[linux-audio-dev] XAP status

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
What's going on with headers, docs, names and stuff? I've ripped the event system and the FX API (the one with the state() callback) from Audiality, and I'm shaping it up into my own XAP proposal. There are headers for plugins and hosts, as well as the beginnings of a host SDK lib. It's mostl

[linux-audio-dev] Temporary XAP website

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
Well, this might be early, but I needed to do something slightly less demanding for a while. So I hacked a small presentation: http://olofson.net/xap/ Please, check facts and language (not my native tongue), and suggest changes or additions. (Oops! Clicked on dat doggy-like animal i

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Thursday 12 December 2002 03.10, David Gerard Matthews wrote: > David Olofson wrote: > >That's not rude - I don't think anyone is *totally* sure about > > this... > > > >Though, you might want to note (pun not intended) that I'm really > >talking about "continous pitch" - not note numbers, as in

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Gerard Matthews
David Olofson wrote: That's not rude - I don't think anyone is *totally* sure about this... Though, you might want to note (pun not intended) that I'm really talking about "continous pitch" - not note numbers, as in "integer, MIDI style". You could think of the relation as linear_pitch = f(n

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP and Event Outputs

2002-12-11 Thread Tim Goetze
Tim Hockin wrote: >> i'm becoming tired of discussing this matter. fine by me if >> you can live with a plugin system that goes only half the way >> towards usable event handling. > >I haven't been following this issue too closely, rather waiting for some >decision. I have been busy incorporat

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 23.56, David Gerard Matthews wrote: [...] > >The need for 1.0/note or similar arrise when you want to work with > >something like 12t without deciding on the exact tuning, and also > >when you want to write "simple" event processor plugins that think > > it terms of no

[linux-audio-dev] XAP and these timestamps...

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
I (still) don't think musical time belongs in timestamps of your average event in XAP. Those events are meant to act as an alternative to audio rate controls or blockless processing. The host gives you a time frame to work with (expressed as a number of audio frames), and that's the timeframe

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Gerard Matthews
David Olofson wrote: On Wednesday 11 December 2002 13.59, David Gerard Matthews wrote: Steve Harris wrote: On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 12:40:18 +, Nathaniel Virgo wrote: I can't really say I can think of a better way though. Personally I'd leave scales out of the API and let the host deal

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP and Event Outputs

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 23.12, Tim Hockin wrote: > > i'm becoming tired of discussing this matter. fine by me if > > you can live with a plugin system that goes only half the way > > towards usable event handling. > > I haven't been following this issue too closely, rather waiting for > some

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP and Event Outputs

2002-12-11 Thread Tim Hockin
> i'm becoming tired of discussing this matter. fine by me if > you can live with a plugin system that goes only half the way > towards usable event handling. I haven't been following this issue too closely, rather waiting for some decision. I have been busy incorporating other ideas. What do

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Re: [vst-plugins] Plugin server

2002-12-11 Thread Fernando Pablo Lopez-Lezcano
On Sun, 2002-12-08 at 16:14, Kai Vehmanen wrote: > On Sun, 8 Dec 2002, Paul Davis wrote: > > > you also haven't addressed kernel scheduling issues; the context > > switch doesn't happen till the kernel has decided what task is going > > to run next. if it picks the wrong one, for whatever reason,

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP and Event Outputs

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 22.26, Tim Goetze wrote: > David Olofson wrote: > >> so eventually, you'll need a different event system for > >> plugins that care about musical time. > > > >No. You'll need a different event system for plugins that want to > >look at future events. > > which is an ad

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP and Event Outputs

2002-12-11 Thread Tim Goetze
David Olofson wrote: >> so eventually, you'll need a different event system for >> plugins that care about musical time. > >No. You'll need a different event system for plugins that want to >look at future events. which is an added level of complexity, barring a lot of ways to head for plugins.

