Re: Breaking up RFC 1918 reverse space

2011-07-25 Thread Peter Laws

On 07/23/11 22:08, Karl Auer wrote:



Maybe this is an overly naive approach, but can't you set up one zone
for 10.0.0.0/8 and delegate as necessary from that single zone file?
Anything that you don't have an answer for will get NXDOMAIN, which is
presumably what you want.



So:

zone "10.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
type master;
file "internal/db.10.rev";
allow-query { network_internal; };
};

Then in the zone file internal/db.0.rev:

$ORIGIN 10.in-addr.arpa.
[...]
0 3600 IN NS ns00.mydomain.
1 3600 IN NS ns01.mydomain.
... etc




I thought of that, too.  Were I delegating all slivers of the 10/8 space 
(it's actually 4 10/10 spaces), then I'd have done it long ago and not 
asked the question.  I'm more confused than that - read on.  :-)


What I think I didn't make clear in my first post was that I actually want 
to do two things:


1) I want to break 10/8 space into 4 10/10 zones (actual, independent zones).

10.0.0.0/10
10.64.0.0/10
10.128.0.0/10
10.192.0.0/10

2) Serve one resulting zone myself, delegate all of two others, then 
delegate parts of the last one.


So my initial question was incomplete.


I've read about $GENERATEing CNAME records for chunks and then delegating 
the chunks, for example


0   IN  CNAME   0-63.10.in-addr.arpa.
1   IN  CNAME   0-63.10.in-addr.arpa.
2   IN  CNAME   0-63.10.in-addr.arpa.
etc

but done with $GENERATE and then actually delegating with

0-63.10.in-addr.arpa.   IN  NS  ns1.edu.
64-127.10.in-addr.arpa. IN  NS  ns2.edu.
etc

Where I'm confused (or have confused myself) is the part about wanting to 
actually break the zone up (I want to break it up for the usual reasons - 
size and limiting damage)




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Re: Multiple masters expected behavior?

2010-07-27 Thread Peter Laws

\On 07/26/10 23:02, Barry Margolin wrote:

In article,
  "Laws, Peter C."  wrote:


Understood, but what I'm asking about is that the slave does not appear to be
losing contact with the first-listed master.  In fact, from the logs, it
appears to be flipping back and forth (though not round-robinning).


Multiple masters is not about losing contact, it's about getting the
most up-to-date version of the zone.  There's no reason for the slave to




A HA!  So the answer to my original question, after all this, is "Yes" 
(this is expected behavior).


Thanks.


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Re: Multiple masters expected behavior?

2010-07-23 Thread Peter Laws

On 07/22/10 19:57, Barry Margolin wrote:

In article,
  Peter Laws  wrote:


I have multiple interfaces on my master and multiple interfaces on most of
my slaves.






Is that expected behavior?


Yes.  What if the first server stops getting updates, but the second one
does and has a higher serial number?  Don't you want the slaves to check
the SOA record on it to pick up these changes?


Except that the 2 "masters" are simply different interfaces on the same 
master ... so the serial number *better* always be the same!


Looking at the logs, it appears that the choice of masters is a 
second-to-second thing because what I'm seeing is that one zone goes via 
one interface and then the next zone, perhaps only a few 10s of ms later, 
goes via the other interface.


I would have expected that it would only ask the second-listed master if 
the first didn't answer ... but I didn't write the code (and haven't read 
it either!



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Multiple masters expected behavior?

2010-07-22 Thread Peter Laws
I have multiple interfaces on my master and multiple interfaces on most of 
my slaves.


I've got one of the slaves set up so that its masters {}; statement has two 
of the master's interfaces in it.  The preferred is first, with the 
non-preferred second.  I was contemplating using this on all slaves to 
guard against a network path failure.


Note that I also have both of the slave's interfaces in the also-notify 
statement on the master (it's an unpublished slave).


I would have thought that BIND would always hit the first and never the 
second.  That doesn't seem to be the case however.  In fact, in a few cases 
I've seen it seems to use both, though not round-robinning that I can see 
from the logs.


Is that expected behavior?


BIND 9.3.6-P1-RedHat-9.3.6-4.P1.el5_4.2


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Re: Can't get hints or outside resolution.

2010-07-09 Thread Peter Laws

Hey!  A firewall setting was wrong!  Imagine that!

