On Mar 26, 2010, at 9:09 AM, Peter Gluck wrote:
You are perfectly right. The problem is that this not so friendly,
moderately rich, Planet has much less palladium, we will be forced
to import some thousands tonnes from other places.
By the way, if you consult the news, you'll see that there are
great problems in the electronic industry because other rare
elements, the lantanides are scarce.
It's a reason for Triumph to not like its image in the mirror.
We should not shrink from looking in the mirror! We have only begun
to scratch the surface of a very large parameter space.
A 110 W/cm^2 heat transfer energy density is probably not necessary
in practical application, but even if it were the technology is
available to handle it. See:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?
_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJM-4JDMMT3-8&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F23%
2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_search
StrId=1269747130&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVer
sion=0&_userid=10&md5=0dded19bd7e80c8605bfd4dba58ae332
http://tinyurl.com/ylq7h5e
I think time spent on Pd and Ni is disproportionate in the extreme to
its importance.
Perhaps the most key implication is the need to reduce the lattice
spacing. Pd has too large a lattice spacing, so most of its
diffusion is by classical means, and all diffusion by tunneling is
eliminated above 300 K. Similarly, achieving a high diffusion rate
is not good enough. A lattice of Nb or some alloy with other good
properties at operating temperature, but with shorter hops, should
provide a significant change in tunneling rate. If Pd is used then
forbidden zones in the lattice to force tunneling, or small
structures which require tunneling hops to pass them, are obvious
approaches. A lattice with these things might be achieved by
alternating solutions or anodes during co-deposition, or by vacuum
deposition and ion implantation in thin layers of alternating
materials. Alternately, dense quantities of nano-particles can be
imbedded to provide tunneling barriers or to channel tunneling.
The following is just a quote from my paper at:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CFnuclearReactions.pdf
but it gives just a glimpse at the kinds of materials that should be
explored.
Perhaps the most key implication is the need to reduce the lattice
spacing. Pd has too large a lattice spacing, so most of its
diffusion is by classical means, and all diffusion by tunneling is
eliminated above 300 K. Similarly, achieving a high diffusion rate
is not good enough. A lattice of Nb or some alloy with other good
properties at operating temperature, but with shorter hops, should
provide a significant change in tunneling rate. If Pd is used then
forbidden zones in the lattice to force tunneling, or small
structures which require tunneling hops to pass them, are obvious
approaches. A lattice with these things might be achieved by
alternating solutions or anodes during co-deposition, or by vacuum
deposition and ion implantation in thin layers of alternating
materials. Alternately, dense quantities of nano-particles can be
imbedded to provide tunneling barriers or to channel tunneling.
A wide variety of lattice sizes and lattice structures are available
for investigation and not yet fully explored.61 62
Hydrogen in amorphous alloys and intermetallics have been explored
for their hydrogen properties, but not cold fusion properties,
including Zr3RhH3.5, Zr2FeH, (Ni0.5Zr0.5)1-yPyHx, TiFeHx,
Ni0.33Zr0.067Hx, and including an amorphous structure, Zr0.5CuyNi0.5-
yH1, with an H-H separation of 1.67 Å.63
Thorium hydrides, ThH2 and ThH15, uranium hydride, UH3, and fcc
plutonium hydrides, PuHx (1.78<x<2.7), have been explored for
hydrogen properties, yet may be worth further exploring for remedial
capabilities of LENR.64
Hydrogen properties have been investigated in a wide variety of fcc
metals, bcc metals, hexagonal metals, alloys and metallic glasses.
65 Hydrogen properties in a wide variety of other metals have been
investigated, including, FeTiHx, LaN5Hx, LaNi5-yAlyHx (0<y<1.5),
LaNi4BH1.5, LaCu5Hx, ZrV2Hx, HfV2Hx, TaV2Hx, ZrCr2Hx, ZrTi2Hx,
ZrMoHx, NbHx, TaHx, ZrClH0.5, ZrBrH0.5, ZrNiHx, TiCuHx,
Zr2CuHx, TiPdHx, ZrPdHx, ThNiAlHx, UNiAlHx, YNiAlHx, ZrNiAlHx,
CeNiAlHx, CeCuAlHx, CeNiInHx, and CeNiInHx. 66 It is especially
notable that an H-H spacing of 1.48 Å is achieved in CeNiInHx, which
is much less than the commonly accepted distance for closest
approach, 2.1 Å.
High temperature cell operation is clearly necessary to achieve
practical Carnot efficiencies. High temperature hydrogen adsorption
is feasible using high strength alloys of iron, tungsten, molybdenum,
and other metals which are incapable of significant hydrogen
adsorption at room temperature. Hot operating alloys can be designed
to maximize bond strength, annealing ability, operating temperature
range, and hydrogen loading as well as helium de-loading
characteristics in a controlled temperature range cycling profile.
Special lattices and environments can also be designed to maximize
heavy transmutations and accomplish nuclear remediation.
The tables at the very ends of reports E through H with URLS at:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/dfRpt
should provide some insight as to what isotopes/elements might make
good LENR reactors. I have not yet posted similar data for weak
reactions, for various reasons.
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
