RE: PAT AFTER NAT...IS IT POSSIBLE??? [7:66672]

2003-04-02 Thread richard dumoulin
Of course you can, but why not doing just PAT ?


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RE: PPP Problems - any ideas!!! [7:66486]

2003-03-31 Thread richard dumoulin
Saunders, is it finally working ?   Tell us something !!


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ISIS Van Oene [7:66572]

2003-03-31 Thread richard dumoulin
Guys,

 After some lectures related to ISIS (Doyle, Caslow ect...), I am now
assimilating the stuff by reading the two parts CertZone papers rewritten by
Peter VanOene. As I am enjoying the reading, a strange thing is happening to
me. The guides are very good, and now that I understand ISIS I am starting
to love this routing protocol !! That's the first time it happens to me.
Before, I just liked EIGRP because of its configuration simplicity but ISIS
seems much more scalable, flexible etc... and exactly here is where its
beauty resides. I can even say that it is helping me in understanding OSPF
much more because of the comparisons.
I never thought I could say such things about a routing protocol.
Just wanted to write my thoughts.
Thanks Peter !!

note: and forgive my english.


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RE: Ping fail at all interfaces! [7:66472]

2003-03-30 Thread richard dumoulin
Encapsulation failed appears because of arp failing. Try debug arp and
please could you paste show int f3/0 instead of show ip int fa3/0 ?

Regards.


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RE: PPP Problems - any ideas!!! [7:66486]

2003-03-30 Thread richard dumoulin
Try debug ppp neg instead. If there is an issue before authentication takes
place then you won't see anything.

The config seems correct, could you paste a show interface serial 0 of both
routers ?

Regards.


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Re: PPP Problems - any ideas!!! [7:66486]

2003-03-30 Thread richard dumoulin
saunders1m wrote:
 
 Thanks for your help gents, im sure though i am missing
 something here as i
 have tried everything though i still seem to be missing
 something! Any
 further ideas would be great  im stuck for moment!!
 
 Here is my both configs  the #show int s0
 When using debug ppp neg i get the following
 
 R10-1603R#debug ppp neg
 PPP protocol negotiation debugging is on
 R10-1603R#
 02:38:11: Se0 LCP: TIMEout: State Listen
 02:38:11: Se0 LCP: O CONFREQ [Listen] id 166 len 14

O CONFREQ means this one is sending ppp messages. It is no receiving any
Input messages though.

Can you try debug ppp neg on the other router ?


 02:38:11: Se0 LCP:AuthProto PAP (0x0304C023)
 02:38:11: Se0 LCP:MagicNumber 0x06B8DFA1 (0x050606B8DFA1)
 R10-1603R#
 02:38:13: Se0 LCP: TIMEout: State REQsent
 02:38:13: Se0 LCP: O CONFREQ [REQsent] id 167 len 14
 02:38:13: Se0 LCP:AuthProto PAP (0x0304C023)
 02:38:13: Se0 LCP:MagicNumber 0x06B8DFA1 (0x050606B8DFA1)
 R10-1603R#no
 02:38:15: Se0 LCP: TIMEout: State REQsent
 02:38:15: Se0 LCP: O CONFREQ [REQsent] id 168 len 14
 02:38:15: Se0 LCP:AuthProto PAP (0x0304C023)
 02:38:15: Se0 LCP:MagicNumber 0x06B8DFA1 (0x050606B8DFA1)
 R10-1603R#no debug
 02:38:17: Se0 LCP: TIMEout: State REQsent
 
 Router 9
 
 R9-1601R#show run
 Building configuration...
 
 Current configuration:
 !
 version 12.0
 service timestamps debug uptime
 service timestamps log uptime
 no service password-encryption
 !
 hostname R9-1601R
 !
 enable password cisco
 !
 username R10-1603R password 0 cisco
 ip subnet-zero
 no ip domain-lookup
 ip host r1 192.169.1.1
 ip host r2 192.169.2.2
 ip host r3 192.169.3.3
 ip host r4 192.169.4.4
 ip host r5 192.169.5.5
 ip host r6 192.169.6.6
 ip host r7 192.169.7.7
 ip host r8 192.169.8.8
 ip host r9 192.169.9.9
 ip host r10 192.169.10.10
 ip host cat19 192.169.11.11
 ip host r12 192.169.12.12
 !
 !
 !
 interface Loopback0
  ip address 192.169.9.9 255.255.255.0
  no ip directed-broadcast
 !
 interface Ethernet0
  no ip address
  no ip directed-broadcast
  shutdown
 !
 interface Serial0
  ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
  no ip directed-broadcast
  encapsulation ppp
  no fair-queue
  ppp authentication pap
  ppp pap sent-username R9-1601R password 7 121A0C041104
 !
 ip classless
 !
 banner login ^C Welcome to www.ciscorack.co.uk - R9 Cisco 1601R
 Series ^C
 !
 line con 0
  exec-timeout 15 0
  password d231303u
  logging synchronous
  login
  transport input none
 line vty 0 4
  exec-timeout 15 0
  password d231303u
  login
 !
 end
 
 Serial0 is up, line protocol is down
   Hardware is QUICC Serial
   Internet address is 10.0.0.1/24
   MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 2 usec, rely 255/255,
 load 1/255
   Encapsulation PPP, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
   LCP Listen
   Closed: IPCP, CDPCP
   Last input never, output never, output hang never
   Last clearing of show interface counters never
   Queueing strategy: fifo
   Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops
   5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
   5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
  0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer
  Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
  0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0
 abort
  81 packets output, 1462 bytes, 0 underruns
  0 output errors, 0 collisions, 45 interface resets
  0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out
  70 carrier transitions
  DCD=up  DSR=up  DTR=up  RTS=up  CTS=up
 
 Router 10
 
 R10-1603R#show run
 Building configuration...
 
