Pranam
The adaptability of cost ,profit, Mathematics are all placed in
one flow ,aspiring from one angle, based on certain individual definitions.
Maths
Upapatti and "Proof"
In the introduction to the section on spherics (Golādhyāya) of his treatise
Siddhāntaśiromaõi, Bhāskarācārya II explains the central purpose behind his
exposition of upapattis:
मद्यध्याम् धुसधाम् यदत्र गनिथम् छ योपपतिम्विन
प्रोउदेएम् प्रोउद सभसु नोउति गनको निस्सम्सयो निस्वयम्
गोले सा विमला करामलकवथ् प्रत्यसथो स्रुयते
समध्यम् युपपति बोध्यवितये गोलप्रबन्ध्योथ:
Without the knowledge of upapattis, by merely mastering the calculations
(gaõita) described here, from the madhyamādhikāra (the first chapter of
Siddhāntaśiromaõi) onwards, of the [motion of the] heavenly bodies, a
mathematician will not be respected in the scholarly assemblies; without
the upapattis he himself will not be free of doubt (niÜsa§śaya). Since
upapatti is clearly perceivable in the (armillary) sphere like a berry in
the hand, I therefore begin the Golādhyāya (section on spherics) to
explain the upapattis.
The same is echoed by the Gaõeśa Daivajña in his famous commentary
Buddhivilāsinī (c.1540) on Bhāskarācārya’s Līlāvatī:
Without upapatti, whatever is stated in vyakta-gaõita (mathematics
dealing with manifest quantities – arithmetic and geometry) or
avyakta-gaõita (mathematics dealing with un-manifest quantities –
algebra), will not be rendered free from confusion (nirbhrānta); nor will
it have any value in an assembly of mathematicians. Upapatti is indeed
directly and pleasantly perceivable like a mirror in hand. It is therefore,
as also for the elevation of the intellect, that I proceed to enunciate
upapattis in entirety. Thus, the notion of upapatti seems to be
significantly different from the notion of "proof" as understood in the
Greco-European tradition of mathematics. According to the Indian
mathematical texts, the purpose of upapatti is mainly: (i) to remove
confusion and doubts regarding the validity and interpretation of
mathematical results and procedures; and, (ii) to obtain assent in the
community of mathematicians. This is very different from the ideal of
"proof" in the Greco-European tradition which is to irrefutably establish
the absolute truth of a mathematical proposition. Further, in the Indian
tradition, mathematical knowledge is not taken to be different in any
fundamental sense from that in natural sciences. In fact, valid means for
acquiring and validating mathematical knowledge are the same as in other
sciences: Pratyakùa (perception), Anumāna (inference), Śabda or Agama
(authentic text or tradition).
However, there are no instances where Indian mathematicians use
the method of indirect proof to establish the existence of an entity, the
existence of which is not demonstrable (even in principle) by other
(direct) means of verification. In this sense, the Indian mathematical
tradition may be seen as adopting what is nowadays referred to as the
"constructivist" approach to the issue of mathematical existence. It is
important to note that this significant feature of Indian mathematical
tradition is closely related to the world-view of the Naiyāyikas or Indian
logicians, who do not accord tarka (or the method of indirect proof) the
status of an independent source of valid knowledge (pramāõa). Indeed the
general philosophical approach of Indian logicians is one of eliminating
from logical discourse all reference to such aprasiddha or un-instantiated
entities, whose existence is not even in principle accessible to direct
means of verification. In fact, the Naiyāyikas would even reconcile to live
with contradictions rather than allow the use of such aprasiddha entities
in their logical discourse. This is brought out very clearly by Matilal by
citing an important passage from Ātmatattvaviveka of Udayanācārya (c. 10th
century) which deals with an argument between the Bauddhas and Naiyāyika.
HENCE THERE IS NOTHING THAT CANNOT BE MEASURED BY THE MATHEMATICS AND
NUMBERS; THE COMPUTER LANGUAGE CODED IN TERMS OF THE MATHEMATICAL “0” AND
“1”, IS NOTHING BUT ORIGIN OF siva and shakthi as 1 and 0. Mathematics can
express all including the negative numbers. Brahmam is one and the negative
energy @ MAYA or PRAKRITHI OR SHAKTI is shunya.