Thanks, all.  :-)



On 07/09/10 14:18, Peter Laws wrote:

On 07/09/10 02:23, Matus UHLAR - fantomas wrote:

On 08.07.10 14:42, Peter Laws wrote:

BIND 9.3.6-P1-RedHat-9.3.6-4.P1.el5_4.2

From the host itself, a slave for all my zones, I can resolve all my
zones. I cannot, however, resolve anything else.

For example, if I dig google.com I get a timeout.

Further, if I do a blank dig, I don't get the root servers even though
the hints zone is set up correctly.


recursion is not allowed for you. In such case, you can't resolve foreign
zones and even "hint" zone.



I thought "Oh, I bet that's it!" Sadly, allow-recursion is set globally
and I'm in the list of those allowed to (curse) and recurse. allow-query
is set correctly as well.

No views on this system, either.





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Re: Can't get hints or outside resolution.

2010-07-09 Thread Peter Laws

On 07/09/10 02:23, Matus UHLAR - fantomas wrote:

On 08.07.10 14:42, Peter Laws wrote:

BIND 9.3.6-P1-RedHat-9.3.6-4.P1.el5_4.2

 From the host itself, a slave for all my zones, I can resolve all my
zones.  I cannot, however, resolve anything else.

For example, if I dig google.com I get a timeout.

Further, if I do a blank dig, I don't get the root servers even though
the hints zone is set up correctly.


recursion is not allowed for you. In such case, you can't resolve foreign
zones and even "hint" zone.



I thought "Oh, I bet that's it!"  Sadly, allow-recursion is set globally 
and I'm in the list of those allowed to (curse) and recurse.  allow-query 
is set correctly as well.


No views on this system, either.



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Re: Can't get hints or outside resolution.

2010-07-08 Thread Peter Laws
Yep, zone for hint is right.  No interesting messages "service named 
checkconfig" (which RH has helpfully set up to run named-checkconf and 
named-checkzone) shows that all is well.


:-(

On 07/08/10 15:55, Warren Kumari wrote:


On Jul 8, 2010, at 3:42 PM, Peter Laws wrote:


BIND 9.3.6-P1-RedHat-9.3.6-4.P1.el5_4.2

From the host itself, a slave for all my zones, I can resolve all my
zones. I cannot, however, resolve anything else.

For example, if I dig google.com I get a timeout.

Further, if I do a blank dig, I don't get the root servers even though
the hints zone is set up correctly.



Sure? Are you loading it?

// prime the server with knowledge of the root servers
zone "." {
type hint;
file "/etc/namedb/db.root";
};

Do you have any interesting log messages at startup? Is the hints inna
view maybe?

w





The same is true if I try to resolve from a different host against
this host.

I thought of iptables and dumped those, but disabling iptables doesn't
change anything. In fact, if I look up the IP (of the google, say) on
another host I can ping that IP.

There are query ACLs set up, but I have confirmed that RFC 1918 space,
127/8, and our public IP range are all allowed to query the internal
stuff. The external zones are, of course, set to "any". (default, in
options, is internal-only, but the public zones all have any as
over-rides).

SELinux is set to enforcing, but no messages are showing up and based
on my experience, if SELinux is going to prevent BIND from working
it's going to COMPLETELY prevent it from working, not pick certain zones.


resolv.conf on the slave itself has 127.0.0.1 on the nameserver line.

The only thing different on this host vs my other slaves is some extra
notifies and allow-transfers from when this was still a master for
some zones (some other slaves *still* get a few zones from this host).

Missing something easy, I'm sure. But what?




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For every complex problem, there is a solution that is simple, neat, and
wrong.
-- H. L. Mencken





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Can't get hints or outside resolution.

2010-07-08 Thread Peter Laws

BIND 9.3.6-P1-RedHat-9.3.6-4.P1.el5_4.2

From the host itself, a slave for all my zones, I can resolve all my 
zones.  I cannot, however, resolve anything else.


For example, if I dig google.com I get a timeout.

Further, if I do a blank dig, I don't get the root servers even though the 
hints zone is set up correctly.


The same is true if I try to resolve from a different host against this host.

I thought of iptables and dumped those, but disabling iptables doesn't 
change anything.  In fact, if I look up the IP (of the google, say) on 
another host I can ping that IP.