Re: Fwd: Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 21.50, Steve Harris wrote: > On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 06:49:17 +, Nathaniel Virgo wrote: > > Sorry, I just tend to hit "reply to all" because some lists seem > > to be set up so that "reply" doesn't go to the list. > > See if your mail client has a reply-to-list dea

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP and Event Outputs

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 21.00, Tim Hockin wrote: > > > i'm convinced it's better to design one system that works > > > for event-only as well as audio-only plugins and allows for > > > the mixed case, too. everything else is an arbitrary > > > limitation of the system's capabilities. > > > >

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Synth APIs, MONKEY

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 20.25, Sami P Perttu wrote: [...] > > That sounds a lot like a specialized event system, actually. You > > have structured data - and that is essentially what events are > > about. > > Hmm, that's one way of looking at it. I had thought of the subblock > aspect as some

Re: Fwd: Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread Steve Harris
On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 06:49:17 +, Nathaniel Virgo wrote: > Sorry, I just tend to hit "reply to all" because some lists seem to be set up > so that "reply" doesn't go to the list. See if your mail client has a reply-to-list deature, mutt does (+L). > > I like the idea of enforced "explicit

Re: Fwd: Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 19.49, Nathaniel Virgo wrote: > On Wednesday 11 December 2002 5:19 pm, David Olofson wrote: > > (Oops. Replied to the direct reply, rather than via the list. > > Please, don't CC me - I'm on the list! :-) > > Sorry, I just tend to hit "reply to all" because some lists

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP and Event Outputs

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 19.42, Tim Hockin wrote: > > delays based on musical time do, whatever you like to call > > it. > > I always assumed that tempo-delays and thinsg would just ask the > host for the musical time at the start of each buffer. That's a hack that works ok in most cases, but

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP and Event Outputs

2002-12-11 Thread Tim Hockin
> > i'm convinced it's better to design one system that works > > for event-only as well as audio-only plugins and allows for > > the mixed case, too. everything else is an arbitrary > > limitation of the system's capabilities. > > So, you want our real time synth + effect API to also be a full-bl

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP and Event Outputs

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 18.54, Tim Goetze wrote: > David Olofson wrote: > >On Wednesday 11 December 2002 15.25, Tim Goetze wrote: > >> David Olofson wrote: > >> >So, sort them and keep track of where you are. You'll have to > >> > sort the events anyway, or the event system will break down >

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Re: Synth APIs, pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 19.32, Tim Hockin wrote: > > This is *exactly* why I'm proposing the use of a structured text > > file that matches the structure of the plugin's "exported" names. > > The *structure* is what you go by; not the actual words. A host > > would not even have to ask the pl

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Synth APIs, MONKEY

2002-12-11 Thread Sami P Perttu
On Wed, 11 Dec 2002, David Olofson wrote: > > Well, in MONKEY I have done away with separate audio and control > > signals - there is only one type of signal. However, each block of > > a signal may consist of an arbitrary number of consecutive > > subblocks. There are three types of subblocks: co

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 18.26, Steve Harris wrote: > On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 04:35:16 +0100, David Olofson wrote: > > > Maybe. My objection to converters is more that they imply two > > > parallel representations of frequency (in the broad sense of > > > the word), which seems like a mistake.

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Plugin APIs (again)

2002-12-11 Thread Pascal Haakmat
11/12/02 18:41, Kjetil S. Matheussen wrote: > > This is VERY important in my worldview. Assuming the work being done on a > > VST hack on wine, a VST wrapper plugin or a LADSPA wrapper plugin makes all > > those bits of code available. > > The vst ladspa plugin just makes vst plugins appear as l

Re: [linux-audio-dev] The beginnings of an ladcca manual

2002-12-11 Thread Paul Winkler
On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 04:31:24PM +, Bob Ham wrote: > of ladcca will have libladcca under the LGPL license. I do still not want > cubase if it's under proprietary license, and I do still very much fear a > linux-audio-dev world dominated by proprietary licenses, but libladcca under > the GPL

Re: Fwd: Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread Nathaniel Virgo
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 5:19 pm, David Olofson wrote: > (Oops. Replied to the direct reply, rather than via the list. Please, > don't CC me - I'm on the list! :-) Sorry, I just tend to hit "reply to all" because some lists seem to be set up so that "reply" doesn't go to the list. > I like

