Re: [Elecraft] my KPA1500 and 160M

[Barry Simpson]

This is an increasingly ungentlemanly debate.

I am not an engineer nor do I claim any expertise in or knowledge of the
subject under discussion.

However, after a very rapid Google search, the following website would
appear to provide some authoritative information.

Please note that I have only identified it from the subject heading and I
have not read it.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4051871

Best regards to both of you.

Barry Simpson  VK2BJ



On Thu, 3 Sep 2020 at 16:18, Adrian  wrote:

>
> Do you ever see slices of ferrite core used in capacitors, how do you
> think that would work  ?
>
> I bet you won't charge that one up.Putting metal laden material between
> charged poles is not a good idea.
>
> They usually stick to using a thin non metallic insulator with good
> insulation properties, otherwise known as a true dielectric.
>
>
> Ferrite cores are not a dielectric
>
>
>
> by David Gilbert ;
>
> >
> > Note the term "*ceramic*".  In what world do you live where ceramics
> > don't have dielectric properties?  Ever heard of ceramic capacitors?
> >
> >
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Re: [Elecraft] my KPA1500 and 160M

[Vic Rosenthal]

Ferrite is a bunch of tiny ferrous particles glued together by a nonconducting 
substance. It has magnetic properties but currents can’t flow in it (at least 
not very far). I haven’t tried, but I bet an ohmmeter would say it’s an 
insulator.

Victor 4X6GP 

> On 3 Sep 2020, at 7:48, Adrian  wrote:
> 
> Please quote your online reference please regarding ferrite cores being a 
> dielectric
> 
> If so then my not just use un-enammeled wire on a course wound core ? A 
> dielectric is an insulator ;
> 
> 
> Dielectric
> 
> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
> Jump to navigation Jump to 
> search 
> Not to be confused withDielectric constant 
> orDialectic 
> .
> 
> 
> A*dielectric*(or*dielectric material*) is anelectrical insulator 
> 
> 
> I don't see any reference to ferrite cores being a dielectric online.
> 
> The molecular alignment heating method regarding dielectric loss, is not 
> mentioned on any ferrite core RF heating science, that I can find.
> 
> Please read ;
> 
> Predicting Temperature Rise of Ferrite Cored Transformers George Orenchak TSC 
> Ferrite International 39105 North Magnetics Boulevard Wadsworth, IL 60083
> 
> 
> "Core Losses Core losses are a significant contributor to the temperature 
> rise of a transformer. Hysteresis loss, eddy *current* loss and residual loss 
> all contribute to the total core loss. At high flux densities and relatively 
> low frequencies, hysteresis losses are usually dominant. Hysteresis loss is 
> the amount the magnetization of the ferrite material lags the magnetizing 
> force because of molecular friction. The loss of energy due to hysteresis 
> loss is proportional to the area of the static or low frequency B-H loop. At 
> high frequencies, eddy current losses usually dominate. Eddy *current* loss 
> is from a varying induction that produces electromotive forces, which cause a 
> current to circulate within a magnetic material. These eddy *currents* result 
> in energy loss. Understanding the behaviour of the combined total core loss 
> as functions of flux density and of frequency is most important. "
> 
> 
> Dielectric is not mentioned.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
>> On 3/9/20 2:15 pm, David Gilbert wrote:
>> 
>> If you weren't too stubborn you could find many, many online references to 
>> the dielectric characteristics of ferrites.  A ferite core absolutely IS a 
>> dielectric.  There is nothing false about what I've been telling you.
>> 
>> Dave  AB7E
>> 
>> 
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Re: [Elecraft] my KPA1500 and 160M

[Adrian]

Thinks, Jim, no the debate is purely about the cause of heat in a 
ferrite core balun, not the other things you mention. I use common mode 
chokes, and they work well.



From your link ;

"Power Loss Density - P (mW/cm3 ) The power absorbed by a body of 
ferrimagnetic material and dissipated as heat, when the body is subject 
to an alternating field which results in a measurable temperature rise. 
The total loss is divided by the volume of the body. "


Eddy currents induced from that AC field as documented on numerous 
previous links , reveal themselves as heatloss and temperature rise,


in differrent amounts depending on the material properties.

Two primary things can cause the core to heat.

1. Resistive losses in the transformer winding wire due to the primary
   and secondary currents.
2. Ferrite core loss to to such factors as eddy currents, and magnetic
   hysteresis.

I found Barry's link interesting but no mention of heat on the various 
sections.



Adrian Fewster

'




On 3/9/20 4:53 pm, Jim Brown wrote:

On 9/2/2020 9:02 PM, Adrian wrote:
A dielectric is defined as an insulator . A ferrite core is not a 
dielectric (insulator),  This is the false fact in your theory.
You have massive gaps in your understanding of how common mode chokes 
work and the properties of ferrite materials. The best technical data 
refererence I know of Fair-Rite's catalog, which is online and can be 
downloaded as a pdf.


https://ebiz.fair-rite.com/newfair/pdf/Fair-Rite_Catalog_17th_Edition.pdf

The fundamental properties of ferrite materials vary widely depending 
on their chemical composition, commonly called "the mix," and each mix 
is tailored to a specific range of applications. A table summarizing 
those properties begins on page 4 in the print version, page 6 of the 
pdf. The resistivity of the materials listed varies over 7 orders of 
magnitude, from 50 ohm-cm to 10 exp9 ohm-cm.


My tutorial on how common mode chokes work is here.
k9yc.com/RFI-Ham.pdf
The concepts were added to the ARRL Handbook around 2011. Designs for 
practical transmitting chokes are here.

http://k9yc.com/2018Cookbook.pdf

Note that these are not "baluns," a word that describes at least ten 
very different physical things, but rather common mode chokes. Their 
sole function is to minimize common mode current. They do not do 
impedance matching. That function is provided by very different things 
best called tranformer baluns, and they come in multiple forms.


Extensive research I published in a peer reviewed AES paper in 2003 
found manufacturer's literature from the '50s/'60s indicating that 
they understood how common mode chokes work, and after I published my 
work to the ham community, an engineering manager from the CIA passed 
along to me an unclassified engineering report from the US Army in the 
'70s that was in agreement with all of the fundamental concepts I had 
published and had developed a family of designs for field use. The 
only thing they missed was the property of dimensional resonance, 
which I learned about in classic reference a colleague found in the U 
of Chicago engineering library. That reference, by E. C. Snelling, is 
cited in several of my publications.


