Dear John, Plants cannot walk away to a more favorable spot. They remain stuck where they germinate, e.g. whether the place is sunny, shady, wet, dry, fertile, poor etc. So plants compensate by having a lot of genes available to be able to adapt to the particular spot where happen to be. And indeed, plants have usually more genes then animals! Best, Herman
Von: CCP4 bulletin board [mailto:CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK] Im Auftrag von John R Helliwell Gesendet: Freitag, 20. September 2019 09:19 An: CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK Betreff: [EXTERNAL] Re: [ccp4bb] AW: [ccp4bb] challenges in structural biology EXTERNAL : Real sender is owner-ccp...@jiscmail.ac.uk Dear Martin, Many thanks for these details of the size of the human genome over the decades and also the news of your most interesting upcoming review. I shall read it with great interest. Incidentally is the over 40000 genes for the rice genome number correct? This number caught my eye as being interesting how the rice genome is more complicated than our genome. Best wishes, John Emeritus Professor John R Helliwell DSc On 19 Sep 2019, at 08:35, Kollmar, Martin <m...@nmr.mpibpc.mpg.de<mailto:m...@nmr.mpibpc.mpg.de>> wrote: Dear John, the „100,000 human genes“ is a long-standing myth broad forward by the initiators of the U.S. human genome sequencing projects in 1990. This large number completely contradicted all genetics and mutation data since the 1940th, but the sequencing community (genome, cDNA, EST) didn’t read even the standard text books. Thus, the “30,000” genes published with the two human genome papers in 2001 are not “surprisingly low” but just in accordance with the predictions and the data since the 1940th. The gene number went down to about 23,000 already in 2004, and the current numbers (depending on database) range around 20,000 human protein-coding genes. The myth of the large numbers is only propagated by those who profit from larger numbers (e.g. bigger grants, papers in higher IF journals, big consortia). I have written a review about the current state (and history) of the human protein-coding genes, which will appear online in BioEssays soon and finally in the November issue (will be open access). In this review there will be some (hopefully) useful plots showing the gene numbers since the 1940th and a detailed review of all the numbers and their experimental basis (most were actually just extrapolations from small-scale data). Please excuse this kind of self-advertisement, but it is really more than time to move this myth out of science literature and communication. Best regards, Martin Priv. Doz. Dr. Martin Kollmar Group Systems Biology of Motor Proteins Department NMR-based Structural Biology Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry Am Fassberg 11 37077 Goettingen Deutschland www.motorprotein.de<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.motorprotein.de_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=IWuNyBzheAGJ761iddc78L4lz7sB21cKQTrawbV4j0M&e=> (Homepage) www.cymobase.org<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.cymobase.org_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=fMYqMfsorSLNspHq5-Wx_WDkChCYsDr9NEXwrGsKvpo&e=> (Database of Cytoskeletal and Motor Proteins) www.diark.org<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.diark.org_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=QB0-HJUz9wLSC-Xd5_Bj6Gnhx70AaYoxkD8kIu7Ub6A&e=> (diArk - a resource for eukaryotic genome research) www.webscipio.org<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.webscipio.org_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=sy5FDRUX22Q-6XcBo-X_-tgZenKZRLf9N__I8x3pnBo&e=> (Scipio - eukaryotic gene identification) Von: CCP4 bulletin board <CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK<mailto:CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK>> Im Auftrag von John R Helliwell Gesendet: Donnerstag, 19. September 2019 08:51 An: CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK<mailto:CCP4BB@JISCMAIL.AC.UK> Betreff: Re: [ccp4bb] challenges in structural biology Dear James, Well, 100,000 genes used to be the estimate of the size of the human genome. (eg see https://physicsworld.com/a/protein-crystallography-the-human-genome-in-3-d/<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__physicsworld.com_a_protein-2Dcrystallography-2Dthe-2Dhuman-2Dgenome-2Din-2D3-2Dd_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=Au_C7wioq-2-qa1kL026q6V6n88YzwYRsi2fGz6xjpg&e=> ) It seems it has got easier, albeit still gargantuan, at ~30,000 genes to be expressed into proteins. Meanwhile funding agencies also look out for Big Ideas:- https://epsrc.ukri.org/research/ourportfolio/epsrcbigideas/?