 Current configuration:
 !
 version 12.0
 service timestamps debug uptime
 service timestamps log uptime
 no service password-encryption
 !
 hostname R10-1603R
 !
 enable password cisco
 !
 username R9-1601R password 0 cisco
 ip subnet-zero
 no ip domain-lookup
 ip host r1 192.169.1.1
 ip host r2 192.169.2.2
 ip host r3 192.169.3.3
 ip host r4 192.169.4.4
 ip host r5 192.169.5.5
 ip host r6 192.169.6.6
 ip host r7 192.169.7.7
 ip host r8 192.169.8.8
 ip host r9 192.169.9.9
 ip host r10 192.169.10.10
 ip host cat19 192.169.11.11
 ip host r12 192.169.12.12
 !
 !
 !
 interface Loopback0
  ip address 192.169.10.10 255.255.255.0
  no ip directed-broadcast
 !
 interface Ethernet0
  no ip address
  no ip directed-broadcast
  shutdown
 !
 interface Serial0
  ip address 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.0
  no ip directed-broadcast
  encapsulation ppp
  no fair-queue
  ppp authentication pap
  ppp pap sent-username R10-1603R password 7 05080F1C2243
 !
 interface BRI0
  no ip address
  no ip directed-broadcast
  shutdown
 !
 ip classless
 !
 banner login ^C Welcome to www.ciscorack.co.uk - R10 Cisco
 1603R Series ^C
 !
 line con 0
  exec-timeout 15 0
  password d231303u
  logging synchronous
  login
  transport input none
 line vty 0 4
  exec-timeout 15 0
  password d231303u
  login
 !
 end
 
 R10-1603R#sh int s0
 Serial0 is up, line protocol is down
   Hardware is QUICC Serial
   Internet address is 10.0.0.2/24
   

Re: Ping fail at all interfaces! [7:66472]

2003-03-30 Thread richard dumoulin
To me everything seems well configured plus Xy says he has been
troubleshooting for one month now.
I would suggest that you upgrade the IOS on this particular router.

Also, does it happens the same if you ping from the other router ?

Regards.


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Re: PPP Problems - any ideas!!! [7:66486]

2003-03-30 Thread richard dumoulin
Where is the clock rate ?

I suppose both serials are connected back to back ?
Then do a show controller serial 0 and see which one has the dce V35 or X21.
Then put clock rate 64000 for example !!


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Re: BGP Route Reflectors [7:66488]

2003-03-30 Thread richard dumoulin
The Long and Winding Road wrote:
 
  wrote in message
 news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
  All,
 
  Please can someone clear this up for me, if you have the time.
 
  IBGP peers do not have to be physically connected to one
 another, as long
 as
  an IGP (most preferably) is running between them.
 
 
 nope. direct connect is preferred, but nope - don't have to be
 
 
 
  On page 128 (paragraph 1) of the Routing TCP/IP Volume 2
 book, it says the
  following about route reflectors and clients :-
  The clients have physical connections to each of the route
 reflectors,
 and
  they peer to each
 
 preferred but not necessary. that's why there is an neighbor
 ebgp-multihop

I thought ebgp-multihop was for neighbors in different AS's ?
Going right now to check it on the command reference ...

 command :-
 
 
 
  I assume that each client in a iBGP domain, does not need to
 share a
  physical data-link to each RR?
 
 
 nope
 
 
  Many thx. (maybe im just tired from studying all weekend).
 
  Regards,
  Ken
 
 
 
 
  For more information about Barclays Capital, please
  visit our web site at http://www.barcap.com.
 
 
  Internet communications are not secure and therefore the
 Barclays
  Group does not accept legal responsibility for the contents
 of this
  message.  Although the Barclays Group operates anti-virus
 programmes,
  it does not accept responsibility for any damage whatsoever
 that is
  caused by viruses being passed.  Any views or opinions
 presented are
  solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent
 those of the
  Barclays Group.  Replies to this email may be monitored by
 the Barclays
  Group for operational or business reasons.
 
 
 
 
 




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RE: Studying for the written CCIE [7:66450]

2003-03-29 Thread richard dumoulin
Try this http://home.attbi.com/~blaga/Written.htm


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ASET [7:66460]

2003-03-29 Thread richard dumoulin
Does anyone know if there is a way to obtain the ASET labs apart from being
a Cisco partner ?

Thx.


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RE: CCIE Practice Labs - Redustribution Strategies [7:66306]

2003-03-27 Thread richard dumoulin
Chuck,

 Is there any way to get those ASET labs without being a Cisco partner ? 
Maybe a book containing them ?

Thx.


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MADRID [7:66355]

2003-03-27 Thread richard dumoulin
Just seeking a lab partner in Madrid (Spain). Any ?


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RE: More ISDN Practice Labs - You gotta see this one [7:66056]

2003-03-24 Thread richard dumoulin
Chuck,

  Where did you get this solution lab from ?

Regards.


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RE: OSPF Topology Question - Parkhurst's Book [7:65532]

2003-03-16 Thread richard dumoulin
Hey Chuck,

 Which book is this one ?

Cheers.


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Workbook homelab ? [7:65161]

2003-03-12 Thread richard dumoulin
I was wondering whether the people who passed the lab and used the well
known prep lab workbooks did adapt their own home lab to do the exercises or
bought all the necessary routers/switches to set up the 13 router lab or
just purchased remote rack.
I myself possess 6 routers but they are only sufficient to do the Solie's
labs, not more.
Thanks for any comment on this.


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RE: Workbook homelab ? [7:65161]

2003-03-12 Thread richard dumoulin
Wow, I would be proud to own such a lab !!


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RE: Cisco exam Centers (Spain, Madrid) [7:58898]

2002-12-11 Thread richard dumoulin
Hi, 

I found that Microforum is the cheapest of all, and you can choose any
working day of the week to do the test !!!


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Re: Ccie is a rip off! [7:58458]

2002-12-06 Thread richard dumoulin
Silju Pillai wrote:
 
 The book was released as per the old test. So there is no point
 in blaming the book. Atleast give some credit to the author for
 releasing the book. He might have spend nights writing the
 chapters.Its a good book to start with.  Also you cannot expect
 the whole topic to cover in one single book. Its true that new
 CCIE written goes in depth. But its better than the old
 written. Read Doyle 1 and 2, CCIE Lan switching, Internet
 routing Architecture, CCIE book by Caslow and www.cisco.com.
 
 regards

Instead I would say, just read CCO. I believe the questions are taken
straight from Cisco web !!!
Then read Bruno's book to assimilate everything.