73, Jim K9YC


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[Elecraft] KPA-1500 SWR fault above 700-800 watts on 160m

[Roy]

KPA1500 tuner is rated for maximum antenna SWR of just 3 to 1.

73,  Roy  K6XK


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Re: [Elecraft] KPA-1500 SWR fault above 700-800 watts on 160m

[CUTTER DAVID via Elecraft]

Ronnie

You might try measuring the common mode current on your coax feed in various 
places, just a cheapo RF current meter clamped over the coax.  That will tell 
you if the chokes you are using are doing their job.  I know for sure that cmc 
causes considerable distortion of swr curves.  Any antenna analyser will be 
fooled by cmc, so my 'umble advice is cure that with lots of ferrite wherever 
it's needed. I use K9YC-style chokes, eg several turns on 240-31 core, or, if 
it's really bad, several turns on several cores using 7" diameter turns (from 
memory, check his cookbook).  I'm told this is cheaper and better than anything 
you can buy.  Of course I know nothing about your layout but it has always 
helped me to ground the coax before it comes into the house.  Apologies if I'm 
going over old stuff you've already done. 

73 David G3UNA

> On 03 September 2020 at 00:30 Ronnie Hull  wrote:
> 
> 
> Update
> I took the Balun designs 4:1 out of line and put a Dx Engineering maxi core 
> 5kw 4:1 in its place. It tunes a little better on 160 but the KPA1500 finally 
> faults out and says cannot find match and shows 9:1 better than 99:1
> 
> So I put the KPA1500 straight to a 2.5kw bird dummy load and it tunes 
> instantly 1:1 in 160M
> 
> So this fault is with the antenna for sure
> 
> The only other Balun I have to try is a DX Engineering 6:1 which I will try 
> in the morning.
> 
> Failing that I will order a 1:1 feom DX Engineering
> 
> But at least I know it’s the antenna that is causing this problem 
> 
> I’m going to also borrow a antenna analyzer tomorrow and see what gives. 
> Thanks for all the suggestions!
> 
> We will whip this yet
> 
> Ronnie w5sum 
> 
> Sent from my iPhone
> 
> > On Sep 2, 2020, at 6:05 PM, Alan - G4GNX  wrote:
> > 
> > Ken, sorry this is rather long, but here goes...
> > 
> > I had a similar problem in the UK, with a OSCFD antenna, purchased from a 
> > UK company. I didn't question the theory and just assembled it according to 
> > instructions.
> > 
> > As you would expect the antenna is made from two differing lengths of 
> > ruggedised, plastic coated copper wire, which is fed by a 4:1 Guanella 
> > balun, rated at 400W. The balun is potted in a weatherproof box and is fed 
> > via the customary PL259/SO239 connector with Mil Spec RG58 coaxial cable. 
> > About 6' down from the feed point is a common mode choke (sometimes called 
> > a sleeve balun) which consists of 8 ferrite inline cores, around the co-ax 
> > and held in place with heat shrink sleeving and cable ties.
> > 
> > The rig was just the K3S/100W with internal tuner and all was well for many 
> > months, mostly using 40 metres SSB. A while later, I added the 
> > KPA500/KAT500 combo which I ran for a couple of very short periods at 400W 
> > to test. For a weekly net, I used only 200W and all seemed OK for a while, 
> > until suddenly the VSWR started to increase over the period of an 'over'. 
> > Over a few weeks this got more frequent and I would have to re-tune part 
> > way through an 'over'. At that time, I wan't sure whether it was an antenna 
> > issue, or the KPA500/KAT500, although I suspected that the KPA500 was 
> > getting too hot, so I posted a question on a forum and was contacted by 
> > Jack Brindle of Elecraft, who kindly looked at the KPA500 fault reports and 
> > sent me a comprehensive explanation of his findings based on the figures 
> > and his experience, which concluded that the antenna was almost certainly 
> > the culprit.
> > 
> > I ordered a new 1KW Guanella balun and some much bigger ferrites, with the 
> > intention of replacing the RG58 with Westflex 103. In the meantime I 
> > soldiered on with the original setup until one day all hell let loose, with 
> > the KPA500 and KAT500 fault lights flashing and even the K3S got 'ticked 
> > off'. At this point I switched to my HF vertical, to keep me on the air.
> > 
> > When I dismantled the wire antenna, I expected a balun fault, but it was 
> > actually OK. On further checking, after disconnecting the co-ax from the 
> > balun, the open ended co-ax showed a DC short on a test meter!
> > 
> > I used the Rig Expert 600 to determine exactly where the short was and it 
> > turned out to be exactly where the sleeve ferrites had been, BUT there was 
> > no discoloration of the outer covering, or signs of melting, so I knew it 
> > was unlikely that the ferrite cores had got heated. I cut the section out 
> > of the co-ax and started to take it apart. With the outer covering all 
> > removed, there was still no sign of discoloration of the screen braid, but 
> > as I tried to remove the braid, it was obvious that there had been 
> > considerable heating as the center section of the braid has melted into the 
> > center conductor insulation, and somewhere in there, it has made it right 
> > through to the center conductor.
> > 
> > Unfortunately I haven't yet found the exact point of the short, because I 
> > left the partl

Re: [Elecraft] KX3 ACC2 GPIO

[Chris Cox]

Just as final follow up, a mosfet switch worked for my requirements perfectly.

73!  Chris Cox, N0UK
chr...@chris.org or chr...@britishcaranddriver.com


> On Aug 31, 2020, at 18:26, Chris Cox  wrote:
> 
> I’ve thought the problem through further and have decided to use a simple 
> mosfet switch in the connector shell to invert the TXInh logic sense and 
> configure the KX3 for -TXInh instead of +TXInh.
> 
> Hard switching the GPIO pin showed that to be a usable workaround.
> 
> 73!  Chris Cox, N0UK
> chr...@chris.org or chr...@britishcaranddriver.com
> 
> 
>> On Aug 31, 2020, at 12:51, Chris Cox, N0UK  wrote:
>> 
>> I wish to interface my KX3 to my portable 10GHz transporter system.  I have 
>> the transporter’s PTT sequencer configured to output a +ve TX Inhibit signal 
>> which I have been using to prevent my current I/F rig from transmitting 
>> until all relays have changed over to transmit.  The current rig is a Yaesu 
>> FT-817. 
>> 
>> I want to be able to simply switchover the PTT/TXInh cable between the two 
>> rigs, so that I can continue using the ‘817 as a backup in the event of some 
>> problem with the KX3, and so was intending to us the KX3’s ACC2 GPIO TX Inh 
>> +ve input just as I do the 817.
>> 
>> However, it seems that the KX3 actually has some bias applied that requires 
>> to be pulled low to enable the transmitter, rather than looking for removal 
>> of the +ve signal.  This will mean that I need more than to simple switch 
>> over the physical connectors on the umbilical cable.  Although not 
>> insurmountable, it’s not exactly ideal.
>> 
>> Anyone else done this or similar and, if so, what was your solution?
>> 
>> 73 Chris
>> 
>> 
>> Chris Cox, N0UK
>> chr...@chris.org
>> 