There are query ACLs set up, but I have confirmed that RFC 1918 space, 
127/8, and our public IP range are all allowed to query the internal stuff. 
 The external zones are, of course, set to "any".  (default, in options, 
is internal-only, but the public zones all have any as over-rides).


SELinux is set to enforcing, but no messages are showing up and based on my 
experience, if SELinux is going to prevent BIND from working it's going to 
COMPLETELY prevent it from working, not pick certain zones.



resolv.conf on the slave itself has 127.0.0.1 on the nameserver line.

The only thing different on this host vs my other slaves is some extra 
notifies and allow-transfers from when this was still a master for some 
zones (some other slaves *still* get a few zones from this host).


Missing something easy, I'm sure.  But what?




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Re: +, -, -E

2010-06-21 Thread Peter Laws

On 06/21/10 14:06, Justin T Pryzby wrote:

On Mon, Jun 21, 2010 at 01:46:55PM -0500, Peter Laws wrote:

What do they mean?  I can't find them and yes, I've googled and also
grepped the docs on isc.org ...

Googling for symbols isn't easy..

http://www.isc.org/files/arm96.html#the_category_phrase


That's what I needed - thanks, all!


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+, -, -E

2010-06-21 Thread Peter Laws
What do they mean?  I can't find them and yes, I've googled and also 
grepped the docs on isc.org ...


I'm assuming it's some way of telling if the query was serviced or not ...

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Re: Running both a cache-only and an authoritative server on the same server

2010-06-17 Thread Peter Laws

On 06/17/10 08:36, Torsten wrote:

Am Thu, 17 Jun 2010 13:35:38 +0100
schrieb Phil Mayers:


On 17/06/10 12:39, Jørn Skjerven wrote:



Is it possible to achieve this in a single named.conf, or is it
recommended to run two instances of bind, each with a different
listen-on  statement?


Sure. Use views:

view authoritative {
recursion no;
match-destinations { mycurrentip; };
zone ...
};

view authoritative {
recursion yes;
match-destinations { myrecurseip; };
};




The important part seems to be "on a secondary IP" and afaik listen-on
statements don't work inside of view statements.



Why not just have named run on as many interfaces as needed and let views 
sort it out?  Views don't need to care which physical interface traffic is 
on.




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Re: using TXT fields

2010-05-18 Thread Peter Laws

On 05/18/10 06:16, Chris Thompson wrote:

On May 18 2010, fddi wrote:


I wanted to ask if using TXT fields can have some bad implication
security issues


It rather depends what you put in them, doesn't it?

hostname TXT "Root password is AndyPandy"
mc-room TXT "Entacode is 2038"



Post-Its are great, but they often fall off the monitor.  This is a 
superior solution and has the benefit of being remotely accessible.


Thanks for the "pro tip"!


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Re: Master server offline

2010-05-12 Thread Peter Laws

On 05/08/10 17:36, Chris Thompson as IP Register wrote:

On May 7 2010, Peter Laws wrote:



If he has a small number of slaves, the OP may not need a Tardis. It's




If you do this, you need to restart BIND on the slave to have it notice
the change. Similarly you can "touch" the zone file to make BIND think it
has verified up-to-dateness of the zone more recently than it actually
has, but the same caveat applies. BIND thinks that it is in total control
of the zone files for type slave zones, so it doesn't look at them except
at startup.


Yep.  It's ugly, but the OP seemed to be having trouble getting his master 
fixed so I can't think of another (bad) bandaid.


Having a Tardis *would* be cool though.

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Re: [OT] MSDN use google apps for email hosting

2010-05-07 Thread Peter Laws

On 05/07/10 09:22, Jeff Pang wrote:

Though this is offtopic, but I'm surprised that msdn.net (microsoft
developer networks) has been using google's apps for email hosting.
It is not commercial for MS, isn't it?



msdn.netMX preference = 30, mail exchanger = aspmx4.googlemail.com


Funny, yes, but whois doesn't seem to point to M$ in any way.  Independent?


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Re: Master server offline

2010-05-07 Thread Peter Laws

On 05/07/10 06:49, Chris Thompson wrote:


Sure - just step into your time machine, go back to before the master
server died, and increase the SOA.expire value there so that it gets
propagated to the slave(s) in time.



If he has a small number of slaves, the OP may not need a Tardis.  It's 
possible to just edit the cache files.  It's UGLY, you need to make sure 
you hit all the slaves, and they will get overwritten the instant your 
master returns from the dead ... but that latter's a good thing.



