[LUTE] Re: De Visee
I play with with nails, and a video of me playing can be found at the link below, with more to follow on YouTube soon. I hope this goes some way to satisfying your curiosity, and criticism (preferably constructive!) is welcome. [1]https://youtu.be/msh4dbjLl0k Toby On Wed, 8 May 2019, 00:27 Roland Hayes, <[2]rha...@legalaidbuffalo.org> wrote: I don't doubt that 17th century players who used nails had nice finish on their nails and a nice sound as a result. My curiosity is what does solo theorbo music sound like when competently played with nails? Get [1]Outlook for Android __ From: [3]lute-...@cs.dartmouth.edu <[4]lute-...@cs.dartmouth.edu> on behalf of M Del <[5]terli...@new-old-mail.cs.dartmouth.edu> Sent: Tuesday, May 7, 2019 5:57:33 PM To: magnus andersson Cc: Yuval Dvoran; John Mardinly; Roland Hayes; jslute; Lute Subject: [LUTE] Re: De Visee My first guitar teacher Rolando Valdes-Blain taught his students to use finely crushed pumice stone and leather from a deer (it happened to be a piece from a hunter friend).Rolando was old enough to play on gut strings until he came back from WW2. Sent from my iPhone > On May 7, 2019, at 5:20 PM, magnus andersson <[6]maan7...@cs.dartmouth.edu> wrote: > >Dear collective wisdom, >From what I have understood, it seems like manicure has been around >since at least 3200 BC, so I assume players like Piccinini, Corbetta >(who we know had >to cancel one of his concerts due to a broken nail- and still pay his >fellow musicians from his own pocket!) and perhaps de Visà ©e had found >a way for them to get it to work without shredding and tearing their >strings apart constantly, and - to quote Piccinini: > >"the one, and very important [thing] is to play neatly, and cleanly; In >the manner that all small touches of the string may be schietto, like >pearl[s]" >/Magnus > >On Tuesday, May 7, 2019, 10:45:44 PM GMT+2, John Mardinly ><[7]john.mardi...@asu.edu> wrote: > Pure speculation. Where are the facts? Can anyone document good nail > polishing techniques that may have been used centuries ago? I would > love to see it. Techniques used to polish things from telescope >lenses > and mirrors to razors would not work well on fingernails. The chamois > stropping technique used by Segovia because there was not much better > in the mid 20th Century would be deemed laughable today among those >who > play with nails. > A. John Mardinly, Ph.D., P.E. > On May 7, 2019, at 4:48 AM, Yuval Dvoran ><[1][1][8]yuval.dvo...@posteo.de> > wrote: > Hahahaha good point! > To add something substantial to the discussion, I'd like to remember > you that also plants exist which were used for thousands of years to > polish wood (and maybe also fingernails), e.g. Equisetum > ("Schachtelhalm" in German).Am 07.05.2019 13:31 schrieb jslute > <[2][2][9]jsl...@cs.dartmouth.edu>: >Dear All: >Might I suggest that a culture sophisticated enough to build >lutes and >craft overwound strings could have figured out a way to file >and >polish >their nails. >Jim Stimson >Sent from my Verizon, Samsung Galaxy smartphone > Original message >From: John Mardinly <[3][3][10]john.mardi...@asu.edu> >Date: 5/6/19 6:51 PM (GMT-05:00) >To: Roland Hayes <[4][4][11]rha...@legalaidbuffalo.org> >Cc: Lute List <[5][5][12]lute@cs.dartmouth.edu> >Subject: [LUTE] Re: De Visee >More lacking than glue-on-nails might have been some of the >modern >files and abrasives used to polish the nails. Badly prepared >
[LUTE] Re: New music
I've performed it (Old Bones by Nico Muhly) and enjoyed doing so, while it may not be to everyone's taste I think it's a good example of serious composers writing thoughtfully for the instrument. Toby On 22 Dec 2017 19:05, "Peter Martin" <[1]peter.l...@gmail.com> wrote: I think you've nailed it, Christopher. By the way, has *anyone* else heard the Nico Muhly piece? Peter On Friday, 22 December 2017, Christopher Wilke <[1][2]chriswi...