Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread JKSCHW
The hypocrisy of US foreign policy requires no comment, although no dount it demands outrage. But no one outside his thuggish clique could mourn the defeat of Milosovic. --jks In a message dated Mon, 25 Sep 2000 12:06:24 AM Eastern Daylight Time, "Ken Hanly" [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes:

Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread Louis Proyect
The hypocrisy of US foreign policy requires no comment, although no dount it demands outrage. But no one outside his thuggish clique could mourn the defeat of Milosovic. --jks === This accusation of "thuggish" reflects imperialist propaganda. Given the pressures on it, the Milosevic government

Re: Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread JKSCHW
I am not surprised, but I am disappointed, to find Louis falling in with the defense of the Milosovic regime, even to comparing it with the Sandinistas, whose mistakes were at least part of a policy of promoting a government policy intendedto promote the welfare of ordinary Nicaraguans, rather

Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread Louis Proyect
Justin: "Whatever was socialist in the Yugoslav economy is gone, except for some ideological window dressing that no one even pretends to believe any more. Moreover, the M regime that participated in the partition by force of Yugoslavia, supported the Bosnian serbs in the Bosnian war, and engaged

Re: Warning Signs

2000-09-25 Thread Timework Web
Max Sawicky wrote: I suppose if others predict crisis every six months or so, and I never predict one, eventually they'll be right and I'll be wrong. What's the opposite of a broken clock that's right once a day? Maybe an electric clock that keeps the right time until the lights go out. I

Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread Jim Devine
Ken, you forget that here in the "land of the free," the word "democracy" (or "having a hard transition to democracy") is synonymous with loyalty to the US. Second, I think it's interesting that the State Department is making analogies with the "people power" overthrow of Marcos. Didn't the

Re: Re: Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread Paul Phillips
On 25 Sep 00, at 11:21, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I am not surprised, but I am disappointed, to find Louis falling in with the defense of the Milosovic regime, even to comparing it with the Sandinistas, whose mistakes were at least part of a policy of promoting a government policy intendedto

debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Perelman, Michael
The subject of Yugoslavia is so contentious, that I suspect that we will not get very far here. Whatever Milosovic's economic achievements might be, I abhor the nationalism that he represented. The US has succeeded in demonizing M., even though his nationalism was no different from that of

Re: Re: Warning Signs

2000-09-25 Thread Rob Schaap
G'day all, MP: Am I wrong to believe that the various warning signs are starting to cluster closer and closer together? [mbs] yes. Me: Nope. Worries about energy prices. [mbs] Prices that are still low by historic standards? Seems like we're confusing consumer griping with world-historic

RE: Re: Re: neo-Ricardian economics

2000-09-25 Thread Forstater, Mathew
This is also Frank Hahn's argument, as I understand it. But Sraffian prices are determined independently of demand. Now I suppose that one could set up one's argument so that such a difference was presented as a "special case" -- a "special case" where demand doesn't play any role, etc.-- but

Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread JKSCHW
I agree with Michael that this discussion is unlikely to be productive, and will not debate apologists for Milosovic. If he is no worse that our own misleaders, he is also no better. I remain an ignorant victim of NATO propaganda and blinkered by imperialist hoodwinking . . . . --jks In a

Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Brad De Long
The subject of Yugoslavia is so contentious, that I suspect that we will not get very far here. Whatever Milosovic's economic achievements might be, I abhor the nationalism that he represented. The US has succeeded in demonizing M... Srebnitca? Milosevic demonized himself. How short memories

Re: Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread michael
Calling someone an apologist is a way to calm things down. I have no doubt that Milosovic is a thug, but I would also consider the Clinton-Bush sanctions to be even more violent. Using such emotive language, as any philosopher knows -- thuggish, apologist -- is sure to fan flames. -- Michael

Re: Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Michael Perelman
I don't mind if we demonize Milosevic, but I would like that demonization to be spread equitably. Tujman was equally evil, yet the U.S. embraced him. More interesting is the demonization of our former friends, as soon as they refuse to go along with the US line. Brad De Long wrote:

Re: RE: Re: Re: neo-Ricardian economics

2000-09-25 Thread Michael Perelman
The difference seems to be that Sraffian prices are decidedly long run. That is why the supply curves are horizontal. The Arrow-Debreu-Walras has no time whatsoever, or all time is collapsed into a perfectly anticipated view of the future. "Forstater, Mathew" wrote: This is also Frank

