Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Tomcat - basic install question

2005-12-20 Thread G . Lams
> Hi all, >I am getting ready to install Tomcat 4.x as on a test bed, and I am > wondering what is the usual and customary installation directory. /usr, > /sbin, etc. Any comments appreciated - yes I am fairly new to Linux, > apache and a neonate with Tomcat. > Hi Bod, Is there a reaso

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Caching Images

2005-12-20 Thread Gerry Danen
Mike, I don't believe you will gain much with caching. XP is your bottleneck if there is one. Gerry On 12/20/05, Michael Avila <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > The idea is to have the images be cached (even in memory if possible) so that > it is super fast as I am running this on my PC that I use f

[EMAIL PROTECTED] Handling apache dynamic configuration updates to httpd.conf.

2005-12-20 Thread sanganakal . Kote
Hi All, My requirement is adding/configuring ssl virtual hosts dynamically to apache web server at runtime without apache restart. Details: I need to handle multiple virtual hosts ( IP based virtual host configuration) with ssl support for each virtual host. Each virtual host has its own cer

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Caching Images

2005-12-20 Thread Michael Avila
Interesting! Thanks for the tips. I'll look in to it. But it does sound like I will not need it. Thanks. Mike > -Original Message- > From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Behalf Of Joshua > Slive > Sent: Tuesday, December 20, 2005 10:04 PM > To: users@httpd.apache.org > Sub

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Caching Images

2005-12-20 Thread Joshua Slive
On 12/20/05, Michael Avila <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > The idea is to have the images be cached (even in memory if possible) so that > it is super fast as I am running this on my PC that I use for other things. > And I only have 1 GB of memory. > > It is my understanding from reading posts that

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Caching Images

2005-12-20 Thread Michael Avila
The idea is to have the images be cached (even in memory if possible) so that it is super fast as I am running this on my PC that I use for other things. And I only have 1 GB of memory. It is my understanding from reading posts that mod_cache relies on the expire statement. Images will not have

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Caching Images

2005-12-20 Thread Joshua Slive
On 12/20/05, Michael Avila <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > WinXP Pro SP2 > Apache 2.0.55 > > How can I get Apache to cache just images since they will rarely change but > everything else does? Do you want apache to cache the images, or do you want the browsers to cache them? If the latter, look at m

[EMAIL PROTECTED] Caching Images

2005-12-20 Thread Michael Avila
WinXP Pro SP2 Apache 2.0.55 How can I get Apache to cache just images since they will rarely change but everything else does? Mike <>- The official User-To-User support forum of the Apache HTTP Server Project. See http://httpd.a

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] apache 1.3 vhosting

2005-12-20 Thread Tom Allison
ludi wrote: Are you sure the server received the requests? Yes I am. Interestingly I think I've solved the problem Not sure how though. Is there a difference between doing an 'apachectl restart' and 'apachectl stop; apachectl start'? Somewhere in the restarts over the last two days (man

[EMAIL PROTECTED] Virtual Host or mod_rewrite

2005-12-20 Thread Preston Morris, Jr.
I am a pretty new user to Apache and I set up networks for small businesses (file storage, e-mail, security, etc...). One issue I'm having is that I have a number of services that allow users to complete work remotely and also allow me to administer their servers remotely. The downside is that beca

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Which directory

2005-12-20 Thread ludi
Make sure your apache process can access your directories. 2005/12/20, Boyle Owen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>: > > -Original Message- > > From: Bill Belew [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > > Sent: Montag, 19. Dezember 2005 22:04 > > To: users@httpd.apache.org > > Subject: RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Which dir

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] apache 1.3 vhosting

2005-12-20 Thread ludi
Are you sure the server received the requests? 2005/12/20, Tom Allison <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>: > > I've put most of my http config file at the bottom of this email. > The set up is: > I'm running in a DMZ. > I used to have only one domain name (tacocat.net) and am trying to change > this to vhost sev

[EMAIL PROTECTED] mod_auth_imap

2005-12-20 Thread rob
Hey guys. Well i finall got this thing workin :-P but here is the tricky part.I can not get it auctally work O.o Basically I get a my little box that asks me for my user name and passsword. But it keeps comming up evan know I enter the correct info. When checking the logs it says u

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Virtual Hosting and Authentication

2005-12-20 Thread Joshua Slive
On 12/20/05, Arthur DiSegna <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Yes, I missed that line. > > NameVirtualHost 192.168.0.10 > > > didn't help... On the second virtual host. > > I don't have the trailing / on the first virtual host and I get prompted > and authenticated with the correct user/pass without a

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Virtual Hosting and Authentication

2005-12-20 Thread Arthur DiSegna
Yes, I missed that line. NameVirtualHost 192.168.0.10 didn't help... On the second virtual host. I don't have the trailing / on the first virtual host and I get prompted and authenticated with the correct user/pass without a problem. Thanks -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECT

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Virtual Hosting and Authentication

2005-12-20 Thread Arthur DiSegna
Syntax correction.. Leave out ldap... require group cn=grp1, O=USA require group cn=grp2, O=USA require group cn=grp3, O=USA require group cn=grp4, O=USA I am having a problem with this configuration. I get prompted for to login when trying the 2nd VirtualHost (vhost2

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Virtual Hosting and Authentication

2005-12-20 Thread Joshua Slive
On 12/20/05, Arthur DiSegna <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > I am having a problem with this configuration. I get prompted for to > login when trying the 2nd VirtualHost (vhost2). What am I missing? Do you have a NameVirtualHost directive? > That should be . Joshua.