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[Elecraft] F/S K3

[no9e]

Did you sell?
Ignacy NO9E


I have my k3 up for sale..#1440 was sent in Jan 2019 for all
updates..100watt..ATU..dual rvcr new KSYN3A/DVR/USB/FM AM 2.8 400 in
main..2.7 500 in sub..KXV3B-F/KIO3B/ Asking $1500.00 shipped..

   73s Bob W5RG
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Quoted from:  http://elecraft.365791.n2.nabble.com/F-S-K3-tp7664598.html


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Re: [Elecraft] 2 different 144MHz transveters and CAT selection

[hdv]

I have the same K3s issue, however with the internal K144XV and an external
dual rx 2 meter transverter.
Besides CAT the same applies to the keyboard frequency input.
I guess we have to live with it...

73 Henk
PA0C



-Oorspronkelijk bericht-
Van: elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net 
Namens Conrad PA5Y
Verzonden: woensdag 2 september 2020 15:08
Aan: elecraft@mailman.qth.net
Onderwerp: [Elecraft] 2 different 144MHz transveters and CAT selection

I have an unusual situation in that I have 2 different 2m transverters
attached to my K3S.

One system is a dual channel ME2T-XP and uses the SUB RX, this is only used
for EME and it designated XV1.

The second is used on tropo/terrestrial DX and contests and is an
ME2T-ProII, this is XV2.

If I use WSJT-X and use CAT I have a problem in that a CAT selection for
144MHz always chooses XV1 which is not what I want at all most of the time.
There are gain and LO offset configurations that mean that using a switch in
the IF is not ideal.

Currently my solution is to set the RF frequency for XV1 to 70 MHz
temporarily which always confuses me when I want to go on 2m EME. What would
be ideal would be some way of setting the CAT XV priority from the front
panel. I think that this must be a firmware update, its an easy one but of
course would be low down the list.

Something of a luxury problem I know.

Maybe there is another way or something that I did not think of?

Regards

Conrad PA5Y


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Re: [Elecraft] KPA-1500 SWR fault above 700-800 watts on 160m

[Jim Brown]

On 9/3/2020 4:21 AM, CUTTER DAVID via Elecraft wrote:

I use K9YC-style chokes, eg several turns on 240-31 core, or, if it's really bad, 
several turns on several cores using 7" diameter turns (from memory, check his 
cookbook).  I'm told this is cheaper and better than anything you can buy.  Of 
course I know nothing about your layout but it has always helped me to ground the 
coax before it comes into the house.


Hi David,

Note that, based on extensive research in 2017 and 2018, I no longer 
recommend the older style of choke that you're using, and I revised the 
RFI tutorial to reflect that. I published both that revision and the new 
Cookbook late in 2018.


k9yc.com/publish.htm

The problem with the older style chokes (multiple turns of coax on 
multiple #31 cores) is that 1) any "scrambling" of the winding reduces 
choking impedance, and 2) variations in winding style (diameter, 
spacing) make the chokes non-repeatable.


The new choke designs ARE repeatable, AND take into account the wide 
manufacturing tolerances of all ferrite parts, which can significantly 
affect the choking impedance and where the chokes are tuned. The work I 
did in 2017 and 2018 included characterizing nearly 200 #31 cores 
obtained from multiple vendors over about ten years, selecting cores at 
the limits of those tolerances, winding and measuring hundreds of chokes 
on those cores, tabulating the results, and making recommendations for 
each band and each transmission line type based on worst case results 
for each design. Chokes wound following the new 2018 Cookbook should 
provide at least the specified response on any #31 core you buy. Note 
that #31 mix is made ONLY by Fair-Rite.


Another point about measuring common mode current. As you have observed, 
it varies along the line, simply because in the common mode circuit, the 
feedline is part of the antenna, and both voltage and current vary along 
the line conforming to wavelength relationships at the operating 
frequency. A good choke forces a current minimum at the point where it 
is inserted. How common mode current varies along the line depends on 
the quality of the choke, the electrical length of the outer conductor 
of the coax (VF~0.98), and how the shield is terminated on the other end 
(grounded or floating using a link coupled tuner).


A choke is most useful at the antenna feedpoint (up in the air, or at 
the feed end of a vertical or other long wire), which tends to minimize 
common mode current all along the line, because it "disconnects" the 
feedline from the antenna. A choke at any other point is FAR less 
effective -- all it does force a current minimum at the point it is 
inserted, leaving the feedline connected to the antenna, allowing common 
mode current between the choke and the antenna, and coupling any noise 
current to the antenna.


For this reason, the first choke in any system should ALWAYS be at the 
antenna IF the antenna is matched to the feedline. The power handling of 
my chokes are ONLY applicable if the feedline is matched at the point 
where they are inserted. A choke inserted into a poorly matched or 
un-matched line is much more likely to overheat and fail. Dissipation 
(heating) is addressed in the 2018 Cookbook.


73, Jim K9YC
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Re: [Elecraft] [K4] Shipping??

[Tony Estep]

On Tue, Sep 1, 2020 at 11:21 AM Wayne Burdick  wrote:

> ...This past few weeks has been very difficult for California and the Bay
> Area in particularforests all over the West vulnerable...We had
> employees evacuated due to fires burningair quality has been
> horrendous...