@cs.dartmouth.edu> wrote: Newer music for the lute is a tough sell because it subverts audience expectations. I don't think it's too much of an assumption to say that most lute fans (both listeners and players) became interested in the instrument because they were attracted to early music first. Therefore, in this mindset, the lute is "for" early music and anything else introduces disconcerting cognitive dissonance. Some folks are genuinely offended that anyone would play something other than old European music on a lute. That's a significant enough segment of the already tiny lute audience that one risks alienating. That's a large disincentive to spend the time learning modern pieces, even for those interested in expanding the repertoire. (Personally, I've never seen it this way at all. To me, anything that sounds good on the instrument is fair game, regardless of style or period.) It's interesting that the harpsichord has not had this problem. There is a sizeable body of contemporary music for solo harpsichord as well as in ensemble compositions written by heavy weight composers. The late Elizabeth Chojnacka made virtually her entire career out of performing contemporary harpsichord music. (She passed away this past May.) Chris Dr. Christopher Wilke D.M.A. Lutenist, Guitarist and Composer [2][3]www.christopherwilke.com On Fri, 12/22/17, Tristan von Neumann <[3][4]tristanvonneum...@gmx.de> wrote: Subject: [LUTE] Re: New music To: "lutelist Net" <[4][5]lute@cs.dartmouth.edu> Date: Friday, December 22, 2017, 9:32 AM Not exactly "new", but modern: Charles Tournemire requests a lute in his 8th Symphony (1924) :) Not a piece you can play with your friends though, except if you are friends with a Philharmonic Orchestra... Am 22.12.2017 um 12:23 schrieb Jim Dunn: >As the lute becomes slowly more popular, I think we'll see more >contemporary lute music popping up equally slowly (I think lutes in >their various guises have a very interesting tonality and set of >limitations to compose for, I'm enjoying making my own ham-fisted >efforts at least...) >Meanwhile, not necessarily all 'new' material, but I've been enjoying >Peter Sà ¶derberg's three contemporary lute records:20th century stuff >like Cage, Tenney, Stockhausen etc, as well as recordings of more >recent things written specifically for lute. The non-lute material he >has selected comes over very well in my opinion. >Here's to more! > >On 22 Dec 2017, 00:21 +, Eric Hansen <[5][6]librarylutepla...@gmail.com>, >wrote: > > Hartt School composer David Macbride composes solo lute music for > me, a > total of 13 pieces as of this writing. I played one of them at the > Lute Society Seminar in Cleveland a few years ago, it's up on > YouTube. > He and I have begun to record the pieces, a few at a time. > Best to all, > Eric > On Thu, Dec 21, 2017 at 5:38 PM, Jacob Johnson > <[1][6][7]tmrguitar...@gmail.com> wrote: > I don't think that's entirely accurate. Ronn McFarlane plays his > own > compositions, Jakob Lindberg performs the Britten Nocturnal (I > know
[LUTE] Re: New music
Matthew Wadsworth's latest CD included a new piece for theorbo by Stephen Goss that I think is worth mentioning, and I believe they have plans to continue that collaboration On 21 Dec 2017 23:16, "David van Ooijen" <[1]davidvanooi...@gmail.com> wrote: Like most (pro) lute players, I play, record and arrange my share of contemporary music, have some written for me even, but it's far outnumbered by early music. On Fri, 22 Dec 2017 at 00:12, Daniel Shoskes <[1][2]kidneykut...@gmail.com> wrote: I highly recommend it. I commissioned a work from Ronn McFarlane and I think it's one of his most beautiful: [2][3]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYgAAyMtgtE <[3][4]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYgAAyMtgtE> Ronn playing it live: [4][5]https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Cz3j5muuVKc <[5][6]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cz3j5muuVKc> Recording: [6][7]https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/passacaglia/ 878859427?i=8788594 69 <[7][8]https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/passacaglia/ 878859427?i=878859 469> Also commissioned a version of Adon Olam from Rene Schiffer that is in the form of a passacaglia with a theorbo part. Let's keep them gainfully employed! Danny > On Dec 21, 2017, at 5:38 PM, Jacob Johnson <[8][9]tmrguitar...