranky" > 20-year-old protocols that drive the Internet with standards > better able to accommodate a flood of new wireless devices. > Wireless devices, it is feared, m

RE: IP: SSL Certificate "Monopoly" Bears Financial Fruit

ket. (Geotrust purchased more than just the root). --Lucky Green

RE: IP: SSL Certificate "Monopoly" Bears Financial Fruit

he day, getting a new root into the browsers will cost you about, give or take a few hundred k, $1M. Which makes the slightly used nCipher box an even better value. :-) --Lucky Green

RE: Ross's TCPA paper

> manufacturing cost for the TCPA hardware components. $5 marginal cost for the inclusion of a TPM would have been flat-out unacceptable to the motherboard manufacturers. --Lucky Green

RE: DNA databases to be classified

without having to gain access to protected viral > stocks. I hope they don't try to patent this since I produced prior art for the in vitro generation of human pathogens from genetic sequences going back to at least 1995. To quote Eric Hughes: "In the end it is all software". --Lucky Green

Bluetooth PC adapter supporting headset profile?

ience invariably lead to other websites that require the installation of double-byte character sets which I would not be able to read at any rate. If you have first-hand experience using a PC Bluetooth adapter with a Bluetooth headset, please get in touch with me. TIA, --Lucky Green

RE: IP: SSL Certificate "Monopoly" Bears Financial Fruit

James wrote: > On 11 Jul 2002 at 1:22, Lucky Green wrote: > > "Trusted roots" have long been bought and sold on the > secondary market > > as any other commodity. For surprisingly low amounts, you > too can own > > a trusted root that comes pre-

RE: IP: SSL Certificate "Monopoly" Bears Financial Fruit

Peter Gutmann wrote, quoting Matthias Bruestle: > Both Netscape 6 and MSIE 5 contain ~100 built-in, > automatically-trusted CA certs. > > * Certs with 512-bit keys. > > * Certs with 40-year lifetimes. > > * Certs from organisations you've never heard of before > ("Honest Joe's Used >C

TPM cost constraint [was: RE: Revenge of the WAVEoid]

Bill wrote: > At 10:07 PM 06/26/2002 -0700, Lucky Green wrote: > >An EMBASSY-like CPU security co-processor would have seriously blown > >the part cost design constraint on the TPM by an order of > magnitude or > >two. > > Compared to the cost of rewriting Windo

RE: Ross's TCPA paper

Hadmut Danisch wrote: > On Wed, Jul 03, 2002 at 10:54:43PM -0700, Bill Stewart wrote: > > At 12:59 AM 06/27/2002 -0700, Lucky Green wrote: > > >I fully agree that the TCPA's efforts offer potentially beneficial > > >effects. Assuming the TPM has not been compromi

RE: Revenge of the WAVEoids: Palladium Clues May Lie In AMD Motherboard Design

Bob wrote quoting Mark Hachman: > The whitepaper can not be considered a roadmap to the design > of a Palladium-enabled PC, although it is one practical > solution. The whitepaper was written at around the time the > Trusted Computing Platform Association > (TCPA) was formed in the fall of 2000

Two additional TCPA/Palladium plays

ch one can obtain its globally unique ID, the serial number of the application that created the document, or the public key of the person who licensed the application. (Other ways to exist but are omitted in the interest of brevity). --Lucky Green

RE: Ross's TCPA paper

behind the TCPA. The motive has been DRM. Does this mean that one should ignore the benefits that TCPA might bring? Of course not. But it does mean that one should carefully weigh the benefits against the risks. --Lucky Green

RE: DRMs vs internet privacy (Re: Ross's TCPA paper)

cate the user to other online services. It is very much the intent of the TCPA to permit the use of pseudonymous credentials for many, if not most, applications. Otherwise, the TCPA's carefully planned attempts at winning over the online liberty groups would have been doomed from the start. --Lucky Green

RE: Ross's TCPA paper

but not design documents, available to the public, unfortunately does not provide any documentation which reasoning lead to this decision. --Lucky Green

RE: Steven Levy buys Microsoft's bullshit hook, line, and sinker

I mentioned, some which Steven Levy has published (though he largely fell for the designated bait and missed the numerous hooks), some which Bram has realized, and some which have yet to be talked about. Some desirable, some questionable, and a lot of them downright scary. Sincerely, --Lucky Green