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] configure ldap support 4 apache 2.2

2005-12-20 Thread Fenlason, Josh
I believe you need to specify the ldapsdk, e.g. Iplanet or OpenLDAP, to build against by adding the following when you configure the Apache source. --with-ldap-include=/include --with-ldap-lib=/lib , Josh. > -Original Message- > From: Arthur DiSegna [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Tuesd

[EMAIL PROTECTED] Virtual Hosting and Authentication

2005-12-20 Thread Arthur DiSegna
I am having a problem with this configuration. I get prompted for to login when trying the 2nd VirtualHost (vhost2). What am I missing? Thanks in advance... ServerName vhost1.mydomain.com DocumentRoot "/var/webroot/pw/" Order allow,deny Allow from all AuthType Basic

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] configure ldap support 4 apache 2.2

2005-12-20 Thread Arthur DiSegna
Try this: ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2 --enable-authnz-ldap --enable-authz-user --enable-ldap --with-ldap --with-ldap is the key here. I started with 2.2 but went back to 2.0.55. Seems like the LDAP stuff isn't solid yet. Neither is my full understanding of setting up APACHE yet..

[EMAIL PROTECTED] Tomcat - basic install question

2005-12-20 Thread Bob Hartung
Hi all, I am getting ready to install Tomcat 4.x as on a test bed, and I am wondering what is the usual and customary installation directory. /usr, /sbin, etc. Any comments appreciated - yes I am fairly new to Linux, apache and a neonate with Tomcat. TIA Bob

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] mod_proxy_ajp

2005-12-20 Thread Fenlason, Josh
What is the correct way to configure mod_proxy_ajp to only server dynamic content, i.e. jsp's and servlets? I'm just trying to move my mod_jk configuration to mod_proxy_ajp. The configuration I gave below seems to work, but I'm guessing Apache passes all requests, static and dynamic, under /jsp-

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] mod_jk help

2005-12-20 Thread John P. Dodge
On Tue, 20 Dec 2005, James Taylor wrote: > Hi there, > First off Xmas grettings to all. > I'm trying to install mod_jk connector on a solaris system using Apache 2 > installed on my account. > Everything seemed to be going fine > -I ran buildconf.sh and configure with these options (I have an env

[EMAIL PROTECTED] mod_jk help

2005-12-20 Thread James Taylor
Hi there, First off Xmas grettings to all. I'm trying to install mod_jk connector on a solaris system using Apache 2 installed on my account. Everything seemed to be going fine -I ran buildconf.sh and configure with these options (I have an env variable APACHE_HOME set to /home/rmorrin/sw/apache2.0

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] mod_proxy_ajp

2005-12-20 Thread Nick Kew
On Tuesday 20 December 2005 17:19, Fenlason, Josh wrote: > Alias /jsp-examples "D:/test/tomcat/webapps/jsp-examples" > > Options Indexes FollowSymLinks > AllowOverride None > allow from all > > > ProxyPass /jsp-examples ajp://localhost:8009/jsp-examples > ProxyPassReverse /jsp-examples ajp

[EMAIL PROTECTED] [CLOSED] Three Apache on same server with one common entry port ( 80)

2005-12-20 Thread Unternaehrer Stefano
Thank you François! Thanx to your advice, I've solved my problem. I had to recompile Apache2.2 in order to have the needed proxy modules, then I just added this lines in the config file of Apache #1 (port 80): --- begin --- LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] configure ldap support 4 apache 2.2

2005-12-20 Thread Nick Kew
On Tuesday 20 December 2005 15:48, g.spellauge wrote: > how should i download/compile/install apr/aprutil ? > it appears that this was not necc. before apache 2.2 It's bundled with apache. But apache's configure will use an already-installed APR if it finds a sufficiently uptodate version. I can

[EMAIL PROTECTED] mod_proxy_ajp

2005-12-20 Thread Fenlason, Josh
Title: Message Would anyone be able to tell me how static content gets served when using mod_proxy_ajp? For example if I'm running apache and tomcat with the following apache configuration, who servers the static content under /jsp-examples?  Apache or Tomcat?   Alias /jsp-examples "D:/tes

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] reverse proxy with cache ...

2005-12-20 Thread Wim . Van . Leuven
You  guys are fabolous! I'm learning here! Joshua Slive <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Sent by: [EMAIL PROTECTED] 20/12/2005 18:10 Please respond to users@httpd.apache.org To users@httpd.apache.org cc Subject Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] reverse proxy with cache ... On 12/20/05, [EM

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] reverse proxy with cache ...