@gmail.com> wrote: > > I don't think that's entirely accurate. Ronn McFarlane plays his own > compositions, Jakob Lindberg performs the Britten Nocturnal (I know, > it's not that new, and it's not really for lute, but IMO it kinda > counts), Chris Wilke recorded a whole cd of Roman Turovsky's new works > for baroque lute, I saw Elizabeth Kenny perform TWO recent theorbo > commissions at the LuteFestWest, and there's certainly more examples I > just can't think of at the moment. > As soon as I can afford to do so, I intend to commission some works for > myself to play. > > Jacob Johnson > [uc?export=downloadid=0B6_gM3BRE6ZrYVVZZU5QNmJqdDQ& amp;revid=0B 6_g > M3BRE6ZraW9nQ2U4SGNwV0tYVWxobnNBVjBsZi9FNHhzPQ] > Guitar/Lute > [1][9][10]www.johnsonguitarstudio.com > [11]469.237.0625. > On Thu, Dec 21, 2017 at 4:12 PM, Christopher Stetson > <[2][10][12]christophertstet...@gmail.com> wrote: > > Hello all. > An interesting question, Peter, thanks for bringing it up. To > answer > honestly and personally, I'm not especially interested in new > music, > per se, for any of the instruments I play (mainly lute, guitar, > mandolin, but some others too). I couldn't really say why, > except > that the music I've looked at from the last 30 years tends, and I > mean > tends, to be difficult and not especially tuneful to my ear. > There > are exceptions, of course, and I play some of those, though > mostly on > guitar. I'm not a professional, so I tend to be fairly > conservstive > in the music I choose to spend time seeking out and playing. I > also > don't play many of the old compositions that fit the above > criteria. > I fully realize. however, that one person's difficult is > another > person's interesting, and I'm really glad that people are writing > new > music for lute. > Best to all, and keep playing, > Chris. > >On Thu, Dec 21, 2017 at 2:34 PM, Peter Martin > <[1][3][11][13]peter.l...@gmail.com> >wrote: > Hello all, > I recently bought a Wigmore Hall Live CD of a 2013 concert by > countertenor Iestyn Davies and lutenist Thomas Dunford. It > included > the world premiere performance of a substantial piece by Nico > Muhly > called Old Bones. Up to now, I'd never heard of
[LUTE] Re: Info about a couple of songs
The first song is called 'when i raise my goblet deep' possibly by Henry Lawes, though I'm not sure. I have a copy at home so can send to you tomorrow if you'd like. Toby On 23 Mar 2017 04:42, "howard posner" <[1]howardpos...@ca.rr.com> wrote: Can someone plug the leaks in my memory about two songs? 1. What's the song that ends "Better to be drunk - dead drunk - than dead"? 2. What's the printed source for the Robert King song "Tune your lute and raise your voice"? And are either of them on the web in some form? To get on or off this list see list information at [2]http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html -- References 1. mailto:howardpos...@ca.rr.com 2. http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
[LUTE] Re: Saturday quotes - Dowland's poem
On 12/15/2012 10:22 AM, Dan Winheld wrote: If you mean at the same time; -Shaving with a straight razor in one hand and eating with chopsticks in the other. But Thomas Campion- arguably at his less profound level than Dowland- was better at being both poet composer of songs. Never the underlay problems such as found in so many of Dowland's second verses and subsequent verses. But I still prefer Dowland. WOULD BE INTERESTING TO HAVE A LIST OF ACTION-PAIRS WHICH SHOULD NOT BE PERFORMED BY ONE PERSON... :-) It is normally recommended that a lawyer not represent himself as a defence attorney, although in this case she might be deemed competent to handle either task separately. It is also recommended (at least in the US) that one not try to fill the roles of consuming products while thinking for oneself at the same time. We have (great) leaders who handle the latter portion for us, as is mutually represented by the waving of brightly coloured pieces of cloth. Tobiah To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
[LUTE] Re: On shimming frets.