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=SocialSignIn<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__epsrc.ukri.org_research_ourportfolio_epsrcbigideas_-3Futm-5Fsource-3DTwitter-26utm-5Fmedium-3Dsocial-26utm-5Fcampaign-3DSocialSignIn&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=TMvBW-JMC-G_OW0woSqqukhb03utq-y672taYl38T9Y&e=> and even helpfully spell out the difference between a Big Idea and a Grand Challenge! Maybe an “Open Door for funding” for us all? Today also the repertoire of methods capable of resolving in 3D protein structures has expanded further with the splendid development of cryoEM. To define challenges in terms of projects, as Max Perutz taught us (“Haemoglobin the Molecular Lung”) avoids methods looking for problems. Also a final thought, how we organise ourselves in different areas of the World varies according to our cultural traditions. So the Big Project is neutral to politics and can accommodate all contributions however so arrived at. “What shall we do with it?” As Darwin taught us, first make your Collection...... Greetings! John Emeritus Professor John R Helliwell DSc https://www.crcpress.com/The-Whats-of-a-Scientific-Life/Helliwell/p/book/9780367233020<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.crcpress.com_The-2DWhats-2Dof-2Da-2DScientific-2DLife_Helliwell_p_book_9780367233020&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=xJvbX5e1byn0_V91NpWaz5pd5GEYg9BKtNQKHCkMeKM&e=> On 18 Sep 2019, at 22:15, James Holton <jmhol...@lbl.gov<mailto:jmhol...@lbl.gov>> wrote: Thank you John, an excellent choice as always. Here is your trillion dollars! Now, what are you going to do with it? Do you think simply scaling up current technology could reach this goal? More screens, more combinations, more compute cycles? Remember, if you want the "genome/proteome" you need all of it, including all those super-cool human membrane proteins we gave up on because they were too hard. I think we all have at least one of those projects in our past. What was the show-stopper in the end? Did they just not grow crystals? Poor diffraction? Weird diffraction? Twinned? Won't phase? Won't refine to a decent R factor? Annoying reviewer? Did you try cryoEM? NMR? and did they not work either? I think a key question for all of us is: what new capability would make you decide to go back and pick up your old favorite project again? Without your structure, the genome is incomplete. -James Holton MAD Scientist On 9/16/2019 12:24 AM, John R Helliwell wrote: Dear James, Here you go, a “grand challenge” suggestion to consider for funding from the “James Holton Foundation for structural biology research”:- “The human genome/proteome in 3-D” Greetings, John Emeritus Professor John R Helliwell DSc On 14 Sep 2019, at 02:39, James Holton <jmhol...@lbl.gov<mailto:jmhol...@lbl.gov>> wrote: I would like to thank everyone who took the time to respond to my question that started this thread. It is really good for me to get a sense of the community perspective. Some debates were predictable, others not. Many ideas I agree with, some not so much. All were thought-provoking. I think this is going to be a really good GRC! Something I did not expect to distill from all the responses is that the dominant challenge in structural biology is financial. The most common strategy suggested for addressing this challenge was torpedoing other scientists in similar fields, perhaps expecting to benefit from the flotsam. Historically, this strategy is often counterproductive and at best inefficient. The good news is there is a lot of room for improvement. In reality, we are all on the same ship, and the people in our funding agencies fighting to get us what we need can be much more effective when armed with positive ideas and clear plans. That is a better strategy for overcoming this challenge. To this end, my first GRC session title is going to be: "If I had a trillion dollars for structural biology" I think we can all agree that science in general is vastly under-funded relative to the impact it has on the human condition. For example, I estimate the value of a general cure for cancer to be at least a trillion dollars. This is based on the lives claimed every year, multiplied by how much one person would gladly pay after being diagnosed (amortized over the rest of their much longer life). This is only ~1% of the Gross World Product, a real bargain if we can come up with a plan that will actually work. Now, obviously not all cancer research is structural biology, but not all structural biology is cancer research either. Let us suppose for a moment that you (yes, I'm talking to YOU), were given a trillion-dollar budget to do your science. After buying all the tools and hiring all the people you wanted: would that solve all of your problems? I expect not. The intellectual and technical challenges that remain are what I believe science is really all about, and the 2020 Diffraction Methods GRC will focus on the ones facing structural biology. My goals here are twofold: 1) I believe it would be healthy for this field if we all spent a little time "thinking big" 2) I want to remove financial anxiety from the discussion, both here and at the GRC. I ask for one restraint: please confine the discussion to structural biology. I understand it is difficult to think about the trillion-dollar level without involving politics, but the CCP4 Bulletin Board is not a political discussion forum, and neither is the GRC. Assume all the other worthy causes in the world are given their own ample budgets. This trillion is yours, and you have to spend it on structural biology. If you can't think of anything, think harder. To get you started, a few things that could be done for under a trillion dollars: 1) re-do all the protein crystallization in the PDB, 500 times (saving all information) 2) buy Google and Facebook, get their AI teams to do machine learning and structure prediction for us 3) hire every "biological scientist" in the world, and give each $1M to work on your projects 4) re-do the NASA Apollo program three times 5) build 1000 XFELs and 100,000 Titan microscopes (yes, that's "and") 6) solve the phase problem by brute force. (zettaflops-scale computing at $0.03/gflop) 7) build half a dozen terapixel detectors (ask Colin Nave what those can do) 8) fund every NIH grant submitted in the last 5 years. Not just the awarded ones, all of them. 9) X-prize style competitions for landmark achievements, such as predicting crystallization outcomes, or finding a universal way to stop protein from denaturing on the air-water interface. This is not a to-do list, but rather an attempt to convey the scale of what can be done. Oh, and you have a month or so to think about it. The meeting is July 26-31 2020, but my speaker list is due Oct 15. Now, of course, at the GRC I will not actually have billion-dollar prizes to pass around, but I do want to set our sights on those lofty goals, and then work on the bridge we will need to get there. So, when I say "challenge" I mean more than something we all agree is hard. Those would make for very short talks. I am after something more like a benchmark. Useful challenges should have certain properties. They should be: a) possible, because something that doesn't work no matter what you do is no fun. b) hard, because something that is too easy is also not very interesting c) realistic, as in relevant to a real-world problem we all agree is important d) accessible, as in reasonable download sizes and/or affordable reagents e) fast, because it if takes forever to try it nobody will have time to participate f) measurable, as in having a clear and broadly acceptable "score" g) adjustable, as in the level of "difficulty" can be selected continuously between "easy" and "impossible". This last one is important because it is at the transition point between success and failure that teaches us the most about what can be improved. Some challenges that already exist are: anomalous phasing from weak signals https://bl831.als.lbl.gov/~jamesh/challenge/anom/<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__bl831.als.lbl.gov_-7Ejamesh_challenge_anom_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=0IJQWNeTwpNxj1WNhXurnD-UrpV5RQ1cHpgke0pHcsw&e=> anomalous phasing from twinned data https://bl831.als.lbl.gov/~jamesh/challenge/twin/<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__bl831.als.lbl.gov_-7Ejamesh_challenge_twin_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=dDs_r6utWD9Sh6VhJST1OsWgNZVKRubPS2-H6PH_Ed0&e=> merging highly incomplete data with an indexing ambiguity https://bl831.als.lbl.gov/~jamesh/challenge/microfocus/<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__bl831.als.lbl.gov_-7Ejamesh_challenge_microfocus_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=PcG8DXXeww_NLMoXqNEb_esUbiARpm2gZ6daHSSVqMI&e=> extracting motions from diffuse scatter data https://bl831.als.lbl.gov/~jamesh/challenge/diffuse/<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__bl831.als.lbl.gov_-7Ejamesh_challenge_diffuse_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=Q6TAvbSKkAAxEcS8GMgtDkfFTUAQdm6oiK_xQGRohOw&e=> Coming soon: dial-a-resolution model building challenge XFEL data processing reference set -James Holton MAD Scientist On 7/25/2019 10:07 AM, Keller, Jacob wrote: >>It would seem to me that an important issue is also: do get all information >>out of our diffraction data? By integrating the Bragg peaks we usually >>neglect the diffuse scattering that could potentially contain additional >>(dynamic) structural information. This can be cloudy diffuse scattering >>hidden in the background but also diffuse streaks that contain information on >>packing disorder and reveals intrinsic interactions in the crystal. Along these lines, and taking a page from you also, how about “crystallographic model refinement as image-faking?” Metrics of the goodness of a particular refinement could simply be some measure of the correlation between predicted vs. measured images. I have seen some of this done with diffuse scattering, but why not with the whole thing, including intensity and shape of Bragg peaks, solvent rings, etc? Maybe instead of doing the multiple steps of (indexing, integration, scaling, solving…) all of this could be refined as one? Processing parameters like moscaicity [sic] etc would now be part of the final model…? JPK Loes Kroon-Batenburg On 07/15/19 21:44, Holton, James M wrote: Hello folks, I have the distinct honor of chairing the next Gordon Research Conference on Diffraction Methods in Structural Biology (July 26-31 2020). This meeting will focus on the biggest challenges currently faced by structural biologists, and I mean actual real-world challenges. As much as possible, these challenges will take the form of friendly competitions with defined parameters, data, a scoring system, and "winners", to be established along with other unpublished results only at the meeting, as is tradition at GRCs. But what are the principle challenges in biological structure determination today? I of course have my own ideas, but I feel like I'm forgetting something. Obvious choices are: 1) getting crystals to diffract better 2) building models into low-resolution maps (after failing at #1) 3) telling if a ligand is really there or not 4) the phase problem (dealing with weak signal, twinning and pseudotranslation) 5) what does "resolution" really mean? 6) why are macromolecular R factors so much higher than small-molecule ones? 7) what is the best way to process serial crystallography data? 8) how should one deal with non-isomorphism in multi-crystal methods? 9) what is the "structure" of something that won't sit still? What am I missing? Is industry facing different problems than academics? Are there specific challenges facing electron-based techniques? If so, could the combined strength of all the world's methods developers solve them? I'm interested in hearing the voice of this community. On or off-list is fine. -James Holton MAD Scientist ######################################################################## To unsubscribe from the CCP4BB list, click the following link: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?SUBED1=CCP4BB&A=1<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.jiscmail.ac.uk_cgi-2Dbin_webadmin-3FSUBED1-3DCCP4BB-26A-3D1&d=DwMFAw&c=LU6cRtx0xgB8s29tIz9Olw&r=eLCg9eJ4Rs_LnxfUWsp7FSxhIEcZYmTSU4Uyq1bRYPI&m=j60Req0Ctc22ORJ8Tr5oxj6jiKrZs6a6a3qScsFKgfg&s=nvFe-NBmWDef18CvLm-0QKC6gd9nDyAZxKO5eEZ7t1I&e=> -- __________________________________________ Dr. Loes Kroon-Batenburg Dept. of Crystal and Structural Chemistry Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research Utrecht University Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands E-mail : l.m.j.kroon-batenb...@uu.nl<mailto:l.m.j.kroon-batenb...@uu.nl> phone : +31-30-2532865 fax : +31-30-2533940 __________________________________________ ________________________________ To unsubscribe from the CCP4BB list, click the following link: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?SUBED1=CCP4BB&A=1<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.jiscmail.ac.uk_cgi-2Dbin_webadmin-3FSUBED1-3DCCP4BB-26A-3D1&d=DwMFAw&c=LU6cRtx0xgB8s29tIz9Olw&r=eLCg9eJ4Rs_LnxfUWsp7FSxhIEcZYmTSU4Uyq1bRYPI&m=j60Req0Ctc22ORJ8Tr5oxj6jiKrZs6a6a3qScsFKgfg&s=nvFe-NBmWDef18CvLm-0QKC6gd9nDyAZxKO5eEZ7t1I&e=> ________________________________ To unsubscribe from the CCP4BB list, click the following link: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?SUBED1=CCP4BB&A=1<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.jiscmail.ac.uk_cgi-2Dbin_webadmin-3FSUBED1-3DCCP4BB-26A-3D1&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=9UgmXd4v3TIc9n4xsYN8gLYWH_H3YoFK6twdNr3syaA&e=> ________________________________ To unsubscribe from the CCP4BB list, click the following link: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?SUBED1=CCP4BB&A=1<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.jiscmail.ac.uk_cgi-2Dbin_webadmin-3FSUBED1-3DCCP4BB-26A-3D1&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=9UgmXd4v3TIc9n4xsYN8gLYWH_H3YoFK6twdNr3syaA&e=> ________________________________ To unsubscribe from the CCP4BB list, click the following link: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?SUBED1=CCP4BB&A=1<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.jiscmail.ac.uk_cgi-2Dbin_webadmin-3FSUBED1-3DCCP4BB-26A-3D1&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=9UgmXd4v3TIc9n4xsYN8gLYWH_H3YoFK6twdNr3syaA&e=> ________________________________ To unsubscribe from the CCP4BB list, click the following link: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?SUBED1=CCP4BB&A=1<https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.jiscmail.ac.uk_cgi-2Dbin_webadmin-3FSUBED1-3DCCP4BB-26A-3D1&d=DwMFaQ&c=Dbf9zoswcQ-CRvvI7VX5j3HvibIuT3ZiarcKl5qtMPo&r=HK-CY_tL8CLLA93vdywyu3qI70R4H8oHzZyRHMQu1AQ&m=32JRE8HZHPdJxpaoz1sLz-PnTi-D_zZTMfdQs_FdEcI&s=9UgmXd4v3TIc9n4xsYN8gLYWH_H3YoFK6twdNr3syaA&e=> ######################################################################## To unsubscribe from the CCP4BB list, click the following link: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?SUBED1=CCP4BB&A=1