RE: Ross's TCPA paper

Anonymous writes: > Lucky Green writes regarding Ross Anderson's paper at: > Ross and Lucky should justify their claims to the community > in general and to the members of the TCPA in particular. If > you're going to make accusations, you are obliged to offer > evid

RE: Ross's TCPA paper

no corresponding decryption keys. Reverse engineering turns pretty dim at that point. None of these obstacles are impossible to overcome, but not by Joe Computer User, not by even the most talented 16-year old hacker, and not even by many folks in the field. Sure, I know some that could overcome it, but they may not be willing to do the time for what by then will be a crime. Come to think of it, doing so already is a crime. --Lucky Green

RE: DOJ proposes US data-rentention law.

rephrase John's very valid question in a slightly more targeted fashion: how likely is it that cleared personnel working at the ISP will refuse an official request for law enforcement assistance? --Lucky Green

RE: CP meet at H2K2?

Sorry for the typo. Of course the flag in question is a "Gadsden" flag. --Lucky > -Original Message- > From: Lucky Green [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] > Sent: Saturday, June 22, 2002 7:53 PM > To: '[EMAIL PROTECTED]' > Subject: RE: CP meet at H2K2? >

RE: CP meet at H2K2?

David wrote: > On Thu, 20 Jun 2002, Greg Newby wrote: > > > the next couple of days. I'm thinking of a CP > > meet Saturday night July 12. Anyone else gonna be there? > > I should be there, since I'm free and in the area. > > In a similar vein, who's going to be at DEF CON? I won't be at H2K

Ross's TCPA paper

orts of the TCPA and the Hollings bill would be greatly aided by attempts to establish which of the two scenarios is the fact the case. --Lucky Green

RE: Sci Journals, authors, internet

Peter wrote: > (Hmm, I wonder if it can be argued that making stuff intended > for public distribution inaccessible violates the creator's > moral rights? I know that doesn't apply in the US, but in > other countries it might work. Moral rights can't be > assigned, so no publisher can tak

RE: 2 Challenge Gun Cases, Citing Bush Policy

Ed wrote: > At 07:17 PM 6/2/02, Lucky Green wrote: > >In United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1876), the > Supreme Court > >held that: > > > >... > > > >"The right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution; > neither is > >

RE: European Data Retention and Encryption for Dummies

Tom wrote: > The problem with both is the need of SSL certificates. So I > was thinking of setting up a "Joe Doe's CA". A simple webpage > where you can request a certificate. It would do two check: > > a) check if IP you are using is identical to the IP you are > requesting for, i.e. you'll h

RE: When encryption is also authentication...

Mike wrote: > Thanks, that was very enlightening. The URL is good too - > they mention that "An electronic signature is defined as being: > >an electronic sound, symbol or process attached to or >logically associated with a contract or other record and >executed or adopted by a pers

RE: FC: Hollywood wants to plug "analog hole," regulate A-D

Mike wrote: > And what's to prevent it from happening at a high level if > there's enough profit in it? MPAA is a tiny market compared > to the rest of the electronics industry - it will be easy to > bypass the law on a huge scale. You don't need to be a > "sufficiently talented electrical e

RE: When encryption is also authentication...

Curt wrote: > I concur. The problem is that the most prevalent e-mail > program (Outlook) requires no user intervention as a default > when signing and/or encrypting a message with S/MIME. One > can override the default to "High Security" (requiring > password) only while the X.509 certifica

RE: 2 Challenge Gun Cases, Citing Bush Policy

Steve Schear wrote: > I think whether the 2nd is enforceable against states and > municipalities > will depend upon the SC deciding to apply the 14th Amendment. > The Supreme > Court has long held that the 14th Amendment does not make all > of the Bill > of Rights applicable to the States.

RE: Transparent disk encryption coming this year [was:RE: disk encryption modes]

has been on the list in transparent drive encryption, those inclined to provide constructive feedback, ideally in the form of source code, may wish to do so. --Lucky > -Original Message- > From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] > [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] On Behalf Of Lucky Green > Sent:

RE: attack on rfc3211 mode (Re: disk encryption modes)

Peter wrote: > Yup. Actually the no-stored-IV encryption was never designed > to be a non- malleable cipher mode, the design goal was to > allow encryption-with-IV without having to explicitly store > an IV. For PWRI it has the additional nice feature of > avoiding collisions when you use a

RE: PGP - when you care enough to send the very best!