Re: The labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Michael Perelman
Fabian, you are perfectly welcome to unsub. Just send a message to [EMAIL PROTECTED] unsub pen-l. I would rather that you stay and try to dialogue in a more amicable fashion. Carrol was wrong to have written the way he did. I responded earlier regarding that post, but calling people clowns

Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Paul Phillips
On 25 Sep 00, at 8:56, Perelman, Michael wrote: The subject of Yugoslavia is so contentious, that I suspect that we will not get very far here. I don't disagree, but I do think it is important that we don't spread misinformation on the list or let misinformation be left uncontested so

Re: Re: The labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Louis Proyect
Michael wrote: Fabian, you are perfectly welcome to unsub. Just send a message to [EMAIL PROTECTED] unsub pen-l. I would rather that you stay and try to dialogue in a more amicable fashion. Carrol was wrong to have written the way he did. I responded earlier regarding that post, but calling

Re: Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Jim Devine
At 10:00 AM 9/25/00 -0700, you wrote: The subject of Yugoslavia is so contentious, that I suspect that we will not get very far here. Whatever Milosovic's economic achievements might be, I abhor the nationalism that he represented. The US has succeeded in demonizing M... Srebnitca? Milosevic

Re: Re: Re: Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Doug Henwood
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: In a message dated 9/23/00 8:44:06 AM Eastern Daylight Time, [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: The only other relevant question is whether labor creates value. For those who think not, they do not belong on PEN-L, but that's just my opinion. Louis Proyect Lou loves to

RE: Re: Re: The labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Forstater, Mathew
Don't forget, Marx considered circus performance to be productive labor. Louis Proyect wrote: Now wait just a gosh-darned minute. I regarded [being called a clown] a compliment.

RE: Re: Re: Re: Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Forstater, Mathew
"Natural elements entering as agents into production, and which cost nothing, no matter what role they play in production, do not enter as components of capital, but as a free gifts of Nature to capital, that is, as a free gift of Nature's productive power to labour." Vol. 3, p. 745

Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread Yoshie Furuhashi
Justin: "Whatever was socialist in the Yugoslav economy is gone, except for some ideological window dressing that no one even pretends to believe any more. Moreover, the M regime that participated in the partition by force of Yugoslavia, supported the Bosnian serbs in the Bosnian war, and engaged

Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread JKSCHW
No, you are thinking about the passage at the start of the Critique of the Gotha Program where Marx attacks the idea that labor creates all wealth, not value. For MArx, value is by definition embodied labor. --jks In a message dated Mon, 25 Sep 2000 2:57:38 PM Eastern Daylight Time, Doug

the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Charles Brown
[EMAIL PROTECTED] 09/25/00 02:56PM Wasn't Marx himself critical of the notion that only labor creates value? I recall something about nature being a partner in the enterprise. ((( CB: In the terms of _Capital_ human labor is the source of all exchange-value. Use-value comes from

Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Jim Devine
At 02:59 PM 9/25/00 -0400, you wrote: Wasn't Marx himself critical of the notion that only labor creates value? I recall something about nature being a partner in the enterprise. for Marx, labor and nature both create use-values, whereas only labor creates value. Use-values refer to the

Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread JKSCHW
I am seriously uninterested in who did what to whom first in Kosovo or elsewhere. That always leads to the argument that it is OK for the first victim to do the same thing back, a notion that I, geneally unsuccessfully, continually try to disabuse my kids of. Kosovars are not innocent

the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Charles Brown
[EMAIL PROTECTED] 09/25/00 04:01PM At 02:59 PM 9/25/00 -0400, you wrote: Wasn't Marx himself critical of the notion that only labor creates value? I recall something about nature being a partner in the enterprise. for Marx, labor and nature both create use-values, whereas only labor

Re: Re: Re: Warning Signs

2000-09-25 Thread Doug Henwood
Michael Perelman wrote: I wasn't predicting, just asking. And not hoping? Doug

Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Yoshie Furuhashi
Jim Devine says: At 10:00 AM 9/25/00 -0700, you wrote: The subject of Yugoslavia is so contentious, that I suspect that we will not get very far here. Whatever Milosovic's economic achievements might be, I abhor the nationalism that he represented. The US has succeeded in demonizing M...

Re: Re: Re: Warning Signs

2000-09-25 Thread Doug Henwood
Warning signs of what? A slowdown in U.S. growth to 3%? To 0%? To -10%? Is any of it meant to be good news? Doug

Re: RE: Re: Re: Re: Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Doug Henwood
Forstater, Mathew wrote: "Natural elements entering as agents into production, and which cost nothing, no matter what role they play in production, do not enter as components of capital, but as a free gifts of Nature to capital, that is, as a free gift of Nature's productive power to labour."