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP and Event Outputs

2002-12-11 Thread Tim Hockin
> delays based on musical time do, whatever you like to call > it. I always assumed that tempo-delays and thinsg would just ask the host for the musical time at the start of each buffer. With sample-accurate events, the host can change tempo even within a buffer. If a plugin is concerned with mus

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Re: Synth APIs, pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread Tim Hockin
> This is *exactly* why I'm proposing the use of a structured text file > that matches the structure of the plugin's "exported" names. The > *structure* is what you go by; not the actual words. A host would not > even have to ask the plugin for the english names, but just look up > the correspo

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Plugin APIs (again)

2002-12-11 Thread Tim Hockin
> > This is VERY important in my worldview. Assuming the work being done on a > > VST hack on wine, a VST wrapper plugin or a LADSPA wrapper plugin makes all > > those bits of code available. > > The vst ladspa plugin just makes vst plugins appear as ladspa plugins, so > thats not a problem. See

Re: [linux-audio-dev] The beginnings of an ladcca manual

2002-12-11 Thread Bob Ham
On Tue, Dec 10, 2002 at 09:25:15PM +, Nathaniel Virgo wrote: > programs. This means that if a commercial program comes along it won't be > able to use the library, and anyone who wanted to use that program would have > to manually keep loads of files in sync like we do now. Like I said b

Re: [linux-audio-dev] LADSPA and Softsynths

2002-12-11 Thread Frank Barknecht
Antti Boman schrieb: > Antti Boman wrote: > > Frank Barknecht wrote: > > > >> To wet your appetite: I really should finish my PD quicktoot, which > >> even in its current unfinished form is longer then three standard > >> quicktoots :( > > > > You wet my appetite so that I have to ask if there's

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP and Event Outputs

2002-12-11 Thread Tim Goetze
David Olofson wrote: >On Wednesday 11 December 2002 15.25, Tim Goetze wrote: >> David Olofson wrote: >> >So, sort them and keep track of where you are. You'll have to sort >> >the events anyway, or the event system will break down when you >> > send events out-of-order. The latter is what the even

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Plugin APIs (again)

2002-12-11 Thread Kjetil S. Matheussen
On Mon, 9 Dec 2002, Tim Hockin wrote: > > Well, why would you ever want to *change* the number of Bays of a > > plugin? Well, consider a plugin that wraps other plugins... If > > This is VERY important in my worldview. Assuming the work being done on a > VST hack on wine, a VST wrapper plugin o

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread Steve Harris
On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 04:35:16 +0100, David Olofson wrote: > > Maybe. My objection to converters is more that they imply two > > parallel representations of frequency (in the broad sense of the > > word), which seems like a mistake. > > They are not parallel. One actually *is* frequency, while t

Fwd: Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
(Oops. Replied to the direct reply, rather than via the list. Please, don't CC me - I'm on the list! :-) -- Forwarded Message -- Subject: Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control Date: Wed, 11 Dec 2002 18:05:57 +0100 From: David Olofson <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> To: Nathaniel Virgo <

Fwd: Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
(Same thing again...) -- Forwarded Message -- Subject: Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control Date: Wed, 11 Dec 2002 18:15:59 +0100 From: David Olofson <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> To: Nathaniel Virgo <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> On Wednesday 11 December 2002 18.09, Nathaniel Virgo wrote: > On

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread Nathaniel Virgo
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 4:29 pm, David Olofson wrote: > On Wednesday 11 December 2002 13.59, David Gerard Matthews wrote: > > Steve Harris wrote: > > >On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 12:40:18 +, Nathaniel Virgo wrote: > > >>I can't really say I can think of a better way though. > > >> Personally

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 17.17, Steve Harris wrote: > On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 04:25:56 +0100, David Olofson wrote: > > > (1/12)/note makes more sense because theres /is/ someting very > > > 12ey about 12tET notes (the clues in the name ;), whereas there > > > is nothing 12ey about octaves. At

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread Nathaniel Virgo
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 3:41 pm, David Olofson wrote: > On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 12:40:18 +, Nathaniel Virgo wrote: > > I can't really say I can think of a better way though. > > Personally I'd leave scales out of the API and let the host deal > > with it, sticking to 1.0/octave throughout

