On May 19, 2013, at 11:55 AM, MarkI-ZeroPoint wrote:
To which Ed answered, mainly expressing what his view is inside this
void:
“The answer depends on which theory you accept. In my case, the void
consists initially of a strong negative charge created by the
electrons in the wall that are associated with the metal atoms
making up the wall. The charge is strong because it is now unbalance
as a result of the walls being too far apart for the electron orbits
(waves) to be properly balanced. This condition attracts hydrons
(hydrogen ions), which enter the gap by releasing Gibbs energy. In
so doing, they create a tightly bonded covalent structure in the
form of a string. The hydrons in this string are closer together
than is normally possible because the electron concentration between
them is higher than normal. When this structure resonates, the
hydrons get even closer together periodically, depending on the
frequency of vibration. Each time they get to within a critical
distance, energy is emitted from each hydron as a photon. Once
enough energy has been emitted as a series of weak photons, the
fusion process is completed by the intervening electron being sucked
into the final nuclear product. The details of how this process
works will be described later.”
The temperature is very high, but not high enough to melt the
surrounding material. As a result, some energy is lost from the gap
as phonons. The photon/phonon ratio is still unknown. Nevertheless,
the rate of photon emission is large enough to be detected outside
of the apparatus when H is used.
To which I respond:
But if the void is tens of ‘atom-diameters’ across, you are way
beyond the influence of any electrons, unless they are ‘free’
electrons flying around in that void. Restrict your viewpoint to
only the interior of the void…
Mark, you are making assumptions that do not need to be made.
Regardless of what you imagine might be the case, hydrons MUST
assemble because otherwise they can not fuse. The entire process
hinges on hydrons assembling in an unconventional way. That
requirement is basic. The challenge is to discover how this is
possible without violating the laws of thermodynamics. Of course, if
you keep making assumptions, the process can either be rejected or
justified, your choice. I make the assumptions I think can be
justified and try to find where they lead. In my case, they lead to a
model that can explain ALL behavior without making additional
assumptions. While this might be a wild goose chase, it does provide a
useful path, which other theories have not done.
*For the sake of argument*, assume that there are NO free atoms, sub-
atomic particles or photons flying around in the void… in that case,
do you not have a *perfect vacuum*? And as to my second question,
what’s the temperature of a perfect vacuum? Would it not be
0.00000000000K in temperature?
I have no idea how the concept of vacuum applies. The NAE is a
chemical state within a material. As H enters the state, they generate
Gibbs energy, which is dissipated as heat (phonons). As a result, the
region gets hot. The hydrons would not assemble if this energy were
not generated, thereby producing heat. That is the basic nature of a
chemical process.
Ed is positing that the NAE are essential to LENR, and I am positing
that the VOIDs are a major element in the NAE, AND that the
conditions in the VOIDs are NOT those of the bulk, surrounding
matter; in fact, they are very different. To understand the NAE
requires an understanding of EXACTLY what the conditions are INSIDE
the voids.
Yes, the void is very different from the lattice. That is the whole
point to the idea behind the NAE. A nuclear reaction cannot take place
in a normal lattice. A change must take place. This change produces a
different condition I call the NAE. In my model, this NAE is a gap
created by stress relief. Other models imagine a different condition.
Regardless of the condition, it MUST contain hydrons because that is
what experiences fusion, which is the essential result of cold fusion.
Ed, perhaps you could summarize what the various viewpoints are as
to the physical environment inside these voids.
The different theories use various features. Hagelstein uses metal
atom vacancies, Miley uses dislocations, Takahashi uses special sites
on the surface, and Kim assumes a BEC can form within the lattice.
Each of these conditions are used to justify formation of a group of
hydrons that fuse by some mysterious process. Other theories (Chubb
for example) assume the process can occur whenever the lattice gets
fully saturated with hydrons without a cluster being required.
Ed Storms
-Mark Iverson