Wooden frets fall off, Gut frets also wearing out- Seasons of the lute. Often, mundane thoughts, Tend to appear meaningful When read in Haiku To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
[LUTE] Re: On shimming frets.
On 10/01/2012 09:17 AM, howard posner wrote: On Oct 1, 2012, at 9:06 AM, Tobyt...@tobiah.org wrote: Often, mundane thoughts, Tend to appear meaningful When read in Haiku Mundane though they be, Thoughts, when expressed in haiku Are concise, at least Then it would be best That all communication Be done in Haiku To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
[LUTE] Re: On shimming frets.
Then it would be best That all communication Be done in Haiku Better for reader But for the one who's writing It would take too long A side benefit Would be that unworthy thoughts Would remain suppressed To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
[LUTE] Re: Best Body Frets?
On 09/26/2012 04:48 PM, Dan Winheld wrote: ..and I blew the syllable count on the last line. Hot seppuku for breakfast tomorrow. Autumn's in the air. On 9/26/2012 4:22 PM, Sean Smith wrote: Frets fall, leaves fly. On Sep 26, 2012, at 4:12 PM, Dan Winheld wrote: Warm case holds pegbox, Wooden frets are falling off- Autumn is in the air. To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
[LUTE] Re: instrumental air de cours
Beautiful sound. Is that mic an NT1-A? On 08/30/2012 02:49 PM, Rockford Mjos wrote: Lovely, David! Thank you, also, for sharing your arrangement. I recently came across the CD Tabarinades by Les Boreades, which has two airs de cour played as solos by Sylvain Bergeron: Si jamais mon ame, and Objet dont les charmes si doux. Somewhat relatedly, Bergeron has also recorded for songs by Giulio Caccini arranged for baroque guitar on Francesca Caccini: O viva rosa by Shannon Mercer. -- R On Aug 30, 2012, at 5:52 AM, David van Ooijen wrote: For a cd recording I made earlier this year, I needed an instrumental version of the beautiful air de cour Cessez mortels de souspirer by Pierre Guédron. I am sure I am not the only one who makes such arrangements, but still I'd like to share the result with you, as I think these arrangements make attractive pieces to play. I've just recorded and uploaded my home version with no singer in sight: http://youtu.be/a5pq9xEpueI If you want to have a go yourself, I've uploaded the pdf to the Sheet music section of my website. enjoy! David PS: Yes, it's a kabuki hairstyle peeping up from behind the lute. ;-) -- *** David van Ooijen davidvanooi...@gmail.com www.davidvanooijen.nl *** To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html --
[LUTE] Re: Lute and guitar
I have terrible nails and I always have to use superglue with bits of tissue to reinforce my nails. I sometimes have to repair a broken nail with acrylic. You can buy acrylic powder along with a solvent from a beauty supply store. I dab a bit on a crack, and it hardens in a minute or so. Occasionally I will rebuild a broken nail by cutting a glossy cardboard form to fit under the nail, and brushing the acrylic over that. It's best not to coat the entire nail, as this seems to have a lasting softening effect on the nail. Toby To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
[LUTE] Re: My First Lute
On 07/31/2012 03:25 PM, A.J. Padilla MD wrote: As I recall, over the years there have been several threads about the Pakistani lutes, all pretty much negative, essentially to the effect that you need all new strings, have to change the action by altering the fingerboard and/or bridge and/or nut, and tolerate a thick, poorly-made soundboard, they're ok. That's all quite fair. I bought one from eBay years ago. It was playable, and made sound. It reminded me of one of those cheap ukuleles that you can pick up at a gift shop in Hawaii. It did enough to let me know whether I wanted to pursue playing on a lute. In the end I decided to stick with a retuned classical guitar because I found it difficult to go back and forth between the two, due to the great difference in spacing between the strings. If you can get into the lute archives, the stuff is there. I have no personal experience with those instruments, however. Note that the Lute Society (in the UK) has a list of luthiers both in Europe and N America. I would think that the LSA (Lute Society of America) has a similar list. Do you perchance have a firstborn child, or an extra gonad, or perhaps a kidney you might want to offer for a real lute? Al Padilla -Original Message- From: lute-...@cs.dartmouth.edu [mailto:lute-...@cs.dartmouth.edu] On Behalf Of Bruno Fournier Sent: Tuesday, July 31, 2012 3:06 PM To: William Samson Cc: Jim Ammeson; lute@cs.dartmouth.edu Subject: [LUTE] Re: My First Lute I would suggest you try and rent one from a local lutenist, or perhaps check with the university music faculty if there would be one available on loan. A regards A Bruno Cognyl-Fournier Montreal Canada A A On Tue, Jul 31, 2012 at 1:32 PM, William Samson [1]willsam...