Regards.




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Re: CCIE requirement: full time networking? [7:57936]

2002-11-26 Thread richard dumoulin
The Long and Winding Road wrote:
 
 Symon Thurlow  wrote in message
 [EMAIL PROTECTED]">news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
  Hi guys,
 
  Looking for some feedback as to how difficult it would be to
 pass the
  CCIE lab if networking was not your primary role.
 
 probably slightly more difficult than if networking were your
 primary role.
 seriously. just because you are a full time net engineer
 doesn't mean that
 in your daily work you cover the depth and breadth of CCIE Lab
 topics on a
 regular basis. production networks, one would hope, are stable
 entities. one
 it is up and working, you monitor, maintain, and troubleshoot.
 
 I believe anyone who has been through the CCIE Lab will agree -
 it is
 unlikely you will ever find a production network quite like the
 Lab. ;-)
 
 
 
  For instance, I am a bit of an IT generalist, networking
 probably takes
  up 30% of my time. I don't feel confident that only working
 this much
  with Cisco devices would enable me to retain enough knowledge
 to pass
  the lab.
 
 
 that's why NLI came into being. That's why FatKid and IPExpert
 and Hello
 Computers are around. You need decent theoretical background,
 but mostly you
 need hands on practice with a number of complex scenarios so
 you can get
 used to configuring difficult requirements under sever time
 pressure.
 
 
 
  I know that it is possible to cram for months and then
 possibly pass,
  but it is sort of pointless if you forget it a couple months
 later
  (IMHO).
 
 
 that's why you decide to put in 15-30 hours a week study time.
 Reading.
 Labs, etc. That;s why you have a study plan. That;s why you
 identify the
 core topics and devote some time every week to covering them.

Chuck, the methodology you propose sounds interesting but I am not sure I
understand identify the core topics. Could you explain that and put me on
the right way ? Give some examples ?
Do you mean BGP, FRelay etc ... How can anyone identify the core topics
without having been exposed to the exam ?

Regards.


 
 
 
  Thoughts?
 
 
 nope - actions. :-)
 
 
 
 
  Symon
 
 




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Re: CCIE requirement: full time networking? [7:57936]

2002-11-25 Thread richard dumoulin
The Long and Winding Road wrote:
 
 richard dumoulin  wrote in message
 [EMAIL PROTECTED]">news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
  Hal Logan wrote:
  
   Not to discourage you or anything, but if a candidate crams
 for
   months and
   then immediately forgets everything after the lab, that's an
   indication the
   he or she got by using primarily short-term memory. I
   personally don't think
   it's possible to get through the lab unless you make
 extensive
   use of your
   long term memory.
 
  Here I have to disagree. In my opinion you don't need memory
 at all but
  understanding. If you understand networking at a high level,
 then
  everythings come without effort, the commands etc ...
 
  my 2 cents.
 
 CL: Respectfully, I disagree with you to an extent. Perhaps
 it's just a
 matter of interpretation on my part. But having been there
 twice my belief
 based on those experiences is that you have to know the
 configurations. It
 really is a bit of lengthy memorization, IMHO.
 
 CL: take my OSPF interfaces. please!  ( OK, sorry ) but
 understanding
 isn't really enough. You have to be moving your fingers as you
 read the Lab
 requirement. when the frame relay requirement for router 1 is
 one
 subinterface connects to routers 2 and 3, and another connects
 to router 4
 you have to know all the implications and be typing them
 without
 thinking. OK. Maybe we disagree on the meaning of
 understanding
 Or maybe I've configured so many examples that my memory is in
 my fingers.
 
 CL: the other day, someone asked whether or not BGP would run
 over an ip
 unnumbered link. I understood the answer to be yes. I knew
 the answer to
 be yes. For the QD lab I created to prove the point, though, I
 just banged
 out the configs, including the neighbor rebgp multihop command
 and the
 static route command required on each router. understanding
 or just the
 fact that I've done enough of these things that is is second
 nature now?
 
 CL: that's why I suggested that the keys for success are 1) the
 identification of the core topics, 2) the study plan, which
 includes
 covering and reviewing all of these core topics at least once
 every two
 weeks, and 3) practicing speed of execution.
 
 CL: note that I am not saying you are wrong. There are many
 ways to prepare.
 It's just that I believe the key is in the fingers, not in the
 intellect.


But here you are disagreeing and at the same time saying I am right. Cut
your head from your shoulders, and let's see how your fingers work !! Just
kidding.


 
 
 
 
 
 
   - Original Message -
   From: not enough time to study
   To:
   Sent: Saturday, November 23, 2002 12:31 PM
   Subject: Re: CCIE requirement: full time networking?
 [7:57936]
  
  
IMHO--the fact is that even if your job is 100% networking
   there are very
few jobs where you will actually use the scope of what you
   might see on
   the
lab test.  i
   
no matter what, be prepared to spend many hours preparing.
   
   
Symon Thurlow  wrote in message
[EMAIL PROTECTED]">news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
 Hi guys,

 Looking for some feedback as to how difficult it would
 be
   to pass the
 CCIE lab if networking was not your primary role.

 For instance, I am a bit of an IT generalist, networking
   probably takes
 up 30% of my time. I don't feel confident that only
 working
   this much
 with Cisco devices would enable me to retain enough
   knowledge to pass
 the lab.

 I know that it is possible to cram for months and then
   possibly pass,
 but it is sort of pointless if you forget it a couple
   months later
 (IMHO).

 Thoughts?

 Symon
 
 




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Re: CCIE requirement: full time networking? [7:57936]

2002-11-23 Thread richard dumoulin
Hal Logan wrote:
 
 Not to discourage you or anything, but if a candidate crams for
 months and
 then immediately forgets everything after the lab, that's an
 indication the
 he or she got by using primarily short-term memory. I
 personally don't think
 it's possible to get through the lab unless you make extensive
 use of your
 long term memory.