===
The situation in the areas near and around the fires in California is
dreadful, although apparently improving some in the past days. My
daughter-in-law is a grad student at UC Davis (long way from Watsonville,
but threatened by a different fire); her apartment complex was on
evacuation alert for two weeks. The air was so full of smoke that they
couldn't run the AC, with daytime temperatures of 104 degrees. And they
were relatively fortunate, because the eastern edge of the fire that was
threatening them eventually was controlled, and the fire moved northward.
The smoke from that fire reportedly streamed east as far as Indiana. There
are fires in spots all the way from Bakersfield to Mendocino, an area as
big as some states. Much of California is a huge patch of dry tinder, for
the reasons Wayne pointed out in his post, and any lighting strike, any
sparking power line, any cigarette butt can set off a blaze that threatens
life and property on a mass scale. Viewed in perspective, the delivery
schedule of the K4 is a minor issue compared to the widespread havoc that
these fires have engendered.

73,
Tony KT0NY
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Re: [Elecraft] [GoFRC] Elecraft K3s Second Receiver for sale

[Irwin Darack]

The 2nd Receiver has been sold.

Thanks, Irwin KD3TB

On Wed, Sep 2, 2020 at 3:55 PM Irwin Darack via groups.io  wrote:

> I forgot to add that I have the Sub Receiver Installation Manual
>
> Irwin KD3TB
>
> On Wed, Sep 2, 2020 at 3:28 PM Irwin Darack  wrote:
>
>> I have an Elecraft K3s KRX3A, Second Receiver for Sale.
>>
>> It contains the
>>
>>- Installed in the Sub Receiver are the KRX3A Main Circuit Board,
>>Mixer Board, KNB3 Board & KFL3A-2.7 Filter
>>- KSYN3A  Synthesizer
>>- Auxiliary DSP Circuit Board
>>- Sub In Board
>>- Sub Out Board
>>
>> I do not have the TMP Cable with the BNC Connector. This can be ordered
>> from Elecraft (E850344 TMP-BNC Cable Bag).
>>
>> Asking $700 which includes free shipping to CON USA.
>>
>> Please contact me off the reflector at IDarack(at)gmail.com
>>
>> --
>> Irwin KD3TB
>>
>>
>>
>
> --
> Irwin KD3TB
>
>
>
>
> _._,_._,_
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[Elecraft] Is the Lab599 TX500 a "rip-off" of the KX3?

[John Harper]

As someone who has one of these radios on order, I'd like to know if this
is fake news or true fact:

"This rig is copied from the KX-3. I was told this from a reliable source
inside Elecraft."

Source:
https://forums.qrz.com/index.php?threads/lab599-discovery-tx-500.683461/page-2

The radio in question is described here:
https://lab599.com/

Comments from Elecraft especially welcome.
TNX/73,

John AE5X
https://ae5x.blogspot.com
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Re: [Elecraft] Is the Lab599 TX500 a "rip-off" of the KX3?

[Alan - G4GNX]

Malwarebytes reports the link to the radio as insecure with a Trojan, so 
I can't see it.


73,

Alan. G4GNX


-- Original Message --
From: "John Harper" 
To: "Elecraft list" 
Sent: 03/09/2020 18:58:37
Subject: [Elecraft] Is the Lab599 TX500 a "rip-off" of the KX3?


As someone who has one of these radios on order, I'd like to know if this
is fake news or true fact:

"This rig is copied from the KX-3. I was told this from a reliable source
inside Elecraft."

Source:
https://forums.qrz.com/index.php?threads/lab599-discovery-tx-500.683461/page-2

The radio in question is described here:
https://lab599.com/

Comments from Elecraft especially welcome.
TNX/73,

John AE5X
https://ae5x.blogspot.com
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Re: [Elecraft] Is the Lab599 TX500 a "rip-off" of the KX3?

[Bill Frantz]

It is certainly not a clone. It draws more RX current. It is a 
thinner. The panadapter is built in.


I didn't spend enough time looking at it to form a judgement 
other than it appeals to the same uses as the KX3 and is not a clone.


73 Bill AE6JV

On 9/3/20 at 1:58 PM, johna...@gmail.com (John Harper) wrote:


As someone who has one of these radios on order, I'd like to know if this
is fake news or true fact:

"This rig is copied from the KX-3. I was told this from a reliable source
inside Elecraft."

Source:
https://forums.qrz.com/index.php?threads/lab599-discovery-tx-500.683461/page-2

The radio in question is described here:
https://lab599.com/

Comments from Elecraft especially welcome.
TNX/73,

John AE5X
https://ae5x.blogspot.com


---
Bill Frantz| "I wish there was a knob on the TV to turn 
up the
408-348-7900   | intelligence.  There's a knob called 
"brightness", but

www.pwpconsult.com | it doesn't work. -- Gallagher

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Re: [Elecraft] KPA-1500 SWR fault above 700-800 watts on 160m

[CUTTER DAVID via Elecraft]

Hi Jim
Thanks for the new link.  I must say we made several big chokes using the "old" 
method and our analyser wasn't good enough to measure the common mode 
impedance, so our conclusion was they were all above the analyser limit of 
several thousand ohms.  I'm about to make a single core choke, so I'll take a 
look at the new info. 

73 David G3UNA
 
> On 03 September 2020 at 17:05 Jim Brown  wrote:
> 
> 
> On 9/3/2020 4:21 AM, CUTTER DAVID via Elecraft wrote:
> > I use K9YC-style chokes, eg several turns on 240-31 core, or, if it's 
> > really bad, several turns on several cores using 7" diameter turns (from 
> > memory, check his cookbook).  I'm told this is cheaper and better than 
> > anything you can buy.  Of course I know nothing about your layout but it 
> > has always helped me to ground the coax before it comes into the house.
> 
> Hi David,
> 
> Note that, based on extensive research in 2017 and 2018, I no longer 
> recommend the older style of choke that you're using, and I revised the 
> RFI tutorial to reflect that. I published both that revision and the new 
> Cookbook late in 2018.
> 
> k9yc.com/publish.htm
> 
> The problem with the older style chokes (multiple turns of coax on 
> multiple #31 cores) is that 1) any "scrambling" of the winding reduces 
> choking impedance, and 2) variations in winding style (diameter, 
> spacing) make the chokes non-repeatable.
> 
> The new choke designs ARE repeatable, AND take into account the wide 
> manufacturing tolerances of all ferrite parts, which can significantly 
> affect the choking impedance and where the chokes are tuned. The work I 
> did in 2017 and 2018 included characterizing nearly 200 #31 cores 
> obtained from multiple vendors over about ten years, selecting cores at 
> the limits of those tolerances, winding and measuring hundreds of chokes 
> on those cores, tabulating the results, and making recommendations for 
> each band and each transmission line type based on worst case results 
> for each design. Chokes wound following the new 2018 Cookbook should 
> provide at least the specified response on any #31 core you buy. Note 
> that #31 mix is made ONLY by Fair-Rite.
> 
> Another point about measuring common mode current. As you have observed, 
> it varies along the line, simply because in the common mode circuit, the 
> feedline is part of the antenna, and both voltage and current vary along 
> the line conforming to wavelength relationships at the operating 
> frequency. A good choke forces a current minimum at the point where it 
> is inserted. How common mode current varies along the line depends on 
> the quality of the choke, the electrical length of the outer conductor 
> of the coax (VF~0.98), and how the shield is terminated on the other end 
> (grounded or floating using a link coupled tuner).
> 
> A choke is most useful at the antenna feedpoint (up in the air, or at 
> the feed end of a vertical or other long wire), which tends to minimize 
> common mode current all along the line, because it "disconnects" the 
> feedline from the antenna. A choke at any other point is FAR less 
> effective -- all it does force a current minimum at the point it is 
> inserted, leaving the feedline connected to the antenna, allowing common 
> mode current between the choke and the antenna, and coupling any noise 
> current to the antenna.
> 
> For this reason, the first choke in any system should ALWAYS be at the 
> antenna IF the antenna is matched to the feedline. The power handling of 
> my chokes are ONLY applicable if the feedline is matched at the point 
> where they are inserted. A choke inserted into a poorly matched or 
> un-matched line is much more likely to overheat and fail. Dissipation 
> (heating) is addressed in the 2018 Cookbook.
> 
> 73, Jim K9YC
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[Elecraft] S-meter reading at 100kHz

