Re: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
I have a Gap Challenger. Ground mounted. 3 25 ft radials laying on the ground (no pattern). 302 countries confirmed. QRP 200 plus confirmed. 5BDXCC. WAZ. WAS. WAC. etc.. Painted light grey and sky blue. Neighbors think its a sculpture. WORKS GREAT! What more can I say Good luck, 73 Art W6KY K1-4 --- Fred (FL) [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I'm another limited space, restricted community ham (for now). I've been considering different types of verticals which might be best. I THINK, I'm looking for an antenna which: - vertical ? - no radials - no counterpoises - no guy-wires - 40 thru 10 - maybe 4 shorter buried radials (if I must) - not a lot of visual space, for neighbors We have a MOBILE Home (mostly plastic, and wood) - which sits on a slab of concrete, surrounded by 8x8 wood timers, 2 feet high on front side of mobile. Can easily get UNDER mobile, thru removable siding. Park owner, OK'd a marine antenna - whatever that means to him. We live on shore of St. Lawrence River - Canada in the distance. What commercial or home-made antenna could suit my bill? Fred N3CSY __ Do You Yahoo!? Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around http://mail.yahoo.com ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
Re: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
Fred N3CSY asked: I'm another limited space, restricted community ham (for now). I've been considering different types of verticals which might be best. I THINK, I'm looking for an antenna which: - vertical ? - no radials - no counterpoises - no guy-wires - 40 thru 10 - maybe 4 shorter buried radials (if I must) - not a lot of visual space, for neighbors We have a MOBILE Home (mostly plastic, and wood) - which sits on a slab of concrete, surrounded by 8x8 wood timers, 2 feet high on front side of mobile. Can easily get UNDER mobile, thru removable siding. Park owner, OK'd a marine antenna - whatever that means to him. We live on shore of St. Lawrence River - Canada in the distance. What commercial or home-made antenna could suit my bill? ### I saw these vertical antennas at the Dayton Hamvention this year. This might be what you are after. Very nice built, not very tall, and they don't seem that they would be likely to attract a lot of attention from other home owners. Very low optical impact on the neighbors in other words. No guy wires, but would need some radials, which are included in the kit. I am thinking about getting one of these myself. http://www.dxengineering.com/Products.asp?ID=216SecID=115DeptID=22 You will need some radials for anything that is going to work fairly well and not be very tall. Otherwise a vertical end fed 1/2 wave dipole would probably be the only no radial thing you would be able to come up with, and they will be fairly tall for 20M and on to lower freqs. 73 Arnie KA0NCR __ Do You Yahoo!? Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around http://mail.yahoo.com ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
RE: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
Hey Fred, Verticals - it's all I run. I've played with them and researched them off and on for several years. I'm no expert but here is a quick summary of what I've learned. Vertical efficiency depends on ground conduction in two fields. Near field (which can be enhanced by radials) and far field (out of your control). Radiation patterns are greatly affected by ground conduction in the far field so don't expect yagi-crushing performance from a vertical unless you're surrounded by salt water. The near field you have some control over. The better job you do of screening the ground at the base of the antenna, the higher the efficiency and the more of your signal gets radiated. A minimum ground system is something like 16 radials, .15 wave long. Better performance can be achieved with 104 radials, 0.5 wave long. But that's all theory, what about practice? If you have a way to support a horizontal antenna 1/2 wave in the air, it's a better way to go. I don't so I'm vertical bound. Cushcraft R6000 and HyGain AV640 have received good reviews from folks. Cushcraft MA5V is not a good antenna due to very narrow bandwidth (I had one - never again). I've heard good and bad reviews of the GAP antennas. Some love them, others say it performs poorly on all bands. Force 12 look interesting but IIRC have a requirement of keeping the feedline at a right angle for some distance. I may be wrong on this so check it out. I have yet to see a good head-to-head of various verticals. My theory is that most of the commercial antennas perform about the same provided you give an adequate radial field to those that need it. Butternut is a tried true antenna. Hustler 4BTV or 5BTV is very inexpensive and works just fine, thank you. Both of these require radials neither covers all the WARC bands. If you want to use only a few radials, elevate them. Eight raised radials can equal 60 or more buried radials. If I were in your shoes (I'm close), I'd go with R6000 or AV640 and would try to mount them as high as possible. The best thing you can do to your antenna is to put RF into it. You'll make lots more contacts on a middle-of-the-road antenna that regularly sees RF than on a top-notch radiator that sits idle. And yes, you can make lots of contacts and have lots of fun on a mediocre antenna. I certainly have. - Keith KD1E - - K2 5411 - -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Fred (FL) Sent: Monday, June 12, 2006 9:38 PM To: elecraft@mailman.qth.net Subject: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need? I'm another limited space, restricted community ham (for now). I've been considering different types of verticals which might be best. I THINK, I'm looking for an antenna which: - vertical ? - no radials - no counterpoises - no guy-wires - 40 thru 10 - maybe 4 shorter buried radials (if I must) - not a lot of visual space, for neighbors We have a MOBILE Home (mostly plastic, and wood) - which sits on a slab of concrete, surrounded by 8x8 wood timers, 2 feet high on front side of mobile. Can easily get UNDER mobile, thru removable siding. Park owner, OK'd a marine antenna - whatever that means to him. We live on shore of St. Lawrence River - Canada in the distance. What commercial or home-made antenna could suit my bill? Fred N3CSY __ Do You Yahoo!? Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around http://mail.yahoo.com ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