About this master being offline for some time due to a disk failure ... 
that policy may need review.  If the OP serves his organization's DNS, it's 
pretty darn critical that customers be able to resolv their DNS info.




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Re: ftp.isc.org back up

2010-05-06 Thread Peter Laws

On 05/06/10 13:27, Lightner, Jeff wrote:

They can't fool us - we know it was caused by the J server DNSSEC issue.



Damn that DNSSEC!!!  :-D

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Re: Preparing for upcoming DNSSEC changes on 5/5

2010-05-03 Thread Peter Laws

On 05/03/10 16:19, Mark Andrews wrote:


The test is a rough guide to the maximum packet size supported by the path.


So what would be the point of using edns-udp-size to something even 
smaller?  None I can see ...


What am I missing?


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Re: Preparing for upcoming DNSSEC changes on 5/5

2010-05-03 Thread Peter Laws

On 05/03/10 15:55, Lightner, Jeff wrote:



Also one of the links I sent earlier had a similar comment about less
than 300 bytes difference not being a problem.  I had missed that.

4096 - 3843 = 153
It seems if I'd paid attention I'd not have posted my follow up
questions.


It's not on the dns-oarc.net page either, but I'm glad you mentioned it.

Back to explicitly setting edns-udp-size to something smaller than the 
default, which seems to be 4096.  Still not convinced this is necessary.


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Re: Preparing for upcoming DNSSEC changes on 5/5

2010-05-03 Thread Peter Laws

On 05/03/10 14:56, Kalman Feher wrote:


You probably should. Your resolver is saying its capable of handling 4096,
but apparently your network path may not support that. The changes on the



The network path to dns-oarc.net doesn't, but that doesn't really mean 
anything.  To some resolvers, the path may support 4096 while to others it 
is 591.  Who knows where the constriction is?


I still don't see the point of setting it to something *smaller* than the 
default unless I knew for certain that MY stuff couldn't handle a larger 
size.  12 of the 16 hops twixt here and there are far beyond my control 
(and the other 4 only marginally :-).



Besides, we've seen one example where setting it smaller results in yet a 
smaller result.





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Re: Preparing for upcoming DNSSEC changes on 5/5

2010-05-03 Thread Peter Laws

On 01/-10/37 13:59, Kalman Feher wrote:



Second, make sure the tested effective size appears in your named.conf in
the options statement "edns-udp-size" on your resolver.

In your case:
  edns-udp-size 3843;



Mine are all saying "x.x.x.x sent EDNS buffer size 4096" when I run the 
dns-oarc.net test, which I assume is the default.  I, too, get the 3843 "at 
least" value.


Why would I set it to 3843?  Wouldn't I want it to be set to 4096 even if 
*some* device between here and dns-oarc.net only allows that smaller value?


I just woke up to this issue, sorry to say.  Interestingly, it didn't come 
up (directly) during the Educause webinar about DNSSEC last week (.edu will 
be signed in July).



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Re: Re: Delegation - what needs to be there?

2010-03-29 Thread Peter Laws

On 01/-10/37 13:59, Barry Margolin wrote:



Or do I need to provide glue records in the delegated zone ...  probably
not, but thought I'd better ask.


The only time you're required to provide glue is when a subzone is
delegated to a nameserver whose name is in the subzone, to prevent a
chicken-and-egg problem.



This is what I thought but thought I'd make doubly certain.  Thanks!

Peter

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Delegation - what needs to be there?

2010-03-26 Thread Peter Laws
Delegating a zone to a server that has views.  Internal view will allow any 
query.  External view will only allow resolution of the MX record for that 
zone.  The MX points to hosts in another zone (which is also 
publicly-accessible).


When I query from an address that matches the ACL for the external view, I 
get the MX records back OK, but no A record.


Is that right?

Would a client just go and try to resolve the name on it's own?

Or do I need to provide glue records in the delegated zone ...  probably 
not, but thought I'd better ask.


Version: 9.3.6-P1-RedHat-9.3.6-4.P1.el5_4.2 if it matters.

Peter


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Re: Multiple masters?

2010-01-15 Thread Peter Laws

Chris Buxton wrote:


Every slave server needs the following from its masters (whether that's the 
primary master and/or one or more slaves):

- zone transfer access
- notifications of zone updates


OK.