Re: Warning Signs

2000-09-25 Thread Michael Perelman
A dramatic economic reversal would cause considerable hardship at home. A continuation of the "boom" will cause considerable hardship world wide along with some benefits. The longer the neo-liberalism continues, the harder it will be to reverse in the future. So, I guess that a slowdown would

RE: Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Lisa Ian Murray
But Marx does not explicitly equate use-values with wealth in his opening rebuttal sentence. Value, use-value and wealth are confused and entangled in his retort. Is the source of use-values itself a use-value, a value or wealth? Doug's query from a while back hits the last sentence below quite

Re: Re: Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Brad De Long
I don't mind if we demonize Milosevic, but I would like that demonization to be spread equitably. Tujman was equally evil, yet the U.S. embraced him. Really? The National Security Council staff when I was in the government wished daily for his overthrow, with their wishes checked only by the

Re: Re: Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Brad De Long
I think that who is and who is not a "demon" depends on one's political perspective. I think that who is and who is not a demon depends on who acts like a demon. We clearly disagree. Brad DeLong

Re: Re: Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Brad De Long
At 10:00 AM 9/25/00 -0700, you wrote: The subject of Yugoslavia is so contentious, that I suspect that we will not get very far here. Whatever Milosovic's economic achievements might be, I abhor the nationalism that he represented. The US has succeeded in demonizing M... Srebnitca? Milosevic

Re: Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Louis Proyect
Really? The National Security Council staff when I was in the government wished daily for his overthrow, with their wishes checked only by the (vain) hope that Tudjman and Milosevic could be made to cancel each other out, leaving the Bosnians free to stay alive and keep their homes... Brad

Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread Yoshie Furuhashi
I am seriously uninterested in who did what to whom first in Kosovo or elsewhere. That always leads to the argument that it is OK for the first victim to do the same thing back, a notion that I, geneally unsuccessfully, continually try to disabuse my kids of. Kosovars are not innocent helpful

Marx and Nature

2000-09-25 Thread Michael Perelman
A number of people on the list of familiar with Paul Burkett's recent book on Marx's understanding of nature. Earlier, I had written that Marx had downplayed the importance of nature in his work because of the political influence of Lassalle on the German working-class movement. I suggested

Re: Marx and Nature

2000-09-25 Thread Nathan Newman
- Original Message - From: "Michael Perelman" [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] A number of people on the list of familiar with Paul Burkett's recent book on Marx's understanding of nature. Earlier, I had written that Marx had downplayed the importance of nature in his work

Re: Re: Marx and Nature

2000-09-25 Thread Doug Henwood
Nathan Newman wrote: At the Marxism conference, I went to the Marx and Ecology panel where John Bellamy Foster, Joel Kovel and Bertall Ollman discussed the issue. John Foster made the rather strong claim that Marx actually has a deep, well-detailed ecological component to his thought, but that

Re: Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Brad De Long
At 02:59 PM 9/25/00 -0400, you wrote: Wasn't Marx himself critical of the notion that only labor creates value? I recall something about nature being a partner in the enterprise. for Marx, labor and nature both create use-values, whereas only labor creates value. But use values have exchange

Re: Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread Brad De Long
Kosovars are not innocent helpful victims. Most *are*. Serbs are not monsters of quasi-Nazi brutality. Some *are*--and a lot of those who are work for the government... Brad DeLong -- Professor J. Bradford DeLong Department of Economics, #3880 University of California at Berkeley Berkeley,

Re: Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread Brad De Long
Given the pressures on it, the Milosevic government has been one of the mildest in recent history. It is no more repressive than the FSLN in Nicaragua... Why this compulsion to lie to blacken the reputation of the Sandinistas?