Here I have to disagree. In my opinion you don't need memory at all but
understanding. If you understand networking at a high level, then
everythings come without effort, the commands etc ...

my 2 cents.

 - Original Message -
 From: not enough time to study 
 To: 
 Sent: Saturday, November 23, 2002 12:31 PM
 Subject: Re: CCIE requirement: full time networking? [7:57936]
 
 
  IMHO--the fact is that even if your job is 100% networking
 there are very
  few jobs where you will actually use the scope of what you
 might see on
 the
  lab test.  i
 
  no matter what, be prepared to spend many hours preparing.
 
 
  Symon Thurlow  wrote in message
  [EMAIL PROTECTED]">news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
   Hi guys,
  
   Looking for some feedback as to how difficult it would be
 to pass the
   CCIE lab if networking was not your primary role.
  
   For instance, I am a bit of an IT generalist, networking
 probably takes
   up 30% of my time. I don't feel confident that only working
 this much
   with Cisco devices would enable me to retain enough
 knowledge to pass
   the lab.
  
   I know that it is possible to cram for months and then
 possibly pass,
   but it is sort of pointless if you forget it a couple
 months later
   (IMHO).
  
   Thoughts?
  
   Symon
 
 




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RE: books for ccie written [7:56604]

2002-11-03 Thread richard dumoulin
Hemant,

 I would go for the CCNP as it is a good way to prepare for the CCIE, and by
the way you would gain the cert, it does not hurt,

Regards.

note: Another very good book is Network Design Solutions, it is on the CD.


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RE: QOS certzone guide question [7:52681]

2002-09-05 Thread richard dumoulin

Oh thx for that great explanation !!!


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QOS certzone guide question [7:52681]

2002-09-04 Thread richard dumoulin

Hi all,

In the certificationzone QOS guide, Howard mentions several times the words
FIB and RIB. Can anyone explain the difference ?

Thx.


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RE: QOS certzone guide question [7:52681]

2002-09-04 Thread richard dumoulin

Thx but I already knew that. I am just having difficulties in understanding
their functions. What are they for ?


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RE: Does cisco IOS support Frame Relay over ISDN... [7:51641]

2002-08-25 Thread richard dumoulin

Yes it supports it. I have seen it over 1 b channel. It also works over adsl.

Regards.


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RE: Modem Speeds for callback [7:51472]

2002-08-17 Thread richard dumoulin

I have seen 50,6 Kbps here in Spain.

Once I tried the callback stuff between a laptop with modem and a 1601 with
a serially attached modem. The router did the callback, and the laptop modem
answered but I did not succeed in having windows 2000 recognised a ppp
callback. It is just that I do not know anything about windows stuff.
I just gave up when arrived at this point :((  maybe someone know this ?

Regards.


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Re: Multicast DR and IGMP querier [7:51458]

2002-08-16 Thread richard dumoulin

Raj Santiago wrote:
 
 Hi Richard,
 
 
 Okay your question is basically what is a IGMP querier and
 Multicast Designated Router
 
 
 Igmp querier is the router in charge to see if any hosts want
 to listen to a multicast stream.
 
 Designated Router is the router is charge to facilitate pim
 join, prune  and register messages(This also depends on the
 mode of pim your running, im being very abstract here);
 Basically the multicast routing part.

But it seems to me that the DR will also query the hosts!!
 
 
 Under IGMP version 1, the router with the highest ip address
 was BOTH the IGMP querier and Designated Router.
 
 Under IGMP version 2, the router with highest ip address is the
 DR and the router with the lowest ip address is the IGMP querier.

If I am right, both the DR and the querier will query the hosts ??


Cheers.




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Re: Multicast DR and IGMP querier [7:51458]

2002-08-16 Thread richard dumoulin

RFC's are great, but have to look also at how Cisco IOS implements the rfc.
PIM DR's use IGMP to query the hosts too !!

Regards.
- Original Message -
From: Kent Yu 
To: richard dumoulin ; 
Sent: Friday, August 16, 2002 4:20 PM
Subject: Re: Multicast DR and IGMP querier [7:51458]


 Richard,

 As we mentioned yesterday, only routers speak PIM, I am not sure where you
 got the impression that PIM DRs query the hosts, routers only use IGMP to
 query the hosts.

 I think as many have suggested, nothing is better than reading the specs,
in
 this case, RFC 2117 should explain this pretty well.

 HTH
 Kent

 - Original Message -
 From: richard dumoulin 
 To: 
 Sent: Friday, August 16, 2002 3:47 AM
 Subject: Re: Multicast DR and IGMP querier [7:51458]


  Raj Santiago wrote:
  
   Hi Richard,
  
  
   Okay your question is basically what is a IGMP querier and
   Multicast Designated Router
  
  
   Igmp querier is the router in charge to see if any hosts want
   to listen to a multicast stream.
  
   Designated Router is the router is charge to facilitate pim
   join, prune  and register messages(This also depends on the
   mode of pim your running, im being very abstract here);
   Basically the multicast routing part.
 
  But it seems to me that the DR will also query the hosts!!
  
  
   Under IGMP version 1, the router with the highest ip address
   was BOTH the IGMP querier and Designated Router.
  
   Under IGMP version 2, the router with highest ip address is the
   DR and the router with the lowest ip address is the IGMP querier.
 
  If I am right, both the DR and the querier will query the hosts ??
 
 
  Cheers.




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Re: Multicast DR and IGMP querier [7:51458]

2002-08-16 Thread richard dumoulin

Here it is !!   That was my confusion, because it seems that this capability
was added in order to query IGMP version 1 hosts. With IGMP version 2 it
seems you do not need it. But what happen then if you have both IGMP v2 and
PIM DR's ?? Do they both query the hosts ?

Any Multicast expert right there ?

Regards.
- Original Message -
From: Kent Yu 
To: richard dumoulin ; 
Sent: Friday, August 16, 2002 4:42 PM
Subject: Re: Multicast DR and IGMP querier [7:51458]


 Do you mean that in IOS if a router is running PIM and is  a DR, it will
 query even if it sees IGMP query messages from another router with lower
ip
 address?