Unless you put in some special and usually unnecessary (and useless) 
configuration, the notification message has to come from the slave's master, 
not from the primary master (unless they are the same).


No, no useless configs I'm aware of.  Just trying to give the "outlying 
slaves" a second place to go, should the real master be busy, i.e.


masters { IPofserver1;
  IPofserver2;
};


Our architecture is sub-optimal (among other things, hardest hit of all 
public servers is the master) and this is one more step towards getting out 
from under that.


I'd love to have a master that wasn't even a published DNS server, but 
we're not there quite yet.


Thanks!

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Re: Multiple masters?

2010-01-15 Thread Peter Laws

Chris Buxton wrote:

On Jan 14, 2010, at 5:04 PM, Peter Laws wrote:


And I right in thinking that, on a slave, I can have multiple masters 
designated for a particular zone?  I just have to make sure that the slave that 
is pretending to be the master allows transfers, right?


Don't forget about the notify mechanism. Make sure it's properly configured and 
tuned.


Glad you brought that up.  Should the real master be the only one sending 
out notifies or should the fake master do it as well?


Thanks,

Peter

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Multiple masters?

2010-01-14 Thread Peter Laws
And I right in thinking that, on a slave, I can have multiple masters 
designated for a particular zone?  I just have to make sure that the slave 
that is pretending to be the master allows transfers, right?


All but two of the slaves are BIND, the other two are Evil Empire servers. 
 Still no problem?


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Re: Re: Can I have a *.domain.com A record

2009-10-26 Thread Peter Laws

Hey!  RTFRFC!  :-)

Except a scanning of that RFC doesn't say anything about not using them, 
only in clarifying RFC 1034's intentions regarding wildcards.


So, why is it a "very bad idea"?

Peter


Mike Ragusa wrote:

http://www.rfc-archive.org/getrfc.php?rfc=4592

This link should help you.

On Mon, Oct 26, 2009 at 8:17 AM, ram <mailto:r...@netcore.co.in>> wrote:



On Mon, 2009-10-26 at 11:39 +0100, Stephane Bortzmeyer wrote:
 > On Mon, Oct 26, 2009 at 04:01:31PM +0530,
 >  ram mailto:r...@netcore.co.in>> wrote
 >  a message of 10 lines which said:
 >
 > > Is it possible to have a A record for *.domain.com
<http://domain.com>
 >
 > Technically, yes. It is a very bad idea, but it works.
 >



Can you elobarate on that please. If  wildcard DNS is a bad idea, then I
need to tell my clients why ?


Thanks
Ram


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Re: about $GENERATE Directive

2009-04-21 Thread Peter Laws

刘强 wrote:

hi,
  I want to know if the $GENERATE Directive  support type NAPTR.
  You know,type NAPTR is used to ENUM dns. There are large amount of 
NAPTR resource records in ENUM dns;and the NAPTR resource records are 
very similar.It is great if the $GENERATE Directive  support type NAPTR!!!


As far as I know, $GENERATE supports only A, PTR, CNAME.


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Peaceful coexistence with Windows domain

2009-03-12 Thread Peter Laws
Our environment includes a couple of AD servers.  They serve DNS to PCs 
using AD (but not all PCs).  They allow DDNS for clients and slave the rest 
of our environment's zones.  For some reason, they *forward* every other 
query to us, but never mind that.  Look it up your own damn ... well, never 
mind.


At any rate, we don't actually delegate "their" zone to them.  This causes 
problems, as you can imagine.


I'm told that the reason we're doing things this way is that we don't want 
any of those "internal addresses" to be queried by the unwashed masses 
lurking outside our perimeter.


So my thought was, well, let's delegate the zone to the AD servers.  Since 
they are already ACLed (or whatever MS calls it), no one will be able to 
see "their" records off-campus but on-campus folks will be able to 
(finally) resolv addresses in that zone regardless of where they point 
(internally) for DNS.


Except that they need an MX record for that zone.

So adding the NS record to delegate the zone to them properly meant that no 
one could see the MX from the outside (since the MS-DNS is ACLed).


If I dump the delegation and make an MX record in the master, mail will be 
OK, but then no one can query records in that zone because it's not 
actually delegated unless they point at MS-DNS.


We thought of slaving that zone on the master, but then we run into 
security, who doesn't want any of that "internal information" leaked out. 
No problem, since we're slaving the zone, we'll pop an ACL on it.  Problem 
solved!  Hurray.