Re: Re: Re: Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Jim Devine
I had written: I think that who is and who is not a "demon" depends on one's political perspective. Brad writes: I think that who is and who is not a demon depends on who acts like a demon. We clearly disagree. As with so many things, we agree and we disagree. Objectively, some people are

Re: Re: Re: Marx and Nature

2000-09-25 Thread Carrol Cox
Doug Henwood wrote: Nathan Newman wrote: [snip] How did Joel Kovel react, if at all? Neither Ollman nor Kovel reacted to this part of Foster's argument. More interesting, actually, was Foster's point of departure: his general emphasis on Marx's debt to Epicurus. While listening, I found

RE: Warning Signs

2000-09-25 Thread Max Sawicky
[EMAIL PROTECTED] 09/25/00 01:18PM I suppose if others predict crisis every six months or so, and I never predict one, eventually they'll be right and I'll be wrong. What's the opposite of a broken clock that's right once a day? Maybe an electric clock that keeps the right time until the

Re: Re: Marx and Nature

2000-09-25 Thread Michael Perelman
I should have mention Foster's book. It is excellent. Yes, he does make his case convincingly, but not quite the way that Nathan expressed it. It was not so much Stalin purging that part of Marx, but a general ignorance of the materialist tradition in which Marx was working. John goes into

RE: Re: Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Forstater, Mathew
Brad, read the first two pages of Ricardo's _Principles_. A major mistake of the economics profession was in developing the theory of value for commodities that derive their value from scarcity, in other words, for exceptional cases, instead of focusing on the general case, *reproducible

Re: Re: Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Michael Perelman
What Brad writes is perfectly consistent with Marx's labor theory of value [with one exception], although numerous comentators pretend to have discovered some glaring defect. The exception is that things can have exchange value even if they are not scarce -- I will leave out all the asterisks.

Re: Marx and Nature

2000-09-25 Thread Chris Burford
At 14:27 25/09/00 -0700, you wrote: snip I often hear opponents of Marxist economics demanding some sort of proof that labor is the source of all value. There is no proof. Marx was trying to understand the way a particular form of social labor was organized. Natural forces as well as natural

Re: Re: Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread Louis Proyect
At 03:09 PM 9/25/00 -0700, you wrote: Given the pressures on it, the Milosevic government has been one of the mildest in recent history. It is no more repressive than the FSLN in Nicaragua... Why this compulsion to lie to blacken the reputation of the Sandinistas? This is flame bait. Louis

Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Carrol Cox
Doug Henwood wrote: Wasn't Marx himself critical of the notion that only labor creates value? I recall something about nature being a partner in the enterprise. Probably someone else has already responded to this more accurately than I can -- I'm still struggling with nearly a thousand

Re: Re: the labor theory of value (Brad's thread)

2000-09-25 Thread Brad DeLong
Under simple commodity production (where there is neither wage-labor nor surplus-value), the deviations between prices and values are _accidental_ (a disequilibrium phenomenon). They are not a disequilibrium phenomenon. Scarce resource-based products *continue* to have prices in excess of

Re: Re: RE: Re: Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread michael
Of course, the cost of reproduction must be the least cost option. Oxygen is a by product of growing plants. The technology Brad proposes is not very cost-efficient. If a reproducible commodity ain't scarce, it has no value. We can make oxygen out of water and electricity, but no one

Re: Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Michael Perelman
Brad, I think that there is some similarity between Hayek (Don't tell Justin) and this part of Marx's theory. Hayek, you suggest, came to the right conclusion without the labor theory of value. So what? I might propose a biblical explanation for why a rock falls to the ground. Would that

Re: RE: Re: Re: Re: Marx and Nature

2000-09-25 Thread Carrol Cox
Max Sawicky wrote: What was remarkable -- and what Ollman himself remarked on in some of the responses to his presentation, was the reductivist view of class and class interests implicit in many of the questions directed to him. Carrol Interesting. Examples? I have a terrible memory,

A correction (was Re: Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.)

2000-09-25 Thread Nestor Miguel Gorojovsky
En relaciĆ³n a [PEN-L:2288] Re: Re: Re: The US buys democracy fo, el 25 Sep 00, a las 21:22, Nestor Miguel Gorojovsky dijo: What would they say if, for example, Pinochet lavishly funded a pro- Russian party for the American elections? Or would they, in the end, prefer to vote for "their

RE: Marx and Nature

2000-09-25 Thread Austin, Andrew
Didn't Marx argue that labor-power was the measure of exchange-value? Andrew Austin Green Bay, WI

RE: Re: RE: Re: Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Lisa Ian Murray
If a reproducible commodity ain't scarce, it has no value. We can make oxygen out of water and electricity, but no one would say that the cost of air is determined by its cost of reproduction... Brad DeLong === So math has no value? Ian

Re: A correction (was Re: Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.)