 Kent

 - Original Message -
 From: richard dumoulin 
 To: Kent Yu ; 
 Sent: Friday, August 16, 2002 10:34 AM
 Subject: Re: Multicast DR and IGMP querier [7:51458]


  RFC's are great, but have to look also at how Cisco IOS implements the
 rfc.
  PIM DR's use IGMP to query the hosts too !!
 
  Regards.
  - Original Message -
  From: Kent Yu 
  To: richard dumoulin ; 
  Sent: Friday, August 16, 2002 4:20 PM
  Subject: Re: Multicast DR and IGMP querier [7:51458]
 
 
   Richard,
  
   As we mentioned yesterday, only routers speak PIM, I am not sure where
 you
   got the impression that PIM DRs query the hosts, routers only use IGMP
 to
   query the hosts.
  
   I think as many have suggested, nothing is better than reading the
 specs,
  in
   this case, RFC 2117 should explain this pretty well.
  
   HTH
   Kent
  
   - Original Message -
   From: richard dumoulin 
   To: 
   Sent: Friday, August 16, 2002 3:47 AM
   Subject: Re: Multicast DR and IGMP querier [7:51458]
  
  
Raj Santiago wrote:

 Hi Richard,


 Okay your question is basically what is a IGMP querier and
 Multicast Designated Router


 Igmp querier is the router in charge to see if any hosts want
 to listen to a multicast stream.

 Designated Router is the router is charge to facilitate pim
 join, prune  and register messages(This also depends on the
 mode of pim your running, im being very abstract here);
 Basically the multicast routing part.
   
But it seems to me that the DR will also query the hosts!!


 Under IGMP version 1, the router with the highest ip address
 was BOTH the IGMP querier and Designated Router.

 Under IGMP version 2, the router with highest ip address is the
 DR and the router with the lowest ip address is the IGMP querier.
   
If I am right, both the DR and the querier will query the hosts ??
   
   
Cheers.
[EMAIL PROTECTED]




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Multicast DR and IGMP querier [7:51458]

2002-08-15 Thread richard dumoulin

Dear all,

 I am still struggling in understanding the differences and needs and
meanings of Multicast designated routers and IGMP queriers.
Can anyone help ?

Regards.


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RE: Multicast DR and IGMP querier [7:51458]

2002-08-15 Thread richard dumoulin

I already read this in your awsome certification study guide (congrats, it
was very helpful). But I was not asking for this.
I am actually confused by two terms: IGMP querier and Multicast Designated
Router.
 I have read somewhere that an IGMP querier is elected in a multiaccess
network (ie ethernet) to query the hosts for their multicast group
membership. The router with the lowest IP address is elected as the querier.

 But it is also said that a Designated Router is elected (the one with the
higher IP address) to query the hosts for their multicast group membership,
and in case of PIM Sparse mode, it also sends the join and leave multicast
group membership to the RP.

My confusion comes from the fact that there will be two routers querying the
hosts ??

Regards.


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Re: Off Topic - IP protocol scans [7:49358]

2002-07-23 Thread richard dumoulin

Chuck wrote:
 
 never mind - I've done a bit of testing, and it appears that
 the IP number
 that is incrementing is a count of distinct events. I.e. if I
 do a test
 ping, let it sit a while, and do another test ping, I see the
 number
 increment.
 
 I gotta get out more.

LOL, Chuck. Good to know anyway.
 
 
 
 Chuck  wrote in message
 [EMAIL PROTECTED]">news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
  I have a piece of equipment connected to the public internet
 for something
  I'm doing with a friend. It is protected by an access-list
 restricting the
  source address and the particular application.
 
  However, in monitoring the device, I am seeing what appear to
 be not only
  TCP port scans, but IP protocol scans. I.e. a series of
 inquiries using
  different successive IP protocol numbers.
 
  17:43:26: datagramsize=48, IP 87: s=x.x.x.x (local),
 d=12.246.161.19, totl
  17:43:26: datagramsize=48, IP 87: s=x.x.x.x (local),
 d=12.246.161.19 (Fast
  17:43:26: datagramsize=70, IP 87: s=x.x.x.x (local),
 d=12.246.161.19 (Fast
  17:43:32: datagramsize=48, IP 88: s=x.x.x.x (local),
 d=12.246.161.19,
 totlen
  56,
  17:56:30: datagramsize=48, IP 90: s=x.x.x.x (local),
 d=61.37.239.23, totle
  17:56:36: datagramsize=48, IP 91: s=x.x.x.x (local),
 d=61.37.239.23, totle
  ( this output is showing the reply my device is sending to
 the IP's in
  question. )
 
  at least, I am assuming that the IP XX = the IP protocol
 number, as
 reported
  by the debug.
 
  Just wondering if one of you security gurus might shed some
 light here,
  seeing as how out of touch I seem to be. This one of the
 standard hacking
  procedures? Been around a while? new because so many entities
 are now
 doing
  a lot more to crack down on TCP port scanning?
 
  I checked the various registries. The behavior is coming from
 several
  places, some Thailand, some Korea, some from customers of
 ATT.net
 
  Just looking to increase my awareness.
 
  thanks.
 
  Chuck
 
 




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Re: Priscilla Oppenheimer [7:49347]

2002-07-23 Thread richard dumoulin

Chuck wrote:
 
 hhm learn something new every day. thanks.
 
 that still gets back to how ip unnumbered really works, as
 opposed to how
 most of us think it works. RFC 1812 specifically talks about
 using the RID
 as the interface address:
 
 this memo has adopted an alternate  scheme, which has been
 invented
 multiple times but which is probably   originally attributable
 to Phil Karn.
 In this scheme, a router that  has unnumbered point to point
 lines also has
 a special IP address, called a router-id in this memo.  The
 router-id is one
 of the router's IP addresses (a router is required to have at
 least one IP
 address).  This router-id is used as if it is the IP address of
 all
 unnumbered interfaces.
 
 whaddaya know - I did recall correctly :-
 
 so it would appear that in the Cisco implementation, at least,
 for
 unnumbered interfaces, the reference interface ip also becomes
 the RID for
 purposes of unnumbered?
 
 So what does this discovery do to the proposition that one
 should use a
 loopback as the reference for unnumbered interfaces because
 loopbacks are
 never down???

Good point Chuck.

Peter, I did not know the meaning of quote, hehe.
 
 interesting discussion. learned something new.
 
 Chuck
 
 
 
 
 richard dumoulin  wrote in message
 [EMAIL PROTECTED]">news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]...
  No prob, see below.
 
 
 
  RB#sh run
  Building configuration...
 
  Current configuration:
  !
  version 11.2
  no service password-encryption
  no service udp-small-servers
  no service tcp-small-servers
  !
  hostname RB
  !
  enable password cisco
  !
  no ip domain-lookup
  !
  interface Ethernet0
   ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
  !
  interface Serial0
   ip unnumbered Ethernet0
  !
  interface Serial1
   no ip address
   shutdown
  !
  interface Serial2
   no ip address
   shutdown
  !
  interface Serial3
   no ip address
   shutdown
  !
  interface Serial4
   no ip address
   shutdown
  !
  interface Serial5
   no ip address
   shutdown
  !
  interface Serial6
   no ip address
   shutdown
  !
  interface Serial7
   no ip address
   shutdown
  !
  interface Serial8
   no ip address
   shutdown
  !
  interface Serial9
   no ip address
   shutdown
  !
  interface BRI0
   no ip address
   shutdown
  !
  no ip classless
  ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Serial0
  !
  line con 0
  line aux 0
  line vty 0 4
   password cisco
   login
  !
  end
 
  RB#172.16.1.1
  Trying 172.16.1.1 ... Open
 
 
  User Access Verification
 
  Password:
  RAen
  Password:
  RA#sh run
  Building configuration...
 
  Current configuration : 801 bytes
  !
  version 12.2
  service timestamps debug uptime
  service timestamps log uptime
  no service password-encryption
  !
  hostname RA
  !
  enable password cisco
  !
  memory-size iomem 10
  ip subnet-zero
  !
  !
  no ip domain-lookup
  !
  ip ssh time-out 120
  ip ssh authentication-retries 3
  !
  call rsvp-sync
  !
  !
  !
  !
  !
  !
  !
  !
  interface Ethernet0/0
   ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
   no keepalive
   half-duplex
  !
  interface Serial0/0
   no ip address
   shutdown
  !
  interface Serial0/1
   no ip address
   shutdown
  !
  interface Serial0/2
   ip unnumbered Ethernet0/0
   clockrate 200
  !
  interface Serial0/3
   no ip address
   shutdown
  !
  ip classless
  ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Serial0/2
  no ip http server
  !
  !
  !
  dial-peer cor custom
  !
  !
  !
  !
  !
  line con 0
  line aux 0
  line vty 0 4
   password cisco
   login
  line vty 5 15
   login
  !
  no scheduler allocate
  end
 
  RA#
  RB#
  [Resuming connection 1 to 172.16.1.1 ... ]
 
  RA#
  RA#
  RB#172.16.1.1
  Trying 172.16.1.1 ... Open
 
 
  User Access Verification
 
  Password:
  RAen
  Password:
  RA#ping 192.168.1.1
 
  Type escape sequence to abort.
  Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2
 seconds:
  !
  Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max =
 4/4/8 ms
  RA#
  RB#term mon
  % Console already monitors
  RB#
  %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0,
 changed state
 to
  down
  [Resuming connection 2 to 172.16.1.1 ... ]
 
  RA#ping 192.168.1.1
 
  Type escape sequence to abort.
  Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2
 seconds:
  !
  Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max =
 4/4/8 ms
  RA#ping 192.168.1.1
 
  Type escape sequence to abort.
  Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2
 seconds:
  !
  Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max =
 4/5/8 ms
  RA#
  RB#conf t
  Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
  RB(config)#int e0
  RB(config-if)#shut
  RB(config-if)#
  %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to
 administratively
  down^Z
  RB#d
  %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by consoleeb ip pa
 det
  IP packet debugging is on (detailed)
  RB#
  [Resuming connection 2 to 172.16.1.1 ... ]
 
  RA#
  IP: s=192.168.1.1 (local), d=172.16.1.1 (Serial0), len 40,

Re: Priscilla Oppenheimer [7:49347]

2002-07-22 Thread richard dumoulin

Peter ,

The book says clearly that the interface is pingable. Even more, I have
tried it and it really works. I just took two routers connected by
back_to_back serial cables with IP unnumbered configured on both. When I
unplugg the Lan interface of one them, this router is still reachable by the
IP address.

Regards.


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Re: Priscilla Oppenheimer [7:49347]

2002-07-22 Thread richard dumoulin

I have even put the ethernet into shutdown !!


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Re: Priscilla Oppenheimer [7:49347]

2002-07-22 Thread richard dumoulin

No prob, see below.



RB#sh run
Building configuration...

Current configuration:
!
version 11.2
no service password-encryption
no service udp-small-servers
no service tcp-small-servers
!
hostname RB
!
enable password cisco
!
no ip domain-lookup
!
interface Ethernet0
 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0
 ip unnumbered Ethernet0
!
interface Serial1
 no ip address
 shutdown
! 
interface Serial2
 no ip address
 shutdown
!
interface Serial3
 no ip address
 shutdown
!
interface Serial4
 no ip address
 shutdown
!
interface Serial5
 no ip address
 shutdown
!
interface Serial6
 no ip address
 shutdown
!
interface Serial7
 no ip address
 shutdown 
!
interface Serial8
 no ip address
 shutdown
!
interface Serial9
 no ip address
 shutdown
!
interface BRI0
 no ip address
 shutdown
!
no ip classless
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Serial0
!
line con 0
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
 password cisco
 login
!
end   

RB#172.16.1.1
Trying 172.16.1.1 ... Open


User Access Verification

Password: 
RAen
Password: 
RA#sh run
Building configuration...

