Jones: Interesting comment on Luttinger Liquid.
Note that the Wikipedia entry for Luttinger Liquid *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luttinger_liquid <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luttinger_liquid>* shows the current "known" states of matter as: States of matter <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter> Solid <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid>* ·*Liquid <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid>* ·*Gas <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas>* ·*Plasma <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_%28physics%29>* ·*Bose–Einstein condensate <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate> * ·*Bose gas <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose_gas>* ·*Fermionic condensate <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermionic_condensate>* ·*Fermi gas <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_gas>* ·*Fermi liquid <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_liquid>* ·*Supersolid <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersolid>* ·*Superfluidity <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidity>* ·**Luttinger liquid* Among the hallmark features of a Luttinger liquid are the following: - The response of the charge <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_density> (or particle <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_density>) density to some external perturbation are waves ("plasmons <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmon>" - or charge density waves) propagating at a velocity that is determined by the strength of the interaction and the average density. For a non-interacting system, this wave velocity is equal to the Fermi velocity <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_velocity>, while it is higher (lower) for repulsive (attractive) interactions among the fermions. - Likewise, there are spin density waves (whose velocity, to lowest approximation, is equal to the unperturbed Fermi velocity). These propagate independently from the charge density waves. This fact is known as *spin-charge separation <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-charge_separation>*. - Charge <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_%28physics%29> and spin <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_%28physics%29> waves are the elementary excitations of the Luttinger liquid, unlike the quasiparticles <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle> of the Fermi liquid (which carry both spin and charge). The mathematical description becomes very simple in terms of these waves (solving the one-dimensional wave equation <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_equation>), and most of the work consists in transforming back to obtain the properties of the particles themselves (or treating impurities and other situations where ' backscattering <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscattering>' is important). See bosonization <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonization> for one technique used. - Even at zero temperature, the particles' momentum distribution function does not display a sharp jump, in contrast to the Fermi liquid (where this jump indicates the Fermi surface). - There is no 'quasiparticle peak' in the momentum-dependent spectral function (i.e. no peak whose width becomes much smaller than the excitation energy above the Fermi level, as is the case for the Fermi liquid). Instead, there is a power-law singularity, with a 'non-universal' exponent that depends on the interaction strength. - Around impurities, there are the usual Friedel oscillations <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedel_oscillation> in the charge density, at a wavevector <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavevector> of [image: 2 k_\text{F}]. However, in contrast to the Fermi liquid, their decay at large distances is governed by yet another interaction-dependent exponent. - At small temperatures, the scattering off these Friedel oscillations becomes so efficient that the effective strength of the impurity is renormalized to infinity, 'pinching off' the quantum wire. More precisely, the conductance becomes zero as temperature and transport voltage go to zero (and rises like a power law in voltage and temperature, with an interaction-dependent exponent). - Likewise, the tunneling rate into a Luttinger liquid is suppressed to zero at low voltages and temperatures, as a power law <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law>. And recently I ran across this paper that discovered a NEGATIVE 1d Coulomb drag in a LL, strongly hinting at how the Coulomb Barrier is overcome in 1DLL's. What do you think? recent obser- vation of an unpredicted low-density negative one-dimensional Coulomb drag http://gervaislab.mcgill.ca/Laroche_PhD_Thesis.pdf On Tue, Aug 5, 2014 at 10:17 AM, Jones Beene <jone...@pacbell.net> wrote: > BTW – in looking at LENR specifically relative to novel states, even the > long Wiki list overlooks an important state of matter – the Cooper pair. > > The list composer will probably say that this is not really a new state of > matter, but it could be. Same with Luttinger liquid. Also, they did not > list > “dense hydrogen” or Rydberg matter, which we have used to describe several > species- including f/H (fraction hydrogen or hydrino)… IRH (inverted > Rydberg > hydrogen)… and the DDL or Deep Dirac Level of hydrogen aka – virtual > neutron. > > The definition of Cooper pair is broadening beyond electrons. In a nickel > cavity, a cooper pair of protons could be possible. In fact, the Cooper > pair > could include dense hydrogen, which > > > From: Jones Beene > > From: Kevin O'Malley > > Currently we only have 5 known states of > matter: > Solid > Liquid > Gas > Plasma > Bose-Einstein Condensate > It would make sense that something as > unfathomable as LENR would occur as the newest & least understood state of > matter….Especially when plasma might be involved, and the situation occurs > in a very special case of Condensed Matter Nuclear Physics. … Are there > other states of matter being postulated at this point? Some of the Zero > Point Energy/Vaccuum/Aether stuff might apply, but it does not hold weight > in mainstream physics. > Interesting point for LENR. One problem is that matter can > be partly or wholly in another dimension. In fact there is some evidence > that electrons exist partly in another dimension. If we limit the > candidates > to macro reality (no subatomic species like pentaquarks etc.) then here are > a few more. > Dark matter – which can be the same as ZPE, > Aether > Neutron matter – the stuff of neutron stars > PS… after starting this list, it occurred > to > me that Wiki most likely already has such a list, and indeed it can be > found > here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter > > > >
