No, it turns out this is not the key. With mysql_connect() I'm actually failing MORE often than with mysql_pconnect - so far it hasn't stayed up 15 minutes without error. (Fortunately, I have a cron job checking on it and restarting.)
However, this did put me on to the problem. I was tripping resource limits. When I was first setting up the server and getting the individual sites/users working in the mysql.user table, I saw the max_connections column set to 0 and thought that was a problem; I didn't realize that 0 meant "no limit". So I set a limit. I was running up on the connection limits, which meant mysqld was refusing further connections until my server restart reset the counts to 0.
With mysql_connect I had more connections, and thus reached the limit faster.
Now I have reset the max_connections numbers to 0, and I haven't had a failure in twenty hours, so I think I can call this problem solved. Thanks for your help. In the course of sorting it out, I also learned a good deal about debugging mysql errors gracefully in PHP.
pjm
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