Current configuration : 801 bytes
!
version 12.2
service timestamps debug uptime
service timestamps log uptime
no service password-encryption
!
hostname RA
!
enable password cisco
!
memory-size iomem 10
ip subnet-zero
!
!
no ip domain-lookup
!
ip ssh time-out 120
ip ssh authentication-retries 3
!
call rsvp-sync
!
! 
!
!
!
!
!
!
interface Ethernet0/0
 ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
 no keepalive
 half-duplex
!
interface Serial0/0
 no ip address
 shutdown
!
interface Serial0/1
 no ip address
 shutdown
!
interface Serial0/2
 ip unnumbered Ethernet0/0
 clockrate 200
! 
interface Serial0/3
 no ip address
 shutdown
!
ip classless
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Serial0/2
no ip http server
!
!
!
dial-peer cor custom
!
!
!
!
!
line con 0
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
 password cisco
 login
line vty 5 15
 login
!
no scheduler allocate
end

RA#
RB#
[Resuming connection 1 to 172.16.1.1 ... ]

RA#
RA#
RB#172.16.1.1 
Trying 172.16.1.1 ... Open


User Access Verification

Password: 
RAen
Password: 
RA#ping 192.168.1.1

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 4/4/8 ms
RA#
RB#term mon
% Console already monitors
RB#
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0, changed state to
down
[Resuming connection 2 to 172.16.1.1 ... ]

RA#ping 192.168.1.1

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 4/4/8 ms
RA#ping 192.168.1.1

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 4/5/8 ms
RA#
RB#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
RB(config)#int e0
RB(config-if)#shut
RB(config-if)#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Ethernet0, changed state to administratively
down^Z
RB#d
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by consoleeb ip pa det
IP packet debugging is on (detailed)
RB#
[Resuming connection 2 to 172.16.1.1 ... ]

RA#
IP: s=192.168.1.1 (local), d=172.16.1.1 (Serial0), len 40, sending
TCP src=11001, dst=23, seq=3044171494, ack=4024004928, win=4288 ACK
IP: s=192.168.1.1 (local), d=172.16.1.1 (Serial0), len 42, sending
TCP src=11001, dst=23, seq=3044171494, ack=4024004928, win=4288 ACK PSH
IP: s=172.16.1.1 (Serial0), d=192.168.1.1 (Serial0), len 42, rcvd 3
TCP src=23, dst=11001, seq=4024004928, ack=3044171496, win=4058 ACK PSH
IP: s=172.16.1.1 (Serial0), d=192.168.1.1 (Serial0), len 43, rcvd 3
TCP src=23, dst=11001, seq=4024004930, ack=3044171496, win=4058 ACK PSH
IP: s=192.168.1.1 (local), d=172.16.1.1 (Serial0), len 40, sending
TCP src=11001, dst=23, seq=3044171496, ack=4024004933, win=4283 ACKping
192.168.1.1

Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!
IP: s=192.168.1.1 (local), d=172.16.1.1 (Serial0), len 41, sending
TCP src=11001, dst=23, seq=3044171496, ack=4024004933, win=4283 ACK PSH
IP: s=172.16.1.1 (Serial0), d=192.168.1.1 (Serial0), len 56, rcvd 3
TCP src=23, dst=11001, seq=4024004933, ack=3044171497, win=4057 ACK PSH
IP: s=192.168.1.1 (local), d=172.16.1.1 (Serial0), len 40, sending
TCP src=11001, dst=23, seq=3044171497, ack=4024004949, win=4267 ACK
IP: s=192.168.1.1 (local), d=172.16.1.1 (Serial0), len 42, sending
TCP s!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 12/16/20 ms
RA#rc=11001, dst=23, seq=3044171497, ack=4024004949, win=4267 ACK PSH
IP: s=172.16.1.1 (Serial0), d=192.168.1.1 (Serial0), len 42, rcvd 3
TCP src=23, dst=11001, seq=4024004949, ack=3044171499, win=4055 ACK PSH
IP: s=172.16.1.1 (Serial0), d=192.168.1.1 (Serial0), len 142, rcvd 3
TCP src=23, dst=11001, seq=4024004951, ack=3044171499, win=4055 ACK PSH
IP: s=172.16.1.1 

Re: Priscilla Oppenheimer [7:49347]

2002-07-22 Thread richard dumoulin

As you see, the serial are configured with IP unnumbered, but when deb IP
packet is on, It is as if the IP address belongs to the serial interface.

Regards.


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ip unnumbered [7:48894]

2002-07-16 Thread richard dumoulin

Hey guys,
I have to connect a Cisco router to the internet (Worldcom) and I was told
the following If your router is a CISCO model, then there is no
need to assign actual IP addresses to the WAN serial
interfaces since CISCO's un-numbered technology can
be employed. Does this mean that I can configure IP unnumbered ethernet0 or
loopback0 (with one of them having a routable IP address) and so I must
configure ppp encap on the serial ??

I am a bit confused, thx for your help !! 


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RE: Unable to access MS Outlook using IPSec Lan-to [7:48495]

2002-07-10 Thread richard dumoulin

Supernet might be right. It is a common problem of all sort of VPN's.


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Re: Certificationzone [7:48390]

2002-07-10 Thread richard dumoulin

Thanks for all your replies. I'm a suscribed member, I missed two weekly
e-mails and was starting to get afraid as I love Certificationzone. The fact
is that finally yersteday I received the mail. So I am reassured.

ZONE's first Distance Learning Bootcamp ?That interests me. I have also
read about some new labs added in the near future with HelloComputer.
Surely, this way I will have to renew my suscription for two years more 
:)


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Re: Certificationzone [7:48390] (resend 2) [7:48443]

2002-07-10 Thread richard dumoulin

I am suscribed and was afraid of loosing Certificationzone coz I love it.
But finally I received the weekly e-mail yersteday.

Distance bootcamp ??  That interests me. Surely, this way Certificationzone
obliges me to renew the suscription for 2 years at least.
Anyway, thx to all ur replies.

Regards.

note: it's the fifth time I try to post something here without success.


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Certificationzone [7:48390]

2002-07-09 Thread richard dumoulin

Anyone knows what happens with them ? They no longer send their weekly
e-mails nor do they reply to e-mails sent to them. Also their forum is closed.


