This outlines some of the theory behind hydroxy gas production in the Bob Boyce resonance drive systems we are building, similar to the Stanley Meyer's system as described below: The electrolysis process is not dependent on energy. From Arrhenius theory, molecules in solution dissociate into ions and the ions are collected at the electrode. No energy is required for ionic dissociation and electrolysis processes are so efficient that they are used to measure current. When the Arrhenius theory is applied to the dissociation of water, the key requirement to produce 1 mole (~1 gram) of hydrogen is that 1 Faraday of electricity flows. If it is assumed that the hydrogen is produced by passing 1 amp of current for 96,494 seconds (1 Faraday = 96,494 coulombs) at 1 volt, then the energy needed is ~96.5 kJ. That same 1 gram of H2 is capable of releasing 285kJ during the combustion process with oxygen. The process of producing hydrogen from water usually requires an electrolyte to produce it in quantities. Polarization occurs at the electrodes with hydrogen collecting there. A number of methods are known for improving the efficiency of the process. In theory the process can be made energy efficient without a breach of any of the laws of thermodynamics. Meyer has obviously discovered some method of collecting the hydrogen different from the traditional methods.
In ordinary water a small amount of the water dissociates into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. These ions are immediately hydrated. The amount dissociating depends on the purity of the water and in very pure water is equal to 1 part in 10 million (10^-7), or a pH of 7. Normally ordinary water is described as non-conducting. The process has never been fully explained. Hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are constantly being created and then decaying back to water, but there is always a balance between the numbers ionized and the numbers in solution. Under normal electrolysis these ions can be swept to electrodes and neutralized with the opposite charge. Hydrogen and oxygen can be produced. However, with conventional circuits, the energy used in collecting the hydrogen is greater than the energy that is available from the hydrogen. Meyer has utilized a novel electronic circuit which produces high voltages but prevents currents from flowing. This circuit is similar to a classical forced oscillation circuit where charge q can go to infinity. The power to this circuit is coming from an alternator which is across a stainless steel capacitor with water between the plates. The dielectric water itself provides the charge to charge up the capicator and create the high voltage. This charge comes from the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. The more charge that flows the more the voltage builds up and the more ions are pulled out of solution. The circuit has a high frequency of the order of five kilohertz superimposed through the windings of the field coils. In addition, the circuit is half-wave rectified to allow the capacitor to discharge. On the charging up side the ions are pulled out of the dielectric and moved towards the metal electrodes. On the discharging side they may go back into solution. The circuit succeeds in increasing briefly the number of ions which are out of solution. A portion of these ions are able to form hydrogen and oxygen by normal electrolysis type processes. The hydrogen and oxygen bubble to the surface. The circuit is novel in that it is a form of electrolysis but there is no need for any net current to flow. While the voltage applied is zero, the ionized charges are able to recombine without flowing around the circuit and using energy. Theoretically, there is no reason why the process cannot be totally efficient in producing hydrogen and oxygen. The efficiency depends on the tuning frequency of the LC circuit and having this balanced with the mobility of the ions and the spacing between the plates. There may also be a need to allow a definite relaxation time after each pulse, to increase the period in which the ionized charges may recombine and hydrogen and oxygen may be collected. The process does not defy the laws of thermodynamics in that the energy comes from the energy of dissociation of the molecules. A portion on the molecules are dissociating and associating automatically all the time. In the normal course of events, this does not change the energy of the water. This process interrupts this cycle and allows a person to form water in the stable state of diatomic hydrogen and oxygen. The process is not dissimilar to the vaporization of water which takes place naturally. The water forms clouds, then rain. Rivers flow and energy is extracted from the rivers. The difference is that it is possible to carry out the cycle under laboratory type conditions or industrial type conditions and extract the energy in the form of hydrogen. By developing a process to utilize the hydrogen ions directly on formation, a great deal more energy will be available and this is Meyer's intention in terms of adaption of his fuel cell for an ordinary car. In addition, he utilizes laser light to stimulate the transfer between energy levels and increase the efficiency of the process. This process would equally explain the explosions in water performed in the University of Kansas which have been recorded in literature. Deuterium present in the water will be selected out during the reaction and the water remaining in the condenser will become deuterium rich which will inhibit the process. In the process, gases absorbed in water are preferentially desorbed. These amount to ~3 wt% water. It is not clear if they play any significant part in the process. In addition, impurities in the water are taken out of solution. On the basis of the theory proposed, the process could continue indefinitely, the energy effectively coming from the zero point energy of vibration of the atoms in the molecule. This is assisted by the infrared radiation from the surroundings so that the whole device will act as an efficient heat pump. The deuterium vibrations will be similar in frequency to the hydrogen vibrations. Resonance effects between the two vibrations may also contribute to the process. If this is a serious contributor to the process, then the water produced from the hydrogen and oxygen will be less likely to produce further energy as the deuterium will have largely been selected out in the total process. There is no reason to believe this is the case and in any event the balance will be restored by nature mixing the water formed with normal water vapor. Where does the energy come from? Effectively, the water molecule is marginally unstable in water solution and is constantly acting as a 'radioactive' molecule, tossing out H+ and OH- ions. The energy of the process comes from the formation energy of these ions. Born-Haber Cycle For Meyer Process (similar to Boyce process): All energies in kJ/mol H -OH Dissociation Energy + 494 H+ Ionization +1310 Hydration of H+ to form H3O+ -1075 Electron Affinity of OH - 223 (Assumed affinity is between that of O and Cl) Total: 506 kJ/mol In normal water, a portion of the ions are dissociated. For pure water, this is one in 10 million (10^-7) or a pH of 7. Initially, H+ and OH- are formed but are immediately hydrated to H3O+ and OH-. From the above for the H3O+ and OH- ions, the energy of formation is 506 kJ/mol. The process occurs natually without any electrical input, etc. If these ions are removed, more are produced by the water. This process can be explained by quantum mechanics. The atoms in the molecule will have a 'zero point energy' of vibration and therefore there is a finite chance of dissociation. With high electric fields, this chance would be greatly increased. (See pages 520 and 521 of Fundamental Atomic Physics, Tomlin). The release will also be affected by the presence of other oins which again affect the potential. Once released, the full energy of dissociation will be available as energy. The hydronium ions and the hydroxyl ions formed by this process may form gases by the following process: H3O+ + Metal --> Metal+ + H + H2O H + H --> H2 Release of 436 kJ/mol OH- + Metal --> Metal- + OH OH + OH --> H2O2 H2O2 --> H2O + O Release of 49 kJ/mol O + O --> O2 Release of 491 kJ/mol Overall reaction: 4H3O+ + 4OH- --> 2H2 + O2 + 6H2O As it takes 2 H atoms to form H2, only half of the energy of the 436 KJ will be involved in the process. As is takes 2 OH to produce H2O2, only half of the energy of this reaction will be involved in the process. For the formation on O2, it will take 4 OH radicals and therefore one quarter of the energy will apply in this case.