Curt Smith wrote: > It is strange that crypto was a lot more popular back when > cryptography export was heavily controlled. Many people > fought for their crypto rights, but cannot be bothered with > encrypted e-mail. It is similar to securing the right to > vote and then declining to do so

RE: NYT: Techies Now Respect Government

Tim wrote: > On Sunday, May 26, 2002, at 10:07 AM, John Young wrote: > > > Thomas Friedman in the New York Times today: > > > > > > http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/opinion/26FRIE.html > > > > Webbed, Wired and Worried, May 26, 2002 > > > > > pose these questions to techies. I found at le

Government subsidies: our last, best hope for Cryptanarchy?

You may be asking yourself: where, oh where, has all the crypto gone? Where are the BlackNet's? Where is the untraceable Ecash? Where is the Cryptanarchy that we've been waiting for? For that matter...where is the crypto? The staunchest Cypherpunk will by now have noticed that PGP/GPG usage even

RE: NAI pulls out the DMCA stick

Adam wrote: > Which is too bad. If NAI-PGP went away completely, then > compatability problems would be reduced. I also expect that > the German goverment group currently funding GPG would be > more willing to fund UI work for windows. Tell me about it. PGP, GPG, and all its variants need to

RE: NAI pulls out the DMCA stick

Meyer Wolfsheim wrote: > NAI is now taking steps to remove the remaining copies of PGP > from the Internet, not long after announcing that the company > will not release its fully completed Mac OS X and Windows XP > versions, and will no longer sell any copies of its PGP software. > > Do we s

RE: trillions a day?

Peter wrote: > Back in the 80's, I worked at Irving Trust, a large, > venerable (and since taken-over) major money center bank in > NYC (I was literally across the street from the WTC). I > worked on telecommunications software. > > In Federal Funds alone, we typically moved about 100 > BILL

Transparent disk encryption coming this year [was:RE: disk encryption modes]

I would like to direct anybody's attention who is interested in transparent drive encryption to GEOM, which will be a native feature of FreeBSD 5.0. GEOM is a project that is slated for inclusion in the release of FreeBSD 5.0, a major upgrade to FreeBSD that has been years in the making, due out

RE: p2p and asymmetric bandwidth (Re: Fear and Futility at CodeCon)

James wrote: > IPV6 to the rescue. > > Every network behind a NAT router should set up a 6to4 > tunnel, probably some time early in 2003. > > IPv6 is almost source code compatible with IPv4, so every > application should soon be recompiled to be IPv6 compatible. > > Every computer with a rece

Hard drive encryption [was: RE: Biometrics helping privacy]

Peter wrote: > I have seen hard drives which do sector level encryption, and > hook into the bios so that the pw request happens before any > system sw runs. This is a good solution (modulo bios > hacking)[...] Any such hard drives that I have seen keep the actual encryption key utilized in fi

RE: Lucky's 1024-bit post [was: RE: objectivity and factoring analysis]

[Written originally in response to a post on Cryptography. --Lucky] Enzo wrote: > Further to Lucky's comments: in the last few days I have > discussed keysize issues with a few people on a couple of > mailing lists, and I have encountered a hostility to large > keysizes of which, frankly, I don

RE: SATELLITE RADIO OPERATORS COMPLAIN ABOUT WI-FI INTERFERENCE

Steve wrote: > [Note: The WSJ's take on the Sirius petition. Pay heed to > the 'meltdown' > comment from Powell!] > > SATELLITE RADIO OPERATORS COMPLAIN ABOUT WI-FI INTERFERENCE [...] (sub req'd) I wonder how long it will

RE: on the state of PGP compatibility (2nd try)

Adam Back wrote: > So I was trying to decrypt this stored mail sent to me by a > GPG user, and lo pgp6.x failed to decrypt it. [Long story about PGP/gpg version incompatibility elided] If I understand you correctly, you are saying that the latest version of gpg has a bug in that it doesn't supp

RE: 1024-bit RSA keys in danger of compromise

[OK, let me try this again, since we clearly got off on the wrong foot here. My apologies for overreacting to Damien's post; I have been receiving dozens of emails from the far corners of the Net over the last few days that alternatively claimed that I was a stooge of the NSA because everybody kno

RE: 1024-bit RSA keys in danger of compromise

Damien wrote: > On Sat, 23 Mar 2002, Lucky Green wrote: > > > Although the full implications of the proposal were not necessarily > > immediately apparent in the first few days following Bernstein's > > publication, the incremental improvements to parts of NFS &g