Donald Savage Headquarters, Washington January 7, 2004 (Phone: 202/358-1727)
Steve Roy Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. (Phone: 256/544-6535)
Megan Watzke Chandra X-ray Observatory Center, Cambridge, Mass. (Phone: 617/496-7998)
RELEASE: 04-013
CHANDRA LOCATES MOTHER LODE OF PLANETARY ORE IN COLLIDING GALAXIES
NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has discovered rich deposits of neon, magnesium and silicon in a pair of colliding galaxies known as The Antennae. When the clouds containing these elements cool, an exceptionally high number of stars with planets should form. These results may foreshadow the fate of our Milky Way and its future collision with the Andromeda Galaxy.
"The amount of enrichment of elements in The Antennae is phenomenal," said Giuseppina Fabbiano of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge, Mass. at a press conference at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Atlanta. "This must be due to a very high rate of supernova explosions in these colliding galaxies." Fabbiano is lead author of a paper on this discovery by a team of U.S. and U.K. scientists that will appear in an upcoming issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
When galaxies collide, direct hits between stars are extremely rare, but collisions between huge gas clouds in the galaxies can trigger a stellar baby boom. The most massive of these stars race through their evolution in a few million years and explode as supernovas. Heavy elements manufactured inside these stars are blown away by the explosions and enrich the surrounding gas for thousands of light-years.
The amount of heavy elements supports earlier studies that indicate there was a very high rate of relatively recent supernovas, 30 times that of the Milky Way," according to collaborator Andreas Zezas of the CfA.
The supernova violence also heats the gas to millions of degrees Celsius. This makes much of the matter in the clouds invisible to optical telescopes, but able to be observed by an X-ray telescope. Chandra data revealed for the first time regions of varying enrichment in the galaxies: in one cloud, magnesium and silicon are 16 and 24 times as abundant as in the sun.
"These are the kinds of elements that form the ultimate building blocks for habitable planets," said Andrew King of the University of Leicester, U.K., and a study coauthor. "This process occurs in all galaxies, but it is greatly enhanced by the collision. Usually we only see the new elements in diluted form as they are mixed up with the rest of the interstellar gas."
CfA coauthor Alessandro Baldi noted, "This is spectacular confirmation of the idea that the basis of chemistry, of planets and ultimately of life is assembled inside stars and spread through galaxies by supernova explosions."
As the enriched gas cools, a new generation of stars will form and, with the stars, new planets. Some studies indicate clouds enriched in heavy elements are more likely to form stars with planetary systems, so in the future an unusually high number of planets may form in The Antennae.
"If life arises on a significant fraction of these planets, then in the future The Antennae will be teeming with life," speculated Francois Schweizer, another coauthor, from the Carnegie Observatories in Pasadena, Calif. "A vast number of sun-like stars and planetary systems will age in unison for billions of years."
At a distance of about 60 million light-years, The Antennae system is the nearest example of a collision between two large galaxies. The collision, which began a couple hundred million years ago, has been so violent that gas and stars from the galaxies have been ejected into the two long arcs that give the system its name. The Chandra image shows spectacular loops of 3-million-degree gas spreading out south of The Antennae.
"These loops may be carrying out some of the elements dispersed by supernovas into intergalactic space," said Trevor Ponman of Birmingham University, U.K.
The Antennae give a close-up view of the type of collisions that were common in the early universe and likely led to the formation of most stars existing today.
They may also provide a glimpse of the future of our Milky Way Galaxy, which is on a collision course with the Andromeda Galaxy. At the present rate, a crash such as the one now occurring in The Antennae could happen in about 3 billion years. Tremendous gravitational forces will disrupt both galaxies and reform them, probably as a giant elliptical galaxy with hundreds of millions of young sun-like stars, and possibly planetary systems.
Additional information and images are available at http://chandra.harvard.edu and http://chandra.nasa.gov
-end-
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At 11:27 PM 1/7/04, Trent Shipley wrote:
On Wednesday 2003-12-24 06:22, Alberto Monteiro wrote: > Trent Shipley wrote: > >> My estimate includes all five. Of course, as in Drake's equation, > >> each factor has an error from 10% to 900% :-) > >> > >>>> * about 10 planets per race > >>>> * about 200,000 races > > > > Alberto, as I recall Drake's Equation has no factor for > > "Planets Fallow by order of the GIM." > > ??? > > What I said is that the factors I get for Uplift have error bars > similar to Drake's equation's terms: they can be 1/10 to 10 times > the guesstimate.
Check.
> > Are you proposing there 2M habitable planets, some of > > which are Fallow or that there are, perhaps, 6M habitable > > planets 2M of which are *not* Fallow? > > No. I propose that there are 2M planets _with_ galactic > civilization settled on them. But they could be 20M or 200k.
Good. So 2M is a _reasonable_ statistical expectiation for planets that could
support civilzation across 5 galaxies.
> > Have you made any allowance for an increase in the number > > of habitable planets due to terraforming? (Do you need to?) > > No, because I suppose that this is a small factor in the last, > say, 500 My. > > Stars come and go, planets come and go. The terraforming of > planets should probably just keep the number of planets in > a stable number.
Lets come back to terraforming. I think that it would be a major (and s-l-o-w-l-y increasing) factor in the total number of habitable planets.
> BTW, I also guess that there are about 10 fallow planets for > each settled planet, based on the data that a planet is usually > leased for 100ky, and it is let fallow for a minimum of 500ky > [usually more]. >
I am going to assume that a factor of 1:10 is the high end for an inhabited to
fallow ratio if planets are leased for an average 100ky and fallow for a
minimum of 500ky. What we need is a figure for mean fallow time. Lets pick
700ky.
If there are 2M inhabited planets then there are 14M fallow planets. At any given time there must be a total of 16M habitable planets. _______________________________________________ http://www.mccmedia.com/mailman/listinfo/brin-l
-- Ronn! :)
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