[Roger D Johnson]

For those of you that have the KBPF3 100-400 kHz modification:

What is your no-signal S meter reading at 100 kHz?

Do you have the 220 Ufd polymer capacitor installed?

Thanks, Roger
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Re: [Elecraft] KPA-1500 SWR fault above 700-800 watts on 160m

[K8TE]

That is not true, except at full power.  The manual clearly states power
levels at 10:1, 5:1, and 4:1 VSWR's for different frequency ranges.

RTFM is a wonderful acronym to follow.  I'm always surprised to read "I
think..." "I recall..." and similar posts to answer a poster's question. 
Most of us are U.S.A. males, no offense to those who aren't.  As such, our
DNA has been irradiated by past (not Cycle 24) solar cycles and we no long
see the need to read manuals.

A friend of mine bought an IC-7300 because he could operate it without
reading the manual.  He has since read some of the manual and uses features
that make his signal (usually weak with a 12 ft. high antenna) more
copyable.  I am working on his further conversion.

May the mask be with you!  (COVID-19)

73, Bill, K8TE



--
Sent from: http://elecraft.365791.n2.nabble.com/
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Re: [Elecraft] Is the Lab599 TX500 a "rip-off" of the KX3?

[Grant Youngman]

There are going to be a lot of nice little radios. This may be a really good 
radio.  Do you know that?  I don’t.

Personally, I wouldn’t touch this thing with a 10 ft pole.  No battery; no ATU; 
unknown specs; unknown, if any, support; non-standard connectors that won’t fit 
anything else;  and on.  It looks “cool”, and that will certainly appeal to 
some.  But it’s more than the radio that has to be carried in the end, and 
doesn’t come from a trusted source with a track record.  Will you be able to 
read the display in the sunlight?

Grant NQ5T

> On Sep 3, 2020, at 2:30 PM, Bill Frantz  wrote:
> 
> It is certainly not a clone. It draws more RX current. It is a thinner. The 
> panadapter is built in.
> 
> I didn't spend enough time looking at it to form a judgement other than it 
> appeals to the same uses as the KX3 and is not a clone.
> 
> 73 Bill AE6JV
> 
> On 9/3/20 at 1:58 PM, johna...@gmail.com (John Harper) wrote:
> 
>> As someone who has one of these radios on order, I'd like to know if this
>> is fake news or true fact:
>> 
>> "This rig is copied from the KX-3. I was told this from a reliable source
>> inside Elecraft."
>> 
>> Source:
>> https://forums.qrz.com/index.php?threads/lab599-discovery-tx-500.683461/page-2
>> 

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Re: [Elecraft] my KPA1500 and 160M

[Josh Fiden]

No.  At low frequencies hysteresis loss dominates. Soft ferrites have high 
resistivity. Eddy currents increase with frequency but 160m is still fairly 
low. 

In SMPS transformer design we look at applied volt*seconds. When the applied 
v*s goes up, as would be the case with high SWR, you push further out the BH 
curve increasing hysteresis loss. With each cycle, the area inside the BH curve 
determines the loss (heating). As you approach the horizontal part of the curve 
(saturation), inductance collapses and the winding looks like a short. Same if 
core hits Curie temp then mag domains can no longer be aligned. 

Soft ferrites are not permanent magnets, they are NOT in fixed alignment. 
Magnetic domains are flopping around with the applied field. 

Hope this clarifies something. Hihi

73
Josh W6XU 

Sent from my iPad

> On Sep 2, 2020, at 10:58 PM, Adrian  wrote:
> 
> core heating is affected only by the AC (induced eddy *currents*) content of 
> the signal. 

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Re: [Elecraft] my KPA1500 and 160M

[Josh Fiden]

For safety compliance (UL, IEC, etc.) soft ferrites are considered a conductor. 
All insulation requirements apply for clearance & creepage. 

73,
Josh W6XU

Sent from my iPad

> On Sep 2, 2020, at 11:18 PM, Adrian  wrote:
> 
> They usually stick to using a thin non metallic insulator with good 
> insulation properties, otherwise known as a true dielectric.

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Re: [Elecraft] KPA-1500 SWR fault above 700-800 watts on 160m

[Rick Bates, NK7I]

Being able to use a  without reading the manual is 
actually one of my personal tests of the user interface.  Jump in, see 
how it plays and what is presented to make changes if needed.


The K3 easily passes that test (former Kenwood user; Elecraft is similar 
in format), HOWEVER that is on the surface only.  One must read through 
the manual (a few times preferably) to get into the menu settings (only 
one layer deep) and the reasons for them, when to apply them.  An annual 
or topical review can be done in personal down time, to keep the meat 
memory cells active.  And even then, something new may 'appear' in the 
text and learning happens.


Then for reading dessert, read the firmware update statements as a few 
things are added and others change slightly over time since the manual 
was created.


I also have a 7300 (for the RV) and it's not as UI friendly to me but is 
a convoluted series of menus to alter what should be a simple change; so 
it's what one is used to seeing, in part.  Some of that is 
cross-cultural phrasing, some of it, is a lesser UI (in my opinion).


73,
Rick NK7I

K3, P3, KAT500, KPA500, KPA1500, investments in quality.


On 9/3/2020 11:56 AM, K8TE wrote:

RTFM is a wonderful acronym to follow.  I'm always surprised to read "I
think..." "I recall..." and similar posts to answer a poster's question.
Most of us are U.S.A. males, no offense to those who aren't.  As such, our
DNA has been irradiated by past (not Cycle 24) solar cycles and we no long
see the need to read manuals.

A friend of mine bought an IC-7300 because he could operate it without
reading the manual.  He has since read some of the manual and uses features
that make his signal (usually weak with a 12 ft. high antenna) more
copyable.  I am working on his further conversion.


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Re: [Elecraft] Is the Lab599 TX500 a "rip-off" of the KX3?

[Ron Manfredi]

It is another in an ever-growing line of low-power SDR transceivers.

It is carried by Ham Radio Outlet, (they project mid-September delivery) 
is FCC approved, and will have repair facilities in the U.S.    There 
are some video reviews of it, along with a Groups.io page, and like 
almost everything else, it has some good points and somebad points and 
some missing features.   It remains to be seen as to how well it will 
sell.   I don't see it as a direct competitor to the KX series though.



Ron  WA2EIO


On 9/3/2020 3:00 PM, Grant Youngman wrote:

There are going to be a lot of nice little radios. This may be a really good 
radio.  Do you know that?  I don’t.

Personally, I wouldn’t touch this thing with a 10 ft pole.  No battery; no ATU; 
unknown specs; unknown, if any, support; non-standard connectors that won’t fit 
anything else;  and on.  It looks “cool”, and that will certainly appeal to 
some.  But it’s more than the radio that has to be carried in the end, and 
doesn’t come from a trusted source with a track record.  Will you be able to 
read the display in the sunlight?

Grant NQ5T


On Sep 3, 2020, at 2:30 PM, Bill Frantz  wrote:

It is certainly not a clone. It draws more RX current. It is a thinner. The 
panadapter is built in.

I didn't spend enough time looking at it to form a judgement other than it 
appeals to the same uses as the KX3 and is not a clone.

73 Bill AE6JV

On 9/3/20 at 1:58 PM, johna...@gmail.com (John Harper) wrote:


As someone who has one of these radios on order, I'd like to know if this
is fake news or true fact:

"This rig is copied from the KX-3. I was told this from a reliable source
inside Elecraft."

Source:
https://forums.qrz.com/index.php?threads/lab599-discovery-tx-500.683461/page-2


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Re: [Elecraft] Is the Lab599 TX500 a "rip-off" of the KX3?

[Stephan Forth]

The connectors are well known GX16/12 connectors which are used in the aviation 
market.

73, Stephan 

Am 3. September 2020 21:00:29 MESZ schrieb Grant Youngman 
:
>There are going to be a lot of nice little radios. This may be a really
>good radio.  Do you know that?  I don’t.
>
>Personally, I wouldn’t touch this thing with a 10 ft pole.  No battery;
>no ATU; unknown specs; unknown, if any, support; non-standard
>connectors that won’t fit anything else;  and on.  It looks “cool”, and
>that will certainly appeal to some.  But it’s more than the radio that
>has to be carried in the end, and doesn’t come from a trusted source
>with a track record.  Will you be able to read the display in the
>sunlight?
>
>Grant NQ5T
>
>> On Sep 3, 2020, at 2:30 PM, Bill Frantz 
>wrote:
>> 
>> It is certainly not a clone. It draws more RX current. It is a
>thinner. The panadapter is built in.
>> 
>> I didn't spend enough time looking at it to form a judgement other
>than it appeals to the same uses as the KX3 and is not a clone.
>> 
>> 73 Bill AE6JV
>> 
>> On 9/3/20 at 1:58 PM, johna...@gmail.com (John Harper) wrote:
>> 
>>> As someone who has one of these radios on order, I'd like to know if
>this
>>> is fake news or true fact:
>>> 
>>> "This rig is copied from the KX-3. I was told this from a reliable
>source
>>> inside Elecraft."
>>> 
>>> Source:
>>>
>https://forums.qrz.com/index.php?threads/lab599-discovery-tx-500.683461/page-2
>>> 
>
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>Message delivered to df...@darc.de 

-- 
Stephan Forth
DF6PA, DOK: K07
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[Elecraft] Fwd: K3 FS - Reduced!

[Mike Murray]

The K3 has been sold.

Mike - w0ag

-
*Now reduced to move - $1,050 + shipping!*
Working on downsizing and selling my K3.  $1,650 plus shipping.  Prefer
pickup but could meet within 100 miles.

K3/100-F1 K3 100W Xcvr. (Factory assembled) Serial #3746
KAT3-F   1 K3 ATU
KXV3A1 K3 RX Ant, IF Out & Xvrtr Int
KRX3  1 K3 2nd RX
KFL3A-400  1 K3 400 Hz, 8 pole filter  (Main RX)
KFL3A-2.8K  2K3 2.8 kHz, 8 pole filter (Main/Sub RX)
"Y-Box" by N6TV  15 pin parallel DE15 splitter and breakout box

73,
Mike - W0AG
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Re: [Elecraft] K3 vs Icom UI (was: KPA-1500 SWR fault above 700-800 watts on 160m)

[Josh Fiden]

I have a 9700 and since it looks nearly identical to 7300 assume the UI is 
similar. Intuitive? Not at all. K3 has lots of buried items but they are easy 
to find and mostly set once & forget. Only gripe would be all the 
abbreviations, but that was obviously limited by a practical display choice for 
it’s vintage. 

Improved UI with the big display is near the top of items that interest me 
about K4. 

73
Josh W6XU

Sent from my iPad

> On Sep 3, 2020, at 12:23 PM, Rick Bates, NK7I  wrote:
> 
> I also have a 7300 (for the RV) and it's not as UI friendly to me but is a 
> convoluted series of menus to alter what should be a simple change; so it's 
> what one is used to seeing, in part. 

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Re: [Elecraft] UPDATE KPA1500 on 160M

[Lyn Norstad]

Adrian -

Comment on the BD #4116 "hybrid" balun:  

It's a combination 4:1 impedance transformer and 1:1 current balun all in one 
unit.

