On Apr 12, 2011, at 3:22 PM, mix...@bigpond.com wrote:
In reply to Horace Heffner's message of Tue, 12 Apr 2011 13:41:19
-0800:
Hi,
[snip]
This roughly 0.8 MeV energy comes from the kinetic energy of the
electron, which is the same high value it had in the very small
deflated state
The kinetic energy of the electron in the deflated state comes from
the
potential energy it had relative to the proton in the non-deflated
state. Since
the total mass energy of a Hydrogen atom is short of the energy
required to form
a neutron by 800 keV, that is still so in the deflated state. IOW
the kinetic
energy of the electron is 800 keV less than would be needed to form
a neutron.
Regards,
Robin van Spaandonk
http://rvanspaa.freehostia.com/Project.html
Following is a longer and hopefully more clear, or at least more
specific, answer regarding deflation fusion energy issues.
DEFLATED STATE BACKGROUND
The deflated hydrogen state is explicitly stated to exist for
attosecond order durations, but, where LENR occurs to any observable
degree, the state is repeated with a high frequency so as to make the
state sufficiently probable, and the lattice half life of the
hydrogen appropriate.
The deflated state is a degenerate state of the hydrogen within its
molecular or lattice environment, and has the near ground state
binding energy of that state. The deflated hydrogen state is a state
that in QM terms coexists with the normal hydrogen state within its
environment, in fact part of that state. Degenerate electron states,
though sometimes even physically isolated can share a single
Hamiltonian. If an energy exchange were required to switch states
then the two states involved would not be degenerate versions of a
single state. Electrons can have a bimodal existence. Orbital
stressing, high electron fugacity, thermal contraction, etc., though
involving energy to create static conditions conducive to deflated
state existence, merely increase the probability of the degenerate
state, which in itself requires no incremental energy over the normal
state. The conditions don't actually directly create the deflated
state itself, but simply make it more probable, increase its co-
probability vs that of the normal state. The two probabilities are
complimentary, add to one.
The wavefunction of the degenerate deflated state can be viewed as
part of that of the entire atom. It can alternatively be viewed as
the momentarily collapsed form of the electron wavefunction upon the
nucleus. I am not even sure there is a physically interpretable
wavefunction for the small deflated state during the tunneling event,
since (and though) it is possible to see that event as a brief
wavefunction collapse event itself. The deflated state itself,
could be viewed as a wavefunction collapsed state, and the jumping
back to the large atomic state could then be viewed as a wavefunction
reconstruction, "quantum wavefunction resurrection". I think there
may be some evidence quantum wavefunction resurrection, when the
wavefunction can be viewed purely as a potentiality, can occur
instantaneously, especially when entanglement is involved. See:
http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/FTL-down.pdf
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/BellEPR.pdf
This is a matter of interpretation, not of any critical importance to
LENR. If there is no physical interpretation possible of the deflated
state, then fusion itself can be interpreted as a three body
wavefunction collapse. Deterministic computations provide adequate
results for various QM situations, such as description of NMR
radiation in terms of nucleus precession, but the actual quantum
reality is itself very different, as are the QM computations. For
this reason, and the fact QM description of two mutually rotating
highly relativistic bodies is not presently possible, determinist but
relativistic computations were made of states wherein the de Broglie
wavelengths of the electron and nucleating particle do not
substantially overlap. The feasibility of such states indicates that
when QM computation means are available, they will likely show such
states to be Rydberg like, with quantum fuzziness unimportant to the
state.
ENERGY TRAPPING
Assume the kinetic energy of a specific electron in the deflated
state is momentarily around 1 MeV, thus the potential energy in that
case is about -1 MeV. Upon fusion with Ni, the kinetic energy in that
case remains initially at 1 MeV, but, due to the suddenly present 28
extra Ni nucleus charges, the potential energy is reduced to -29 Mev,
and the net potential plus kinetic energy is reduced by 28 MeV. The
potential energy gained by the proton approach to the nucleus is
actually present, but for exogenous thermodynamic purposes lost due
to the interaction of the strong force. This loss of potential
energy does not prevent electron capture of the now energetically
trapped electron, if capture occurs very fast, because that electron
initially has the kinetic energy necessary.
NUCLEAR HEAT
I think it is also true that nuclear heat may prolong the ability of
the electron to both radiate and be captured. The nuclear heat to
which I refer is provided by zero point energy, in a manner as
described here:
http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/NuclearZPEtapping.pdf
in which I estimate the nuclear temperature for Ni to be 1.02 MeV.
The energetically trapped electron thereby provides a method of
capturing zero point energy.