2000-09-25 Thread phillp2
From: "Nestor Miguel Gorojovsky" [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Date sent: Mon, 25 Sep 2000 22:27:30 -0300 Subject:[PEN-L:2294] A correction (was Re: Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.) Priority:

Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread JKSCHW
In a message dated 9/25/00 4:11:17 PM Eastern Daylight Time, [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: CB: But "value" and "exchange-value" are not quite exactly the same thing ? This has probably been answered, but no. Value is socially necessay abstract labor time embodied in the commodity. Exchange

Re: RE: Marx and Nature

2000-09-25 Thread Michael Perelman
No, he did not. Although he did not elaborate on the reasons until the 3rd volume. "Austin, Andrew" wrote: Didn't Marx argue that labor-power was the measure of exchange-value? Andrew Austin Green Bay, WI -- Michael Perelman Economics Department California State University Chico, CA 95929

Re: Marx and Nature

2000-09-25 Thread JKSCHW
In an otherwise disgraceful, though widely cited, essay on the LTV, G.A, Cohen distinsguishes usefully between the strict and vulgar LTVs. The vulgar LTV is that labor is the source of all value. For Marx this is true by definition; he makes a few sideswipes at subjective value theories, which

Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread JKSCHW
In a message dated 9/25/00 5:57:37 PM Eastern Daylight Time, [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: Surely historical facts are not unimportant, when one discusses the "judgment of history," no? In any case, what FAIR is trying to do, of course, is not to fuel disputes over "who did what to whom

Re: the labor theory of value (Brad's thread)

2000-09-25 Thread Jim Devine
I wrote: Under simple commodity production (where there is neither wage-labor nor surplus-value), the deviations between prices and values are _accidental_ (a disequilibrium phenomenon). Brad opines: They are not a disequilibrium phenomenon. Scarce resource-based products *continue* to have

Re: Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread phillp2
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Date sent: Mon, 25 Sep 2000 23:03:24 EDT Subject:[PEN-L:2302] Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia. To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Send reply to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] In a message dated 9/25/00

Re: Re: the labor theory of value

2000-09-25 Thread Jim Devine
At 04:16 PM 09/25/2000 -0700, you wrote: Sounds a lot like Hayek's vision of the business cycle. But Hayek managed to do fine without the LToV. So what's its role in this Hayekian mechanism? The Austrian edifice, including Hayek, is based on Marx and his immediate followers (though they tried

Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread Michael Perelman
I know that emotions run strong on this issue, but let's keep it cool. -- Michael Perelman Economics Department California State University Chico, CA 95929 Tel. 530-898-5321 E-Mail [EMAIL PROTECTED]

Re: Re: Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Ken Hanly
Seems to me that the KLA were terrorists before NATO discovered their utility when Milisovec, the former great diplomat suddenly turned thug, did not go along with NATO's ukase that he accede to their wishes. Then they became allies and freedom-fighters. Cheers, Ken Hanly - Original Message

Re: Re: The US buys democracy for Yugoslavia.

2000-09-25 Thread Ken Hanly
This is quite interesting. However, I thought that the autonomous status of Kosovo was revoked because Kosovo refused to accept the structural adjustment provisions attached to an IMF loan. By revoking autonomy Kosovo was forced to accept the conditions. Those conditions also prohibited some of

Re: Re: Re: Re: debating yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Ken Hanly
Is the concept of a "demon" a useful analytical category? It may be in some societies but in advanced capitalist countries it surely should be understood in relationship to psychological warfare designed to obscure underlying realities rather than to reveal or analyse them. Isn't that true? Eh!

RE: RE: Marx and Nature

2000-09-25 Thread Austin, Andrew
I haven't touched on this matter in quite a while, but I recall in the Results of the Immediate Process of Production Marx arguing that exchange-value acquires a form independent of its use-value as the pure form of materialized social labor-time. Moreover, in Capital I, doesn't he distinguish

Re: Re: Marx and Nature

2000-09-25 Thread Ken Hanly
Ignoring the typos, it seems to me that you claim both that Marx is not interested in notions of entitlement and that insofar as Marxism has an ethical basis it is that communism will give workers that to which they are entitled. So even though Marx has no interest in entitlement the ethical

Stratfor on elections in Yugoslavia

2000-09-25 Thread Ken Hanly
I have no idea how accurate this is but perhaps it as of interest and relevant to the recent thread. Things do not look good for the West or Milosevic, although perhaps he could have a comfortable retirement as long as he stays in Serbia. CHeers, Ken Hanly Stratfor.com's Weekly Global

Human Resources

2000-09-25 Thread Louis Proyect
"Human Resources" has the distinction of being not only one of the finest movies ever made about the labor movement, it is also unparalleled in its ability to explain and make concrete issues that barely receive attention in the print media, such as "just-in-time" production techniques. College