RE: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
Actually, my antenna is similar. 28 Foot tall alum. radiator over a field of sixteen 20 foot radials. Thirty feet of RG-213 connect the antenna to the manual ATU in the garage. From there I run RG8x into the shack. Changing bands requires that I go to the garage with my antenna analyzer and adjust the ATU to get a match on the band I wish to use. Some bands tune easier than others (80 is very tough, 20/17 are touchy). The antenna works well on 40 30, adequate on 20, 17, 15 and quite poorly on 80. Lately I've come across info that suggests that verticals taller than 3/8 wave perform poorer than 1/4 wave unless the ground conductivity in the Fresnel zone is very good. With that, I've been playing with changing the height of the antenna to see how it compares to my reference inverted vee. So far, raising the antenna from 1/4 wave to 3/8 wave resulted in signals being either the same or slightly weaker. That suggests a WARC vertical should be 18 feet tall. Or one could cover 10-80 with 2 verticals with base mounted tuners; one 12 feet tall (20-10) and the other 32 feet tall (30-80). - Keith - -Original Message- From: Rich I installed a 29' home brew self supporting vertical on one of my fence posts. I then ran two elevated radials along the fence at 90 degrees, one to the north and one to the east. Both are about 30' long. I use an SGC-239 auto tuner ... at the base of the antenna ... mainly for the WARC bands. ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
Re: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
Keith, Actually, the Butternut does cover all the WARC bands. On 17 meters tuning it is a bit touchy, but on 10 MHz and 24 MHz it is very well behaved and gets out great. Using a tuner I even get a match on 5 MHz. I have confirmed around 309 countries on my Butternut. And I live on a tiny city lot. For the serious student of vertical antennas I would highly recommend The Vertical Antenna Handbook by Capt. Paul H. Lee, N6PL (SK). Published by CQ, my copy doesn't have an ISBN number, but the Library of Congress card number is 74-83411. Regards, Joe N9JR - Original Message From: Darwin, Keith [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: elecraft@mailman.qth.net Sent: Tuesday, June 13, 2006 7:56:08 AM Subject: RE: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need? Hey Fred, [SNIP} Butternut is a tried true antenna. Hustler 4BTV or 5BTV is very inexpensive and works just fine, thank you. Both of these require radials neither covers all the WARC bands. ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
Re: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
Rich, I envy your ground conductivity. Also I appreciate your conclusion that when facing challenges a simple vertical is better than no signal at all. I'm curious as to how well you feel your vertical works, mounted on a fence post the feed point must be fairly close to the ground, and you are using two non tuned radials close to ground in the near field. (But then again you are in Texas, and fence posts could be *big*.) Back in the early 70's my elmer erected 80 and 40 meter verticals mounted on telephone poles with 4 elevated tuned radials each. It was amazing what he could work. And as a ham I thought it was a beautiful sight to behold - two phone poles with verticals mounted at the top and the Telex mounted on a windmill tower. (And at the time he owned Don Miller's (yes that Don Miller, he had just moved to California.) S-Line.) Regards, Joe N9JR - Original Message From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: elecraft@mailman.qth.net Sent: Tuesday, June 13, 2006 8:51:47 AM Subject: RE: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need? I'm vertical bound at my home qth also as well as in a restricted neighborhood. I installed a 29' home brew self supporting vertical on one of my fence posts. I then ran two elevated radials along the fence at 90 degrees, one to the north and one to the east. Both are about 30' long. I use an SGC-239 auto tuner 200 watt model (installed in a water proof fiberglass box) at the base of the antenna and it works just great. I use it mainly for the WARC bands. The only bands I have trouble with are 10 and 80 meters.I think the antenna is a little long on 10 meters and on 80 I get rf in the shack. I'm guessing that the coax is probably acting as part of the antenna. I will probably install a feed line current choke near the antenna. In my situation I think a vertical works well because of my ground conductivity here in Amarillo. According to the FCC chart my ground conductivity is 30 millimhos per meter which is the best you can do other than salt water. See http://www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/m3/ When things are tough or I'm trying to work a new country I connect to my remote hf system that has full size wires and a tribander. So if a vertical is the only way to go, put up a piece of aluminum and attach at least one radial/counter poise and get after it. Mine as well keep it simple. Rich - N5ZC Darwin wrote: Hey Fred, Verticals - it's all I run. I've played