2 Cost reduction is the achievement of real and permanent reduction in
unit cost of products manufactured. It therefore continuously attempts to
achieve genuine savings in cost of production, distribution, selling and
administration. It does not accept a standard or budget as impenetrable or
fixed, it rather challenges the standards or budgets continuously to make
improvements in them. “Cost reduction” is a continuous process of critical
cost examination, analysis and challenge of standards. In this each aspect
of businesses such as products, process, procedures, methods, organization,
personnel etc., are critically examined and reviewed with a view of
improving efficiency and effectiveness and reducing the costs. Cost
reduction begins where cost control ends. Cost control seeks to bring the
actuals in harmony with the predetermined targets. If this happens,
assuming no increase or decrease in costs, the profit margin becomes more
or less fixed at a particular level of sales. However, this is easier said
than done. In actual practice, prices may fluctuate. Alternatively, sales
may decline due to various reasons. In all these cases, the business must
aim at maximising profits at the same level of sales by reducing costs.
Cost reduction seeks to achieve a permanent reduction in cost, without
impairing the quality of the product. It is a planned way of improving the
efficiency of business operations.
1 Cost reduction is confined to genuine savings in costs of manufacture,
administration, distribution and selling. ( has the limitation subject to
many factors external, which would not keep at the byoyancy level, at the
same standard cost. ).
2 Reduction in cost to consumer as a result of reduction in taxation or
Government design or price agreements will not be covered by cost
reduction. These are not real and permanent reductions in cost due to
planned efforts. Cost reduction does not include windfall reduction or
fortuitous reduction.
3 . Cost reduction assumes that product or service will retain its
essential characteristics and quality. If reduction in cost results in
deterioration of quality, it will not be covered by the term Cost Reduction.
4 Cooperation and teamwork are essential features of any planned approach
to cost reduction. Direct saving of cost is the most tangible objective of
cost reduction, but it profoundly influences the wide sphere of business as
a whole.
HENCE THERE CAN NEVER BE AN UTOPIAN COST REDUCTION AND REDUCING THE PROFIT
, ACCOMADATE EACH INDIVIDUAL.
Therefore an utopian theory of conjecture is at the far away
plane, unnoticeable. Maths would explain all scientifically; when I say
scientifically , it means , the negative numbers cannot have the square
root and one shall not demand the theory of the impossibility. KR IRS 16522
On Mon, 16 May 2022 at 06:43, Yeddanapudi Markandeyulu <
yeddanapu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> *The Ruin of the Profit Mania*
>
> Cost and Income are the two sides of a coin. When you pay for expenditure,
> to the payee it is income. If costs are reduced, incomes also get reduced.
> If every firm becomes the optimum firm, which means that it achieved the
> lowest cost for a unit of output, there will be no income at all in the
> economy and it will be the ultimate ruin called the great depression. If
> every firm makes profit, all together dive into the abyss.
>
> A loss making unit is one which is giving more to the society than what it
> is taking from the society. In fact the profit making firms are existing
> because; they are maintained by the loss sustaining units. A profit making
> unit gives less than what it takes and the loss making unit, gives more
> than what it takes from the society.
>
> This vital service, which keeps economies safe or save the economy from
> death, is being performed by the Public Sector Undertakings in India. If
> all public sector undertakings are to be gifted to the private merchants,
> and if they begin cutting costs or reduce the income generation in the
> society, there will be the ultimate economic depression, the big ruin.
>
> An economy of 140 crore people needs the vital avenue where loss
> generation or the income generation in the society, is maintained. Loss
> simply means incomes given without the equal return.
>
> There is a very big minus side to the cost reduction, ruin of nature. A
> profit making unit, poisons the land, water, air, and kills the flora and
> fauna, or simply shifts to the society and nature the costs which it has to
> pay. When nature is murdered so systematically and completely, we also die
> gradually. All profit making units together ultimately murder nature.
>
> The Basmasuras of today, sport big academic qualifications surround
> themselves with intellectual statements emitting sycophants, posing as the
> great Dons, leaving no scope for simple sanity. The Dons obfuscate with
> very complicated but really irrelevant mathematics, but they look technical
> and superior.
>
> There is one undeniable fact. You can explain everything with sentences
> but you cannot represent everything with mathematics. Mathematics always
> leaves with incomplete explanations. No single emotion or feeling can be
> quantified.
>
> YM
>
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