According to Iogen only a small amount of cereal straw is mixed back into the soil. The larger fraction is actually sent to a landfill or burned by farmers. This is what makes it a good, albeit limited, feedstock for their bioethanol plant. My plan removes the supply of cellulose from the landbased farms, from the established methods and practices of traditional farming. Oceanic kelp, green algae, or water hyacinth, has the potential to be grown over a far larger area than could be grown on land. Excess production can be used as fertilizer for land-based crops. And kelp is known to be one of the most beneficial and productive marine habitats for fish, mollusks, crustaceans, seabirds, etc. Other types of aquaculture could sprout up alongside the kelp rafts as a result. And creating a manmade carbon sink should delite the hardcore environmentalists.
--- In [EMAIL PROTECTED], Keith Addison <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > womplex_oo1 wrote: > > >Wow! Thanks for the tips. > > ... and to change the subject completely... > > > The earth's surface is covered in 70 > >percent water by area. I am interested in aquaculture to grow kelp > >forests that could supply large quantities of cellulose. Kelp can be > >grown on floating rafts in the middle of the ocean - screens > >suspended 15-40 meters below the surface from buoys. Some Kelp > >varieties, such as Macrocystic Kelp, can grow up to 30 cm per day. > >In addition kelp forests have their own floatation air sacs so that > >the infrastructure (floating raft) that is used to provide a surface > >to root onto only has to support its own weight, and not the weight > >of the kelp. Large areas of ocean can be planted this way, away from > >coastal regions, where the ocean floor receives no light and there is > >very little flora & fauna anyway. > > > >If the process can be tweaked to use kelp as a feedstock, then it > >will not interfere with land-based foodcrops, or animal feedcrops. > > So you said before, but you still haven't answered the question, nor > even comprehended it, and apparently forgotten it, if you saw it in > the first place, or the second, or the third. > > >Your idea of waste and nature's idea of waste are two different > >things. What you call "waste" is returned to the soil to maintain the > >organic matter content, essential for everything - soil fertility, > >crop production, and the viability of the "soilfoodweb", the tons of > >micro-organisms in an acre of soil that make plant growth possible. > > > >So if you're going to take that away too and burn it in your car, > >what will you substitute for it? Chemical fertilizers? > > Your only response (?) to that was that it's a "HUGE WASTE". > > Now you want to go messing with the ocean, which is in a sorry state, > a very a sorry state, in case you didn't notice (partly because of > chemical fertilizer run-off). > > What will be the effects on the ocean ecosystem, and related systems > - in other words all systems - of your kelp culture plan, beyond how > much it might interfere with land-based foodcrops or animal > feedcrops? If you don't know, why not? You should have figured that > out by now, before you start proposing it. > > The biosphere, nature, natural "resources", are not just some stuff > lying around waiting for you to use it or abuse it or use it up or > destroy it or waste it just however you wish. It's exactly that kind > of non-thinking which has got us into this mess. Or didn't you notice > we're in a mess? > > Keith > > > >--- In [EMAIL PROTECTED], Juan Boveda <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > > > > >Woopex_oo1 wrote: > > > > > > >Two questions: > > > > > > >1. How do you culture the enzyme-producing fungus without using up > > > >too much of the cellulose feedstock that is supposed to make > >ethanol? > > > > > > Answer: In general is better to buy a well known fungus from > >American Type > > > Culture Collection or from and industrial strain from some > >Biotechnoly > > > companies and grow it in small o large scale with an broth with K+, > >Ca++, > > > Mg, Po4, SO4 =, NO3 -, Fe +++, micronutrients and some cotton fiber > >or > > > paper pulp. Mainly the fungi with enzymes for cellulase and > >hemicellulase > > > will be selectively developed, excreting their enzymes in the broth > >to uso > > > the cellulose and hemicellulose