Except for that MX record.

Once you delegate a zone, you *delegate* the zone.  The MX is invisible.


So my requirements are to 1) allow that MX record to be seen "outside", 2) 
allow any host in our environment to be able to query names in any zone 
regardless of which system they point at for DNS, and 3) not have any 
records in that zone be visible "outside" save for that MX.


I'm assuming that switching our configuration to use views would help, but 
we'd like to avoid that, at least for now.


Any quick fixes?

I checked, and per the MS-People, MS-DNS cannot put ACLs on particular 
records.  Neither can BIND, so no surprise there.


Which rock do I need to look under?

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Re: XFR quota setting?

2009-03-12 Thread Peter Laws

Chris Thompson wrote:


If it's occurring a lot, you could have stuck or nearly-stuck
transfers going on. "rndc status" will tell you how many. You may
need to adjust "max-transfer-time-out"/"max-transfer-idle-out"
rather than "transfers-out".


Fiddled with the transfer-* settings and made the quota errors go away. 
Underlying issue seems to be traffic being intermittently blocked between 
the master and the slaves.  Not really a BIND issue.


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Re: XFR quota setting?

2009-03-11 Thread Peter Laws

Niall O'Reilly wrote:

On Wed, 2009-03-11 at 15:58 -0500, Peter Laws wrote:
Looked in the docs but find no mention of how to set a quota 
(would like it to be infinite).


Be careful what you wish for ...

You may not need it any greater than it is.
In my experience, the transfer is requeued and succeeds
after a couple of seconds.



But it's fun to wish!

I'm not seeing what you are seeing, so I've bumped my xfer logging channel 
to debug.  We'll see if that helps me see what you think I should see 
(based on what you see).  You see?


Seriously, though, what is the default quota and is it actually configurable?

Thanks!

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XFR quota setting?

2009-03-11 Thread Peter Laws
Looked in the docs but find no mention of how to set a quota (would like it 
to be infinite).


Mar 11 15:53:57.103 xfer-out: IXFR request denied: quota reached

Assume there is a default quota of some sort that can be overridden?


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Re: Hostname Naming Compliance

2009-02-25 Thread Peter Laws

Mark Andrews wrote:

When does it stop?  What will be the next character you
"just have to have"?  At the moment you have 1 inter label
seperator and 1 intra label seperator.  That should be
enough for anyone.


Like 640k of memory.


Unicode is coming (as fast as IPv6, maybe faster :), so maybe it /is/ time 
to update the naming standards.


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Re: Hostname Naming Compliance

2009-02-25 Thread Peter Laws

Jeff Lightner wrote:

And of course you can legitimately say it is a "Standard" even if it
isn't enforced by the software.   Your argument would be that people
implementing new servers or attempting to access the systems wouldn't be
able to do so because they wouldn't have added the "exception to
Standard" that your PHBs are requiring.


I've been telling folks that request _ in a name that they can no longer do 
that and change it to a -.  I tell them that it *works*, but it violates 
the standards.  No pushback yet.


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RHEL-specific named/SElinux query

2008-11-24 Thread Peter Laws
Not ISC BIND specific, but if someone could point me at the magic 
incantations to get RHEL 5.2's SELinux to play nice with named's logs 
(daemon is serving names fine), I'd be appreciative.


Off-list would be best as this isn't really an ISC BIND issue.

Thanks.


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Re: Avoiding duplicate PTR records when using $GENERATE

2008-11-24 Thread Peter Laws

Mark Andrews wrote:

Mark Andrews writes:

In message <[EMAIL PROTECTED]
co
.nz>, "Steve Brorens" writes:

I've got range of 256 addresses, where I have valid PTRs for all
addresses generated by:

$GENERATE 0-255 $ PTR   123-123.123-66-$.acme.co.nz.

My problem is that there are a dozen or so addresses scattered through
this range where I want to define specific PTR records like this:

203PTRftp.acme.co.nz.
4  PTRwww.acme.co.nz.
105PTRsmtp.acme.co.nz.

However, this means that these addresses get two PTR records  -
generally A Bad Thing, especially for mailservers.

Is there a way to use $GENERATE to just "fill the gaps"?

  No.



Go look at your slave cache.  The dupes pop right out since they have a tab 
at the beginning (since first few fields are the same).  That's how I 
identified ours.


Well, most of ours.


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