with them and researched them off and on for several years. I'm no expert but here is a quick summary of what I've learned. Vertical efficiency depends on ground conduction in two fields. Near field (which can be enhanced by radials) and far field (out of your control). Radiation patterns are greatly affected by ground conduction in the far field so don't expect yagi-crushing performance from a vertical unless you're surrounded by salt water. The near field you have some control over. The better job you do of screening the ground at the base of the antenna, the higher the efficiency and the more of your signal gets radiated. A minimum ground system is something like 16 radials, .15 wave long. Better performance can be achieved with 104 radials, 0.5 wave long. But that's all theory, what about practice? If you have a way to support a horizontal antenna 1/2 wave in the air, it's a better way to go. I don't so I'm vertical bound. Cushcraft R6000 and HyGain AV640 have received good reviews from folks. Cushcraft MA5V is not a good antenna due to very narrow bandwidth (I had one - never again). I've heard good and bad reviews of the GAP antennas. Some love them, others say it performs poorly on all bands. Force 12 look interesting but IIRC have a requirement of keeping the feedline at a right angle for some distance. I may be wrong on this so check it out. I have yet to see a good head-to-head of various verticals. My theory is that most of the commercial antennas perform about the same provided you give an adequate radial field to those that need it. Butternut is a tried true antenna. Hustler 4BTV or 5BTV is very inexpensive and works just fine, thank you. Both of these require radials neither covers all the WARC bands. If you want to use only a few radials, elevate them. Eight raised radials can equal 60 or more buried radials. If I were in your shoes (I'm close), I'd go with R6000 or AV640 and would try to mount them as high as possible. The best thing you can do to your antenna is to put RF into it. You'll make lots more contacts on a middle-of-the-road antenna that regularly sees RF than on a top-notch radiator that sits idle. And yes, you can make lots of contacts and have lots of fun on a mediocre antenna. I certainly have. - Keith KD1E - - K2 5411 - -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Fred (FL) Sent: Monday, June 12, 2006 9:38
Re: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
I don't know anything about it other than what I read on the web page, but the photos of HB9ABX's homebrew mobil antenna sure are intriguing: http://www.datacomm.ch/hb9abx/antmob-e.htm He has designs for a number of mag loop antennas as well, which might fit your restrictions. 73 de chris K6DBG ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
Re: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
Keith, on the Force 12 verticals, which are true half wave (loaded) verticals: They provide a feedline support for about 18 inches or so out from the center. After that, the coax can simply go to earth to the rig, or be supported for a greater distance. Does not make that much difference in my experiments at 100 watts to 200 watts. Ideally, yes, a feeder should come off at right angles to either a horizontal dipole or a vertical dipole, but in practice few horizontal dipoles have a perfect right angle feeder arrangement for the entire distance where it might have an effect. Likewise, what you can do in practice with the Force 12 verticals is whatever works in your installation. Don't be dissuaded just by such a concern. They are efficient and easy to use antennas. Put it up in 5 to 10 minutes and you are on the air. You could even take it down after every operating session it is so easy. Especially good for vacations and covenant restricted hams. -Stuart K5KVH ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
Re: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
For Fred's antenna need: I would investigate the Force 12 vertical antennas. I have used several of the Sigma 5 model, (20 to 10) on science projects and they are durable, easy to set up and take down, and work with high efficiency, equal or better to, a dipole of full size. They are bar loaded, with center matching coils and remote switching for the high bands in model Sigma 5. There are also 40 meter capable models. They are true vertical loaded dipoles, thus requiring NO auxiliary ground wires, radials, or counterpoises. They are coax fed,with bead chokes on the coax so that bringing off the coax from the center is not a problem. See the Force 12 web site for the DX contest performance of Sigma verticals. They were also written up in the ham magazines with favorable results. -Stuart K5KVH ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
Re: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
Stuart Rohre wrote: They are coax fed,with bead chokes on the coax so that bringing off the coax from the center is not a problem. This isn't true. The bead balun solves the problem of current flow on the outside of the coax which occurs when the feedline length is such that the outside of the coax has a low impedance compared to the impedance of the line (that is, the common mode impedance is not much higher than the differential mode impedance). It does *not* prevent imbalance caused by capacitive coupling between the outside of the line and one of the legs of the vertical dipole. It's still a good idea to try to reduce such coupling. Having said that, it probably doesn't matter much in practice unless you run the coax parallel to the antenna for some distance. -- 73, Vic, K2VCO Fresno CA http://www.qsl.net/k2vco ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
Re: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