as carbon source. If there is no > > > contamination, filter the fungi mycelia with sterilized paper > >filter and > > > then 0.5 micron sterile filter. Now you have a crude enzyme. If you > >want to > > > separate the salts, it could be done with ion resin, or you may > >precipitate > > > some enzymes using some salts, like amonium sulfate, test first, > >then > > > separate the presipited enzyme by filtration. > > > Use the crude enzyme or the presipited enzyme on your finely ground > >and > > > clean cellulose to get some fermentable sugars. > > > Look for the right yeast that could tolerate this medium to produce > > > ethanol. > > > If you go trying to isolate some fungi from wilderness take good > >care, some > > > might produce lung infections if your inmune system is not in good > >shape. > > > In an university library, in many biotechnoly journals you will > >find lots > > > of information and not only with fungi but reconbinant bacteria as > >well. > > > See: Dien et al., "Conversion of Corn Milling Fibrous Co- > >products > > > into Ethanol by > > > Recombinant Escherichia coli Strains K011 and SL40," World > >Journal of > > > Microbiology & > > > Biotechnology, 13, 619-625 (1997). > > > > > > Leathers et al., "Saccrification of Corn Fiber Using Enzymes > >from > > > Aureobasidium sp. Strain > > > NRRL Y-2311-1," Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 59, > >337-347 > > > (1996). > > > > > > There are many ways to repare these array of enzymes > >Hemicellulase, > > > Cellulase; I search > > > some lates Patent on this issue: > > > U.S. Patent and Trademark Office > > > http://www.uspto.gov/patft/ > Patent Number Search > > > > > > United States Patent 6,423,524 Hagen, et al. July 23, 2002 > > > Cellulase preparation comprising an endoglucanase enzyme > > > Abstract > > > The present invention relates to cellulase preparations > >consisting > > > essentially of a > > > homogeneous endoglucanase component. The cellulase > >preparation may be > > > employed in the treatment of cellulose-containing fabrics for > > > harshness reduction, > > > for color clarification, or to provide a localized variation > >in the > > > color of such fabrics, > > > or in the treatment of paper pulp. > > > > > > >2. What is the enzyme that breaks down lignin? And which fungus > > > >produces it? > > > > > > Answer: From the word lignine the enzyme is called Ligninase, and > >lignins > > > are composed by may complex phenol derivative compounds and we > >usually want > > > to get rid of lignins by oxidazing them, that is another way to > >call the > > > enzymes are phenol oxidizing enzymes. Some industial use of these > >enzymes > > > are disclosed for textile bleaching in: > > > U.S. Patent and Trademark Office > > > http://www.uspto.gov/patft/ > Patent Number Search > > > > > > United States Patent 6,384,007 Convents, et al. May > >7, 2002 > > > > > > Method and composition for enhancing the activity of an enzyme > > > Abstract > > > There is provided a process for enhancing the activity of a phenol > > > oxidizing enzyme, comprising adding to the enzyme, as an enhancer > >for the > > > activity of said enzyme, one or more compounds having the having > >the > > > formula: > > > ##STR1## wherein Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 are electron withdrawing > >groups, > > > independently selected from the group consisting of optionally > >substituted > > > alkyl/(hetero)aryl- -sulfone, -sulfoxide, -sulfonate, - carbonyl, - > >oxalyl, > > > -amidoxalyl, -hydrazidoxalyl, -carboxyl and esters and salts > >thereof, > > > -amidyl, -hydrazidyl, nitrile. The process is especially useful for > > > removing colored stains from fabrics in a washing process. > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---- > >---- > > > ----------------- > > > United States Patent 6,242,245 Amann, et al. June 5, 2001 > > > > > > Multicomponent system for modifying, degrading or bleaching lignin > >or > > > lignin-containing materials, and processes for its use > > > Abstract > > > A multicomponent system for modifying, degrading or bleaching > >lignin and > > > lignin-containing materials or similar substances, includes an > > > oxidoreductase and an oxidant suitable for the oxidoreductase and a > > > mediator and at least one enzymatically active additive. The > >mediator does > > > not inactivate