@yahoo.co.uk wrote: A A A difficult one, Jim. A Most lutes are built to order for a customer - A A unfortunate because the customer doesn't get a chance to try it before A A committing to buy it! A A There are, however, some off-the-peg lutes available. A Closest to your A A price range are the lutes built (in Pakistan??) for the Early Music A A Shop in England A A [1][2]http://www.earlymusicshop.com/product.aspx/en-GB/1000655-ems -8-cours A A e-renaissance-lute A I have recently seen and tried one of these and A A found it to play very well. A I don't know if similar lutes are A A available in the US but would be surprised if they aren't. A A The other possibility is the second-hand market, but you're in the lap A A of the gods, there. A A Good luck in your quest! A A Bill A A From: Jim Ammeson[3]jimastr...@yahoo.com A A To: [4]lute@cs.dartmouth.edu[5]lute@cs.dartmouth.edu A A Sent: Tuesday, 31 July 2012, 17:31 A A Subject: [LUTE] My First Lute A A A So, I've been considering buying a lute for a few years now, but I've A A A had trouble finding places I can really try playing one or many A A people A A A I can talk to about them. A (Lutes are a bit of a niche thing, I A A know.) A A A A lutenist at the local renaissance faire suggested this list, so I A A A thought I'd post. A A A So, I'll just explain my situation, right now: A A A I've been playing classical guitar for about 5 years. A I play lots of A A A baroque and renaissance music, love the stuff. A I'd really like to A A try A A A playing a lute or two before deciding if I want to make the A A investment A A A in buying one. A As of right now, I don't have much over $500 to spend A A A (I know that's not probably enough for one that's really worth A A having, A A A unless I get a good price on a used one or something), but I'm A A A *willing* to spend more, just don't have it *now*. A (I'm a college A A A student, nuff said?) A A A I live in the Chicago area, and have asked around if there's anyplace A A A in the area whatsoever that makes lutes, and have tried looking A A online, A A A but haven't found anything. A I've asked around at renaissance faires, A A A as well, and, again, just was directed here by one lutenist. A A A So, any advice as to what a beginning lutenist should do? A Where to A A go A A A to try a lute for the first time and see if it is really something A A for A A A him? A I've been thinking an 8 course lute would be good for the A A pieces A A A I play to play...Bach and Dowland and the like? A Any general advice A A is A A A also appreciated. A A A -Jim A A A -- A A To get on or off this list see list information at A A [2][6]http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html A A -- References
[LUTE] Re: New post
I think the death knell for cassettes was when the big auto-makers stopped putting cassette players in vehicles. I have a '99 ford that was built with a cassette player. CD's became available in '82. I think that CD's were already the death of cassette tape, but cassettes actually enjoyed a bit of extra longevity due to the fact that it took manufacturers a while to develop a cd player that would work reliably in the jostling environment of an automobile. Tobiah To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
[LUTE] Re: Android app for recording lute
On 04/30/2012 01:21 PM, Adam Olsen wrote: Is there a good app for recording yourself on Android? I tried a few apps, but the sound came out very distorted and blown out. I know the phone's microphone is better than that, because if I use the video camera app it sounds fine. I don't know any specific apps, but if your video app records your lute fine, and the sound recorder does not, then I'd have to assume the the video app is employing automatic gain control, while the recorder relies on a dedicated gain control, which is set too high. Tobiah To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
[LUTE] Re: Miking III - outside
With summer theatre production fast approaching, Any recommendations for amplification of a ren lute for outside (shakespeare in the park) performance? Sitting in front of a mic? (what kind - diaphragm/condenser?) Attached transducer? What kind? Does anyone stroll while amplified? Anyone have a lute with an internal built in transducer (gasp!) and 1/4 inch out (double gasp!)? any suggestions are welcome. trj I like to sit in front of a large diaphragm condenser. If you need enough volume that the mic creates feedback when the amp is cranked you could always mix in a bit of transducer signal, which generally does not sound is good, but does not suffer from this problem. To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
[LUTE] Re: OT Alert- Music Miking (Micing?)
