Here is an analysis of Rossi's e-Cat steam test from Ed Storms. Actually, this is a combination of two messages he sent me, with a clarification inserted into item 2.
- Jed - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A variety of ways the Rossi claims might be wrong have been suggested. Let's examine each. The following values are used: Cp (H2O at 65°) = 4.18 J/g-deg , enthalpy of vaporization @ 100°C = 2.27 kJ/g. *1. Not all of the water is turned to steam.* If applied power is making all of steam, the following would be observed. Applied power = 745 watt Flow rate = 7 liter/hr = 1.94 g/sec Power to heat water to 100° = 73°*4.18*1.94 = 592 watt Power to make steam = 745 - 592 = 153 watt Amount of steam produced = 153/2270 = 0.07g/sec out of 1.94 g/sec = 3.4 % of water flow. The chimney would fill with water through which steam would bubble. The extra water would flow into the hose and block any steam from leaving. As the water cooled in the hose, the small amount of steam would quickly condense back to water. Consequently, the hose would fill with water that would flow out the exit at the same rate as the water entered the e-Cat. CONCLUSION: No steam would be visible at the end of the hose, which is not consistent with observation. *2. The steam contains water droplets, i.e, was not dry.* Power to heat water to 100° = 592 watt Power to vaporize all water = 1.94 * 2270 = 4404 watt Total = 4997 watt if all water is vaporized Excess power = 4249 watt The only way steam is wet is when water drops are present. If too many drops are present, they fall as rain (precipitate). It is simply impossible to have a large number of drops present. A 5% figure is chosen as an example here (http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wet-steam-quality-d_426.html) because this is a plausible amount. Nevertheless, the conclusion would be the same even if 20% water drops were present. Power to vaporize 95% of water = 4183 watt Excess power = 3736 watt CONCLUSION: Significant excess power is being made regardless of how dry the steam may be. *3. Energy is stored in the apparatus that is being released during the demonstration.* Assume e-Cat contained 2 kg of material having an average heat capacity equal to that of copper. Copper has a heat capacity of 0.385 J/g*K. Assume steam is made for 15 min, i.e. the e-Cat remains above 100° C during this time. During 15 min, 1750 g of water is converted to steam = 1.94*15*60*2270 = 3963 kJ Applied energy = 745 *60*15 = 672 kJ Amount of energy that has to be stored = 3291 kJ Energy stored in Cu/degree = 2000*.385 = 770 K/° Initial temperature of e-Cat = about 4400° The e-cat would have to weight over 20 kg to contain enough energy to make steam for only 15 min. after being heated initially to over 500° C. CONCLUSION: The e-Cat cannot retain enough energy to account for the observed behavior during cooling from high temperatures. *4. The flow rate is wrong by a factor of 2.* Power to heat water to 100° = 296 watt Power to vaporize all water = 2204 watt Total = 2500 watt if all water is vaporized Excess power = 1752 watt CONCLUSION: Excess power is being generated even if the flow rate is misrepresented by a factor of 2. *BASIC CONCLUSION: None of the plausible assumptions are consistent with the claim for excess energy being wrong.*