the oxidoreductase and the enzymatically active > >additive, > > > and the enzymatically active additive is selected from the group > >consisting > > > of the hydrolases of the enzyme class 3.2.1. > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---- > >---- > > > ------- > > > United States Patent 6,426,410 Wang July 30, 2002 > > > Phenol oxidizing enzymes > > > Abstract > > > Disclosed herein are novel phenol oxidizing enzymes naturally- > >produced by > > > strains of the species Stachybotrys which possess a pH optima in > >the > > > alkaline range and which are useful in modifying the color > >associated with > > > dyes and colored compounds, as well as in anti-dye transfer > >applications. > > > Also disclosed herein are biologically-pure cultures of strains of > >the > > > genus Stachybotrys, designated herein Stachybotrys parvispora MUCL > >38996 > > > and Stachybotrys chartarum MUCL 38898, which are capable of > > > naturally-producing the novel phenol oxidizing enzymes. Disclosed > >herein is > > > the amino acid and nucleic acid sequence for Stachybotrys phenol > >oxidizing > > > enzymes as well as expression vectors and host cells comprising the > >nucleic > > > acid. Disclosed herein are methods for producing the phenol > >oxidizing > > > enzyme as well as methods for constructing expression hosts. > > > > > > Best regards > > > > > > Juan > > > > > > --- In [EMAIL PROTECTED], Juan Boveda <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > > > The method to convert hole plants composed by cellulose, > > > hemicellulose and > > > > lignins uses ezimes and water to hydrolyse these material to > > > soluble > > > > sugars, theses enzimes are true catalysers coming from mainly > >fungi > > > and > > > > some bacteria. These enzimes are called cellulase and > >hemicellulase. > > > > > > > > Many fungi has been isolated and are used by biotechnology > > > >companies to produce cellulases in large scale. One of the > > > >common uses of cellulases is > > > > to finish blue jeans with a soft "stoned washed" touch. > > > > > > > > Some fungi cellulase (the specific enzime for cellulose) come from > > > > Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium funiculosum, > >etc. > > > > they usually are a mixture of enzimes with different activities > >or rate > > > > of conversion of cellulose to fermentable sugars in a given > >time.The > > > > hemicellulases are produced as well by many of these strains for > > > example > > > > Aspergillus niger. > > > > > > > > The hardest to degrade are the lignins, few fungi are able to do > >it > > > soo, > > > > because lignins are toxic compouds to most of them. > > > > > > > > Many of these fungal enzimes has maximun activities on mild acid > >pH > > > 4 to 7 > > > > and mild temperatures 20 - 50o C. > > > > > > > > Regards, > > > > > > > > Juan > > > > > > > Woopex_oo1 wrote: > > > > > > > > -----Mensaje original----- > > > > De: womplex_oo1 [SMTP:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > > > > Enviado el: Jueves 29 de Agosto de 2002 12:48 PM > > > > Para: [EMAIL PROTECTED] > > > > Asunto: [biofuel] Cellulose - to - Sugar Preprocessing > > > > > > > > What energy efficient, eco-friendly methods exist to convert > > > > cellulose to sugar so that entire plants - leaves, stem, roots & > > > all - > > > > can be fermented into ethanol? I've heard termites do this > > > > routinely... > > > > > > > >Biofuel at Journey to Forever: > >http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html > > > >Biofuels list archives: > >http://archive.nnytech.net/ > > > >Please do NOT send Unsubscribe messages to the list address. > >To unsubscribe, send an email to: > >[EMAIL PROTECTED] > > > >Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/ ------------------------ Yahoo! Groups Sponsor ---------------------~--> Looking for a more powerful website? Try GeoCities for $8.95 per month. Register your domain name (http://your-name.com). More storage! No ads! http://geocities.yahoo.com/ps/info http://us.click.yahoo.com/aHOo4D/KJoEAA/MVfIAA/FGYolB/TM ---------------------------------------------------------------------~-> Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Biofuels list archives: http://archive.nnytech.net/ Please do NOT send Unsubscribe messages to the list address. 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