If I remember correctly, the manual for the Sigma V says to run the coax away from the antenna at ~90degrees as much as possible to prevent coupling. I had one of these in the past and was always amazed at how well it performed for such a small antenna. Greg-AB7R On Tue, 13 Jun 2006 11:14:40 -0700 Vic K2VCO [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Stuart Rohre wrote: They are coax fed,with bead chokes on the coax so that bringing off the coax from the center is not a problem. This isn't true. The bead balun solves the problem of current flow on the outside of the coax which occurs when the feedline length is such that the outside of the coax has a low impedance compared to the impedance of the line (that is, the common mode impedance is not much higher than the differential mode impedance). It does *not* prevent imbalance caused by capacitive coupling between the outside of the line and one of the legs of the vertical dipole. It's still a good idea to try to reduce such coupling. Having said that, it probably doesn't matter much in practice unless you run the coax parallel to the antenna for some distance. -- 73, Vic, K2VCO Fresno CA http://www.qsl.net/k2vco ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
Re: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
I know Fred, that the Sommer beam uses some cleaver loading techniques to give multi band performance. I think he used the same loading on his vertical element. Stuart K5KVH ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
Re: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
Yes, in theory any vertical half wave that is center fed should have the feeder run at exactly a right angle, but in practice, Force 12 provides a support arm for the coax, and that is sufficient to bring the coax off a couple of feet where it then can hang either parallel or at an angle to the vertical and we noticed no interaction at all. Stuart K5KVH ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
Re: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
Well Vic, details, details, I meant that the beads do help in the near center area, as they are quite long, as good bead chokes are. Yes, outside the bead area, you should bring the line off as orthogonal as you can; but in practice, the angular droop of the coax has not caused one bit of feedback into our station. Stuart K5KVH ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
RE: [Elecraft] What Vertical Antenna Do I Need?
Fred N3CSY asked: I'm another limited space, restricted community ham (for now). I've been considering different types of verticals which might be best. I THINK, I'm looking for an antenna which: - vertical ? - no radials - no counterpoises - no guy-wires - 40 thru 10 - maybe 4 shorter buried radials (if I must) - not a lot of visual space, for neighbors We have a MOBILE Home (mostly plastic, and wood) - which sits on a slab of concrete, surrounded by 8x8 wood timers, 2 feet high on front side of mobile. Can easily get UNDER mobile, thru removable siding. Park owner, OK'd a marine antenna - whatever that means to him. We live on shore of St. Lawrence River - Canada in the distance. What commercial or home-made antenna could suit my bill? To most people familiar with ships a marine antenna is a 20 foot whip, usually a robust self-supporting fiberglass pole that is mounted with side brackets on the side of the house on smaller boats or on the side of one of the stack on large ships or, on large ships, is mounted at the base with a ring about 1-foot in diameter that is bolted to the steel deck. They work FB as Marconi antennas (1/4 wave or shorter worked against ground) because the ground on a ship is the best you'll find on the earth: miles and miles of salt water. With such a ground those antennas are astonishingly effective. A big part of the efficiency comes not from the immediate ground connection, but from the fact that out in the Fresnel zone some wavelengths from the antenna where the electromagnetic waves interact with the earth, the earth there is very good conducting salt water. Your requirements include no radials. In that case you might go with one of the so-called ground independent verticals such as the Cushcraft R6000. They are electrically 1/2 wavelength long, so they don't require radials but they are *not* as efficient as a true half-wave antenna. Still, a 40-10 or 40-6 meter antenna like the Cushcraft is only a bit over 20 feet tall, which should meet the demands of the park owner, and will deliver good performance in the smallest space. The only issue will be that instead of the clean, simple fiberglass pole that one usually sees on boats, these antennas have several vertical sections all interconnected. On land you'll need radials with a typical marine whip. The closer to the ground, the more radials you'll need for a given efficiency. The idea of the radials is to intercept the RF currents and have them flow in good conducting copper instead of through the lossy earth. If they have to be on the ground, the rule of thumb the FCC and broadcast engineers have used for over half a century is to have 120 radials 0.2 wavelengths long radiating from the base of the antenna. If you can raise the radials even only five or six feed above the earth, half a dozen are just as effective as the 120 on (or in) the ground. Fewer will work, but not work as well. Such an antenna with, say, four elevated 1/4 wave radials, will work quite well on 15 and 20 meters, work fair on 40 meters and even provide some contacts on 80, although there it'll be a very inefficient antenna. Ron AC7AC ___ Elecraft mailing list Post to: Elecraft@mailman.qth.net You must be a subscriber to post to the list. Subscriber Info (Addr. Change, sub, unsub etc.): http://mailman.qth.net/mailman/listinfo/elecraft Help: http://mailman.qth.net/subscribers.htm Elecraft web page: http://www.elecraft.com