(And, yes. I say mics, so why not micing?). dictionary.com has 'miking', but not 'micing'. The former's root is the word 'mike'. 'micing' looks like 'icing' with an 'm' in front anyway :) To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
[LUTE] Question for list admin
Other mailing lists that I'm on are set up so that hitting reply sends a message to the list, not the poster of the message that I'm replying to. I find myself replying, then realizing (sometimes) that the message will not go to the list, so I send another one. I also get many personal replies to my messages that don't go to the list. I think that a portion of those were from people that intended to send to the list. So I was just wondering whether there was a reason that the list was set up this way, or whether it was something that had been overlooked. Thanks, Tobiah To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
[LUTE] Re: Question for list admin
Actually, this came back to me correctly. It must be that people are CC'ing the list instead of posting to it and CC'ing individuals. Never mind. On 04/05/2012 11:26 AM, Toby wrote: Other mailing lists that I'm on are set up so that hitting reply sends a message to the list, not the poster of the message that I'm replying to. I find myself replying, then realizing (sometimes) that the message will not go to the list, so I send another one. I also get many personal replies to my messages that don't go to the list. I think that a portion of those were from people that intended to send to the list. So I was just wondering whether there was a reason that the list was set up this way, or whether it was something that had been overlooked. Thanks, Tobiah To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
[LUTE] Re: Recorder and Lute
How are the timelines of these instruments related, and what pieces include both instruments? Are you asking what music was originally specified by the composer for an instrumentation that included lute and recorder? Or what music can be done with a combination that includes lute and recorder? Both, I suppose. I was thinking that the combination seems natural, though I don't hear them together very often. To get on or off this list see list information at http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~wbc/lute-admin/index.html
Re: Tempo / Performance speed
G.R. Crona wrote: Hi gang, I'm playing some golden age and Milano at the moment, and suddenly realize, that (for me) much of the music actually gains in stature by not being played too fast (cf. La compagna). For me, playing music is quite like speaking. When speaking, I can just iterate the words, without paying attention, as when reading aloud from an uninteresting book. If I really desire to convey something important, my speach becomes filled with an intention, and possesses a new quality that was absent in the other type. When practicing lute music, I can catch myself going through the motions of the piece without paying attention to the words of the melody. When this happens, the tempo tends to creep. When I take the time to undestand the goals of the melodies, I tend to savor suspensions, and cadences, and the tempo relaxes. As I gain experience, I find that the tempo can raise again while I maintain the integrity of the musical intention. This can make the music more interesting in that more beautiful events transpire each second. So, for me at this point, I choose the highest tempo that I feel I can perform without sacrificing any of the quality of the expression. This is usually a little slower than many of the recordings that I have heard.
Odd tablature notation
There are a couple of pieces in a book that I have of the lute music of Vincenzo Capirola. Here is an example: http://tobiah.org/measure.jpg It seems to indicate that a half bar should be used at the fourth fret, but I can't figure out any way to get a reasonable sound by playing the measure that way, let alone get the pitches that are indicated on the grand staff. It sounds correct if I just play the grand staff as written, ignoring the IV{ marking, but I feel that I am missing something. Thanks, Tobiah