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP and Event Outputs

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 15.25, Tim Goetze wrote: > David Olofson wrote: > >So, sort them and keep track of where you are. You'll have to sort > >the events anyway, or the event system will break down when you > > send events out-of-order. The latter is what the event processing > > loop of ev

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Re: Synth APIs, pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 17.02, Sebastien Metrot wrote: > This doesn't work most of the time because many names can have > multiple meanings and vice versa. This is *exactly* why I'm proposing the use of a structured text file that matches the structure of the plugin's "exported" names. The

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 13.59, David Gerard Matthews wrote: > Steve Harris wrote: > >On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 12:40:18 +, Nathaniel Virgo wrote: > >>I can't really say I can think of a better way though. > >> Personally I'd leave scales out of the API and let the host deal > >> with it, s

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Synth APIs, MONKEY

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 13.14, Sami P Perttu wrote: [...] > > This sounds interesting and very flexible - but what's the cost? > > How many voices of "real" sounds can you play at once on your > > average PC? (Say, a 2 GHz P4 or someting.) Is it possible to > > start a sound with sample accur

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Re: Synth APIs, pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread Steve Harris
On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 04:53:40 +0100, David Olofson wrote: > That's something we might want to consider. Indeed, building names > into binaries means we'll actually need one binary for each language > (uurgh! reminds me of how Windoze "handles" languages...), but I'm > not sure external files

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread Steve Harris
On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 04:25:56 +0100, David Olofson wrote: > > (1/12)/note makes more sense because theres /is/ someting very 12ey > > about 12tET notes (the clues in the name ;), whereas there is > > nothing 12ey about octaves. At all. > > There is nothing 12ey *at all* about notes if you're in

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Re: Synth APIs, pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread Sebastien Metrot
This doesn't work most of the time because many names can have multiple meanings and vice versa. Also you'll have to manage encodings correctly, and most developpers are just not aware of what an encoding really is. Sebastien - Original Message - From: "David Olofson" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Re: Synth APIs, pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 12.38, Sami P Perttu wrote: [...] > I shall have to add something like this to MONKEY. Right now it > supports LADSPA via a wrapper - the native API is pretty complex - > although creating a nice GUI based on just information in a LADSPA > .so is not possible, mainly d

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 12:40:18 +, Nathaniel Virgo wrote: > I can't really say I can think of a better way though. > Personally I'd leave scales out of the API and let the host deal > with it, sticking to 1.0/octave throughout, but I can see the > advantages of this as well. Problem with let

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 12.10, Steve Harris wrote: > On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 01:39:12 +0100, David Olofson wrote: > > Anyway, given that a converter plugin instance can only ever be > > called once per buffer, and could potentially handle multiple > > channels, I'm sure it will be quite a bit

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Olofson
On Wednesday 11 December 2002 12.06, Steve Harris wrote: > On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 01:26:01 +0100, David Olofson wrote: > > You're missing that I'm not talking about 1.0/octave, linear > > pitch, but /note, *note* pitch. That means > > /note should *always* apply, and that > > should be constant.

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP and Event Outputs

2002-12-11 Thread Tim Goetze
David Olofson wrote: >So, sort them and keep track of where you are. You'll have to sort >the events anyway, or the event system will break down when you send >events out-of-order. The latter is what the event processing loop of >every plugin will do, BTW - pretty trivial stuff. what you descr

Re: [linux-audio-dev] LADSPA and Softsynths

2002-12-11 Thread Dave Griffiths
On Wed, 11 Dec 2002 12:09:58 +, Steve Harris wrote > On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 12:47:50 +0100, Dave Griffiths wrote: > > It also means getting midi signal routing working, as currently ssm has no > > polyphonic means of note signalling, but it's fairly trivial. The only thing > > is that it will

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread David Gerard Matthews
Steve Harris wrote: On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 12:40:18 +, Nathaniel Virgo wrote: I can't really say I can think of a better way though. Personally I'd leave scales out of the API and let the host deal with it, sticking to 1.0/octave throughout, but I can see the advantages of this as well.

Re: [linux-audio-dev] LADSPA and Softsynths

2002-12-11 Thread Antti Boman
Antti Boman wrote: Frank Barknecht wrote: To wet your appetite: I really should finish my PD quicktoot, which even in its current unfinished form is longer then three standard quicktoots :( You wet my appetite so that I have to ask if there's a version online for a quick look beforehand. A qu

[linux-audio-dev] Synth APIs, MONKEY

2002-12-11 Thread Sami P Perttu
> > First, I don't understand why you want to design a "synth API". If > > you want to play a note, why not instantiate a DSP network that > > does the job, connect it to the main network (where system audio > > outs reside), run it for a while and then destroy it? That is what > > events are in my

Re: [linux-audio-dev] LADSPA and Softsynths

2002-12-11 Thread Steve Harris
On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 12:47:50 +0100, Dave Griffiths wrote: > It also means getting midi signal routing working, as currently ssm has no > polyphonic means of note signalling, but it's fairly trivial. The only thing > is that it will break the everything plugs into anything rule :( It shouldn't

Re: [linux-audio-dev] LADSPA and Softsynths

2002-12-11 Thread Dave Griffiths
On Tue, 10 Dec 2002 15:58:32 -0800, Paul Winkler wrote > On Tue, Dec 10, 2002 at 11:18:53PM +, Steve Harris wrote: > > I'm not quite sure how either of them handle that newfangled poly-phoney > > that seems so popular these days ;) > > AFAICT, they both punt and do everything monophonic. Ther

[linux-audio-dev] Re: Synth APIs, pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread Sami P Perttu
> > a softstudio; it's pretty far already and > > the first public release is scheduled Q1/2003. > > for Linux, obviously? ;-) Yes. Linux, GPL. MONKEY is about 30.000 lines of C++ at the moment. I still have to make a final architecture revision based on some issues reading this list has evoked, a

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread Steve Harris
On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 12:40:18 +, Nathaniel Virgo wrote: > I can't really say I can think of a better way though. Personally I'd leave > scales out of the API and let the host deal with it, sticking to 1.0/octave > throughout, but I can see the advantages of this as well. We could put it

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread Steve Harris
On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 01:39:12 +0100, David Olofson wrote: > Anyway, given that a converter plugin instance can only ever be > called once per buffer, and could potentially handle multiple > channels, I'm sure it will be quite a bit faster than host callbacks > when it actually matters: when y

Re: [linux-audio-dev] XAP: Pitch control

2002-12-11 Thread Steve Harris
On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 01:26:01 +0100, David Olofson wrote: > You're missing that I'm not talking about 1.0/octave, linear pitch, > but /note, *note* pitch. That means /note > should *always* apply, and that should be constant. > Changing it is totally pointless, since you'd still have note pi

Re: [linux-audio-dev] LADSPA and Softsynths

2002-12-11 Thread Antti Boman
Frank Barknecht wrote: To wet your appetite: I really should finish my PD quicktoot, which even in its current unfinished form is longer then three standard quicktoots :( You wet my appetite so that I have to ask if there's a version online for a quick look beforehand. A question mark. -a

Re: [linux-audio-dev] LADSPA and Softsynths

2002-12-11 Thread Frank Barknecht
Hi, Paul Winkler hat gesagt: // Paul Winkler wrote: > PD can handle polyphony, and is about as modular as they come; > but I don't really understand PD yet. :) To wet your appetite: I really should finish my PD quicktoot, which even in its current unfinished form is longer then three standard qui

Re: [linux-audio-dev] Plugin APIs (again)

2002-12-11 Thread Paul Winkler
On Wed, Dec 11, 2002 at 12:20:29AM +, Steve Harris wrote: > On Tue, Dec 10, 2002 at 03:49:14PM -0800, Paul Winkler wrote: > > Then JACK came along, and I decided to drop that idea and pursue > > getting sfront to compile JACK clients. It works, mostly... > > and one day I'll clean it up enough

[linux-audio-dev] band limited interpolation

2002-12-11 Thread Henry Gomersall
I'm trying to oversample to smooth the display on my software audio scope using band limited (sinc) interpolation. I have a quick question to ask. Which of the following implementations is liable to take more processing time: 1) Padding my data, and then convolving the original (non-zero) samples w