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RE: confusion on ppp auth chap callin/ppp auth pap [7:48325]

2002-07-09 Thread richard dumoulin

With the callin option, only the one who is calling needs to authenticate
himsel.
Without it, you have to configure chap usernames and password at both ends.


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RE: confusion on ppp auth chap callin/ppp auth pap [7:48325]

2002-07-09 Thread richard dumoulin

When you are using the callin option, only the one who calls needs to
authenticate himsefl.
You know, when you do not conigure this option, you have to configure chap
username and password for both ends.

Regards.


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RE: Mail Relay [7:45144]

2002-05-29 Thread richard dumoulin

Ok guys, thx to all for ur help. I think I got the picture.

Regards.


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RE: Mail Relay [7:45144]

2002-05-28 Thread richard dumoulin

Nobody knows ??


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Mail Relay [7:45144]

2002-05-27 Thread richard dumoulin

Can anyone tell me what is a mail relay for ??

I know it is not a Cisco issue, but for me it is related to the fact that I
am only studying cisco stuff and therefore do not know anything about those
kind of Microsoft things.

Regards.


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RE: Native Vlan [7:45146]

2002-05-27 Thread richard dumoulin

The only thing I know from the switching exam, is that it is the vlan number
the trunk uses in case the trunk feature fails.


Regards.


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RE: CCNP Study Guide [7:43932]

2002-05-11 Thread richard dumoulin

This book covers more than needed for the exam, so you should be well
prepared after reading it.

Regards.


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RE: ISDN dial problem [7:43071]

2002-05-03 Thread richard dumoulin

As you get the message waiting for acrrier timeout,I would act on the
following order:

- Check the cable (try 1 or 2 cables) between the Nt1 and the 1600 router

- If this does not work then I am 90 % sure that it is a Telco problem. Have
them check the ISDN switch (near the 1600) and the NT1.

note: there is a third possibility, and that is having the bri interface
broken. But I have never found one, and I have installed and configured a
lot of them.

Hope this helps.



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Re: MPLS [7:35366]

2002-02-14 Thread richard dumoulin

Kevin,

 Thanks for ur help. I am having a rest from the office and I believe my
coleague made it worked by creating an ebgp session between 2 loopback
addresses. Now my issue is how to make it work with a 128 Kbps isdn access
line. Cisco has still not solved the ppp multilink issue into an MPLS
backbone, but I am sure there should be a solution.

Regards.


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MPLS [7:35366]

2002-02-13 Thread richard dumoulin

Anyone knows how to load share the traffic between 2 CE-PE links ?
I have noticed that the traffic going from the PE toward the CE is not
balanced .

Regards.


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Re: 3com router configuration [7:17491]

2001-08-28 Thread richard dumoulin

As far as I remember (I configured 2 3com routers 2 years ago), the 3com
router has a menu driven console (much the same as the catalyst 1900).So the
only thing you have to do is to connect to the console port and select the
number of the option you want to configure, then you type the parameter
needed etc ...
If you can configure a Cisco router, 3com will be very easy.

Regards.



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RE: CCNP Routing Exam [7:16913]

2001-08-22 Thread richard dumoulin

I believe it is 699 out of 1000 with 62 questions.

 Following the formula 300+700(x/62)=699,it means that you need
[(699-300)/700]*62=35.34 questions out of 62 to pass the exam.
Conclusion, you need 57 % to pass.
Regards.




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Re: router boots into rommon mode... [7:16890]

2001-08-22 Thread richard dumoulin

I think you should change the config-register to a value like 0x2102 or
something finishing with 2. If I remember well, the number 2 means that the
router should load the ios from flash.I believe you have set this value to
something like 0x2101 or 0x2100.

Regards.

note: I need to check this, as I am forgetting the CCNA stuff :)

note2: to change the register, you can try ? to see which rommon os
command will let you do it. In certain rommon the command is confreg 0x2102
and in others it is o/r 0x2102.Then you issue boot or i to boot the router.

Regards.


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RE: Input errors and aborts... [7:16873]

2001-08-22 Thread richard dumoulin

Hey, don't forget to tell us if it worked :(




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Re: Able to Traceroute but Unable to ping to IPs [7:16847]

2001-08-22 Thread richard dumoulin

I agree with Patrick. You may experience firewall or acl's restrictions.
As Howard says in one of his tutorials (Routing principles), it is possible
that you can Trace and not ping. Ping uses ICMP and Traceroute uses UDP
(Cisco uses incremental UDP ports starting from 33000). This means that you
have IP connectivity, but something is restricting your traffic.

Regards.


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Re: What type console cable for Cisco 1003? [7:16844]

2001-08-22 Thread richard dumoulin

To be sure your roll-over cable works, try another one.If it does not, try
with a straight through cable. Some Cisco routers work this way.
If you still experience problems, check your Hyperterminal config to be 9600
etc...
It is also possible that the speed has been setup at a lower or higher speed
in the concole port of the router (config-register value).

Also, if you have a BRI interface, maybe someone plugged the CAT 5 cable
coming from an NT1 into the console port, and in this case...


Regards.


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ip default-network [7:16507]

2001-08-19 Thread richard dumoulin

Would anybody be so kind to explain me how the hell is this command working?
The more I read about it the more I get confused.

Regards.


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Certificationzone OSPF paper [7:16510]

2001-08-19 Thread richard dumoulin

Hi guys,

I am not sure to have found a contradiction in the OSPF paper from
Certificationzone.

At first, Howard writes 

. The BDR hears updates being sent to the DR and starts a timer. If the
DR does not respond before the BDR timer expires, the BDR will send out the
update that the DR should have sent. Under these circumstances, however, the
BDR does not take over as DR.

But pages later he says 

OSPF updates are actually sent to a multicast address that includes
both the DR and BDR. When the BDR hears an update sent to the DR, it starts
a timer. If the DR does not respond before the BDR's timer expires, the BDR
will assume that the DR is dead and will promote itself to DR.


Do you understand my confusion ?

Cheers.


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