UNCERTAINTY PRESSURE
The electron only expands its orbital outside the nucleus if a weak
reaction does not quickly follow the strong reaction. This orbital
expansion is driven by zero point energy, uncertainty energy. The
proximity of the electron to the deflated state hydrogen nucleus, and
its kinetic energy, prior to tunneling into a heavy nucleus, are for
practical purposes random variables. The resulting associated values
post tunneling are thus also random variables. The energy balance for
individual LENR reactions are therefore also random variables.
Energy does not appear to be conserved, because vacuum energy
transactions are involved. Time of electron near the composite fused
nucleus is a random variable, and one which, along with the other
random variables, affects the branching ratios.
It seems clear that (1) the electron which catalyzes the hydrogen
entry to the nucleus is necessarily trapped there in many cases,
because there is not enough energy from the strong force reaction to
expel it, (2) some heavy LENR reactions clearly do not involve weak
reactions, and (3) the trapped electron can not remain in the
nucleus, otherwise it would be indistinguishable chemically from the
product of a follow-on weak reaction, and the mass of the nucleus
would remain about 0.8 MeV too high. Experimental results thus
indicate the trapped electron has an exit. The energy for that exit
clearly can be provided by zero point energy, "uncertainty pressure",
if you will, expanding the electron wavefunction, and its de Broglie
wavelength.
FIELD ENERGY AND MASS OF THE DEFLATED STATE
The mass of the deflated hydrogen system does not remain constant, it
increases as the electron distance from the nucleus decreases. The
potential energy of the Coulomb field resides in the vacuum, carried
by virtual particles, thus not with the leptons and quarks
themselves. As two opposed charged particles approach, the field
energy in the vacuum diminishes, but the mass of the particles
increases due to the offsetting increased kinetic energy. Similar
statements can be made regarding the fused nucleus. Taking this
notion to the extreme, if two point particles can approach
arbitrarily closely then their masses can increase to an arbitrarily
large amount.
The electron is considered by some to be a point, by others to be a
very very small string loop, as is the up quark. See for example:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elegant/everything.html
Each field carrying particle is surrounded by vacuum energy which
carries the field. The vacuum energy density u_e of an electric field
E is given by:
u_e = 0.5 e0 E^2
where e0 is the vacuum permittivity:
e0 ~≈ 8.854187817 × 10^−12 F/m
If the vacuum can not store energy, then u = 0, and e0 = 0, and all
capacitances regardless of size would be infinite, their potential
and stored energy would be infinite, as would the force between
charged plates. The force between any two charges:
F = (1/(4 Pi e_0)) q1 * q2 / r^2
would be infinite. Fortunately this does not happen, thus the vacuum
necessarily stores energy whenever an E field is present, i.e. when
non-superimposed unlike charges are present.
Similar arguments for the vacuum storage of B field energy result
from the well known magnetic vacuum field energy equation for field
strength B:
u_m = (1/mu0) B^2
where:
mu0 ~= 1.2566370614×10^−6 H/m
and the overall energy density for an EM field is thus:
U = u_e = 1/2 (e0 E^2 + (1/mu0) B^2)
I have a theory, The Gravimagnetic Theory, that EM fields are carried
by virtual photons, which have no gravitational mass. For an
overview see pp 1-6 of:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CosmicSearch.pdf
This gravimagnetic theory conveniently explains why vacuum zero point
energy does not crush a finite sized universe. It means that when the
EM field energy stored in the vacuum is converted to charged particle
energy, that mass/energy appears as the vacuum field energy
disappears. It is also an indication that relativistic mass increase
may not be equivalent to, result in, gravitational mass increase.
This is not critical to deflation fusion theory, except that the
implied link may provide some useful experiments.
VACUUM FIELD ENERGY
The electric field intensity E around a charge q is given by
E = k q / r^2
where k = 1/(4 Pi e0).
If location is chosen for maximum force, as is the case if spin
orientation is for maximum force, then the magnetic dipole field is
given by:
B = (u0/(4*Pi)) * mu/r^3
As r--> 0, B-->inf, E-->inf, and the vacuum energy density U-->inf.
The vacuum energy and thus mass/energy available to a small state
electron-quark pair attraction is bounded only by the limits to the
smallness of their size.
As the separation r decreases and velocity and gammas of the
attracting particles increases, the percent of energy that goes to
mass instead of kinetic energy increases. This extra relativistic
mass is created from the vacuum field energy, which has no
gravitational mass. Therefore there is an appearance that neither
mass nor energy, nor mass/energy is conserved, unless vacuum resident
field energy is taken into account, and that it has no gravitational
mass. The apparent mass increase of the deflated state may be
inertial mass only.
The consequence of all these vacuum energy considerations is that
degenerate states may exist which have astronomical energies, gammas,
and brief but only apparent binding energies, all while maintaining
ground state net energy, and the ability to perform large energy
transactions with the vacuum.
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