I am using that on my 360' center fed EDZ (with 160' true ladder line and 15' 
coax) and it combines to give my KPA/KAT500 a match of 1.2:1 or less (mostly 
less) SWR across all bands 160-6m. 

73
Lyn, W0LEN


-Original Message-
From: elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net 
[mailto:elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net] On Behalf Of Adrian
Sent: Wednesday, September 02, 2020 9:37 PM
To: w5...@comcast.net; Elecraft
Subject: Re: [Elecraft] UPDATE KPA1500 on 160M

Ok on that. I have good success with true OCF (not windom) antennas and 
Balun Designs 4:1 current baluns in the past.

These days I just use apex high delta loops with direct feed via a 
lmr240 multi-wound toroid choke at feedpoint for great results.

Bottom corner fed (vertically polarised), so feed-line length and losses 
are kept minimal . I find this type of antenna very quiet,

and neighbour friendly in all respects.


It would have been interesting to see how a 4116 performed on yours.


On 3/9/20 11:37 am, w5...@comcast.net wrote:
> 4114T was the BD Balun model #.  I'm not putting down there product at 
> all. When strictly using the ATU in the K3 it matched wonderfully.
> The fly in the buttermilk was when the KPA1500 was thrown into the mix.
>
> Ronnie
>
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Re: [Elecraft] 2 different 144MHz transveters and CAT selection

[w4sc]

Henk,

I looked at this issue and it is a K3/K3S issue.

I was able to setup 2 transverters (XV1 and XV2) on the same band and switch 
between them when the band change was initiated from the K3 front panel.

When a frequency is sent via RS232 connection, it appears the K3 wants to 
determine what band it should be on determined from the frequency.  It begins 
this check without checking to determine if it does have a correct band already 
selected.  The checking would appear to start with XV1, finding a “match” then 
switching to that band (XV1), even when XV2 is selected previously, and the 
frequency is correct.  This is from  my observation, and may be over simplified.

The only solution I have determined is to access the config menu and turn XV1 
OFF.  XV2 will then be the first match for the frequency sent, and thus 
selected.

I verified this issue using the RFSpace SDR-IQ and SpectraVue s/w, and in the 
K3 both  XV1 and XV2 set for the 1296 band.

73 de Ben W4SC

Sent from Mail for Windows 10

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Re: [Elecraft] UPDATE KPA1500 on 160M

[Michael K Bottles via Elecraft]

I am using the same unit as Lyn (BD4116) on a center fed 250’ doublet Inverted 
Vee with about 50 feet of 600 ohm open ladder line and about 15 feet of 50 ohm 
coax. 

The KAT500 matches all bands except 6 to 1:1. 6 is matched to 1.3:1. I have 
been told by some that the hybrid unit is worthless, but I am happy with its 
performance. 

(However truth be known although licensed since 1965 I am a casual ham, just a 
fun side hobby for me. Not a serious contest’er or DX’er.

I have a SteppIR DB-18E on a MA-770 so I use the doublet mainly on 160 & 80/75.

Cheers,
Kim - K7IM

Sent from my iPad

> On Sep 3, 2020, at 13:26, Lyn Norstad  wrote:
> 
> Adrian -
> 
> Comment on the BD #4116 "hybrid" balun:  
> 
> It's a combination 4:1 impedance transformer and 1:1 current balun all in one 
> unit.
> 
> I am using that on my 360' center fed EDZ (with 160' true ladder line and 15' 
> coax) and it combines to give my KPA/KAT500 a match of 1.2:1 or less (mostly 
> less) SWR across all bands 160-6m. 
> 
> 73
> Lyn, W0LEN
> 
> 
> -Original Message-
> From: elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net 
> [mailto:elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net] On Behalf Of Adrian
> Sent: Wednesday, September 02, 2020 9:37 PM
> To: w5...@comcast.net; Elecraft
> Subject: Re: [Elecraft] UPDATE KPA1500 on 160M
> 
> Ok on that. I have good success with true OCF (not windom) antennas and 
> Balun Designs 4:1 current baluns in the past.
> 
> These days I just use apex high delta loops with direct feed via a 
> lmr240 multi-wound toroid choke at feedpoint for great results.
> 
> Bottom corner fed (vertically polarised), so feed-line length and losses 
> are kept minimal . I find this type of antenna very quiet,
> 
> and neighbour friendly in all respects.
> 
> 
> It would have been interesting to see how a 4116 performed on yours.
> 
> 
>>> On 3/9/20 11:37 am, w5...@comcast.net wrote:
>> 4114T was the BD Balun model #.  I'm not putting down there product at
>> all. When strictly using the ATU in the K3 it matched wonderfully.
>> The fly in the buttermilk was when the KPA1500 was thrown into the mix.
>> Ronnie
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[Elecraft] Is the Lab599 TX500 a "rip-off" of the KX3?

[John Harper]

Can you provide a link to the Groups.io page - I haven't been able to find
it.

TNX/73,

John AE5X
https://ae5x.blogspot.com

Ron  WA2EIO wrote:

>There
>are some video reviews of it, along with a Groups.io page,
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Re: [Elecraft] Is the Lab599 TX500 a "rip-off" of the KX3?

[Ron Manfredi]

Sorry, I got another group I have been watching confused with the 
TX-500, which does NOT have a groups.io presence.



Ron   WA2EIO



On 9/3/2020 6:24 PM, John Harper wrote:

Can you provide a link to the Groups.io page - I haven't been able to find
it.

TNX/73,

John AE5X
https://ae5x.blogspot.com

Ron  WA2EIO wrote:


There
are some video reviews of it, along with a Groups.io page,

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[Elecraft] K3 and 2M

[Ronnie Hull]

Recently I purchased a 2M module with the ref osc board already in it. I had 
this installed in my 2nd K3 by a very competent local ham

When going to 2M it gets a “Freq Error” on the display and neither rx’s or tx’s 

Has anyone seen this error before?

Thanks in advance

Ronnie



Sent from my iPhone
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[Elecraft] K4

[Ken Roberson via Elecraft]

Hello all
Will the K4 have an input for a 10mhz GPS reference 

Thanks agn 73 Ken K5DNL

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Re: [Elecraft] K4

[Wayne Burdick]

Yes. 

Wayne
N6KR


elecraft.com

> On Sep 3, 2020, at 4:48 PM, Ken Roberson via Elecraft 
>  wrote:
> 
> Hello all
> Will the K4 have an input for a 10mhz GPS reference 
> 
> Thanks agn 73 Ken K5DNL
> 
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Re: [Elecraft] KPA-1500 SWR fault above 700-800 watts on 160m

[K8TE]

I do the same Rick.  However, when new firmware comes out, I update my
manuals appropriately.  Elecraft allows that, unlike Icom, Kenwood, or
Yaesu.  I wonder why?

Refreshing my own "firmware" is much more challenging, especially for things
not refreshed by use.  Many questions on this reflector are already answered
in the Elecraft manuals.

Watching my P3, I find many, many SSB signals over-driven with, I'll bet,
ALC way out of range, even on an occasional Elecraft rig.  When I send them
a screenshot, or mention it on-the-air, frequently, the operator can't find
the ALC reading.  RTFM!

I'm hoping the lightning stays away (for a change) during this weekend's QSO
parties.  73, Bill, K8TE



--
Sent from: http://elecraft.365791.n2.nabble.com/
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[Elecraft] Wanted to buy - KSB2 - KD8ZYD

[Fred]

Hi,

Looking to buy a used (built) or unbuilt KSB2 for my just finished K2.

Thanks and 73's - KD8ZYD

-- 
Thanks,

Fred
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[Elecraft] Congrats to the Elecraft Team on K4 Ship

[Steve Dyer W1SRD via Elecraft]

Facing many headwinds the team got the first batch out the door with 
what looks to be the new platform for serious HF operators.
Well done to everyone involved and looking forward to seeing this 
product evolve and improve.
Shipping any product is a tremendous amount of work and the Elecraft 
team has done it many times. Rare indeed.

73/GL,
Steve
W1SRD
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[Elecraft] Who purchased my KX3

[Frank Krozel]

I found the end plates!

Send me my last email and I will send to you.

-73-  FrankKG9H
kg9hfr...@gmail.com


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Re: [Elecraft] K4

[Nr4c]

It has a 10MHz Ref input 

Sent from my iPhone
...nr4c. bill


> On Sep 3, 2020, at 7:50 PM, Ken Roberson via Elecraft 
>  wrote:
> 
> Hello all
> Will the K4 have an input for a 10mhz GPS reference 
> 
> Thanks agn 73 Ken K5DNL
> 
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Re: [Elecraft] Is the Lab599 TX500 a "rip-off" of the KX3?

[Todd KH2TJ]

Quite a bit of discussion of this rig on the SOTA reflector starting some time 
last year.   Here's some reviews:
https://swling.com/blog/tag/tx-500/
[https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg]
TX-500 | The SWLing Post
Following TX-500 updates closely… I am following TX-500 updates very closely. 
Since I’m primarily a “field” ham radio operator, the idea of a weather-proof, 
rugged, QRP transceiver is very appealing. Seriously…just take my money! Of 
course, being first and foremost a shortwave radio listener, I’m also very 
interested how the TX-500 might play on the broadcast bands in AM mode.
swling.com

Also search out OH8STN's videos on youtube.  He's been playing around with this 
rig for a while now too.

If I recall correctly, the Nevada distributor is located in Reno.  He didn't 
have a radio at the time I visited his business.  There's another new prototype 
QRP rig getting some attention coming out of China - search out FX-4C.  I don't 
do much on facebook, but I did join his group to read up on the new rig.  
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLIXoGVNfng&fbclid=IwAR25Uwm2k5rMtUVzgOTGxh-XnKIixI6m4WVLWsCRp4X05A3DtgLrRQLXRcM
[https://i.ytimg.com/vi/NLIXoGVNfng/hqdefault.jpg]
HF SSB Reception test FX-4C - 
YouTube
A new type of ultra-small shortwave transceiver，Can be placed in shirt pockets 
and trouser pockets Receiving frequency range：1.6-30MHZ/(contain 
50MHZ/Aviatio...
www.youtube.com







 So far looks interesting.  More so than than the TX-500.   Just my opinion.   
Me,  think I'll hang on to my KX2 ...

73, Todd KH2TJ



As someone who has one of these radios on order, I'd like to know if this
is fake news or true fact:

"This rig is copied from the KX-3. I was told this from a reliable source
inside Elecraft."

Source:
https://forums.qrz.com/index.php?threads/lab599-discovery-tx-500.683461/page-2

The radio in question is described here:
https://lab599.com/


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Re: [Elecraft] KPA-1500 SWR fault above 700-800 watts on 160m

[Victor Rosenthal 4X6GP]

I had an interesting experience trying to use a balun in a very 
demanding situation. I'll describe it, and at the end I have a question.


Antenna was a dipole with total length of 10m fed with approximately 480 
ohm open-wire line. Line length was 10m. I was trying to use this 
antenna on 40m with a power of 1200w.


The first attempt was to use a 5kw DX Engineering 1:4 balun in the shack 
between the open line and coax, feeding the coax with an unbalanced 
T-network tuner. There was a lot of RFI with computers, etc. in the 
shack. The antenna seemed to pick up a lot of local noise. During a 
period of contest operating, the balun overheated, causing soaring SWR 
and ultimately internal arcing.


Next I added two capacitors in series with the line to tune out the 
reactance (the 1/4 wavelength line inverted the capacitive reactance at 
the feedpoint of the antenna making it inductive at the shack end). This 
eliminated the overheating (it ran a little warm), but the RFI problem 
remained.


Then I rewired the balun to a 1:1 configuration. This seemed to help a 
little with the RFI. It made tuning easier. But the antenna was still noisy.


At this point I had some really good luck and was able to purchase an 
old Johnson KW Matchbox, which is a link-coupled balanced tuner. I 
replaced the T-network tuner, the balun, and the series capacitors with 
this unit. The antenna is now MUCH quieter and RFI problems have been 
eliminated.


The lesson I learned is that baluns don't work very well with high SWR, 
especially when the impedance is very reactive.


And now for my question: did I permanently damage my balun when it 
overheated? If so, what is the mechanism of damage? I took it apart and 
didn't see any obvious signs.


73,
Victor, 4X6GP
Rehovot, Israel
Formerly K2VCO
CWops no. 5
http://www.qsl.net/k2vco/
.
On 03/09/2020 19:05, Jim Brown wrote:

 A choke inserted into a poorly
matched or un-matched line is much more likely to overheat and fail.
Dissipation (heating) is addressed in the 2018 Cookbook.

73, Jim K9YC 

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