2005-12-20 Thread Joshua Slive
On 12/20/05, [EMAIL PROTECTED] <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > And how can I analyze this HTTP traffic? Lots of ways to do that. If the URLs are public you can search google for "http header viewer". If not, firefox has a "live http headers" extension or the "web developer extension" that will do

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] RedirectMatch

2005-12-20 Thread Eric
Hi, mod_security is interesting, it definitely looks like the right idea for this guy's situation, but it is kind of funny in a way, if you need mod_security you are already somewhat screwed, but it is nice to have around.. :) Eric At 07:32 AM 12/20/2005, Joshua Slive wrote: On 12/19/05, E

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] reverse proxy with cache ...

2005-12-20 Thread Wim . Van . Leuven
And how can I analyze this HTTP traffic? Joshua Slive <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Sent by: [EMAIL PROTECTED] 20/12/2005 17:55 Please respond to users@httpd.apache.org To users@httpd.apache.org cc Subject Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] reverse proxy with cache ... On 12/20/05, [EMAIL PRO

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] RedirectMatch

2005-12-20 Thread Ed Sawicki
Joshua Slive wrote: On 12/19/05, Ed Sawicki <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: I'm administering an Apache server that runs PHP-based Webapps that I have not written and cannot change. These Webapps are being successfully attacked. Here's an example from the log: 66.57.121.127 - - [19/Dec/2005:19:50:4

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] reverse proxy with cache ...

2005-12-20 Thread Joshua Slive
On 12/20/05, [EMAIL PROTECTED] <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > So we have a central deployment server where we update the files. The users > on their > PCs access however a reverse proxy caching server. The URL request arrives at > the > proxy, it checks it cache to download or server the request f

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] reverse proxy with cache ...

2005-12-20 Thread Wim . Van . Leuven
Hello Joshua, thanks beforehand for your time and patience in this matter. The idea is to use the apache servers as deployment vehicle for our applications using java web start. This can be quite large files. So we have a central deployment server where we update the files. The users on thei

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] reverse proxy with cache ...

2005-12-20 Thread Joshua Slive
On 12/20/05, [EMAIL PROTECTED] <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > Doesn't the cache verify the last mod times of the remote URLs? It can probably do this, with the appropriate http response headers (Cache-control: must-revalidate), but is that what you really want? What is the point of the cache if i

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] reverse proxy with cache ...

2005-12-20 Thread Wim . Van . Leuven
Doesn't the cache verify the last mod times of the remote URLs? If configuring the max-age=0 is there still functionality in the caching or will it continuously expire? How can we control the headers in the source server? Joshua Slive <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Sent by: [EMAIL PROTECTED] 20/12/20

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] reverse proxy with cache ...

2005-12-20 Thread Joshua Slive
On 12/20/05, [EMAIL PROTECTED] <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > Hello all, > > i'm quite new to HTTPD and trying to figure out how to configure the apache > webserver as a reverse proxy with cache to a central intranet server. The > idea is to make the reverse proxy as a local site proxy to cache > a

[EMAIL PROTECTED] reverse proxy with cache ...

2005-12-20 Thread Wim . Van . Leuven
Hello all, i'm quite new to HTTPD and trying to figure out how to configure the apache webserver as a reverse proxy with cache to a central intranet server. The idea is to make the reverse proxy as a local site proxy to cache applications launched through java webstart. I've been able to setup a

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Virtual Hosting and SSL

2005-12-20 Thread Jerry Baker
Boyle Owen wrote: suffice to say that if your understanding of the functioning of HTTP were accurate, it would be trivial to do what you want. If it was trivial to accomplish, you would have explained how. My apologies. I thought this was a list where Apache users request assistance. I don't

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Virtual Hosting and SSL

2005-12-20 Thread Boyle Owen
> -Original Message- > From: Jerry Baker [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > > It's not wrongthink. I don't want to get into a big debate - suffice to say that if your understanding of the functioning of HTTP were accurate, it would be trivial to do what you want. Rgds, Owen Boyle Disclaimer:

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] configure ldap support 4 apache 2.2

2005-12-20 Thread g.spellauge
how should i download/compile/install apr/aprutil ? it appears that this was not necc. before apache 2.2 thnx, g. Nick Kew wrote: On Tuesday 20 December 2005 14:45, g.spellauge wrote: hello, i just tried to compile apache-2.2 for using ldap support. the compilation failed with the followi

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Virtual Hosting and SSL

2005-12-20 Thread Jerry Baker
Boyle Owen wrote: First, the lecture: "...just to include SSL." is your wrongthink. It's not wrongthink. I don't know what users are going to want to protect, and what they aren't. I make everything potentially protected by SSL and I'll let them use .htaccess and SSLRequireSSL to protect the

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] RedirectMatch

2005-12-20 Thread Joshua Slive
On 12/19/05, Ed Sawicki <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > I'm administering an Apache server that runs PHP-based > Webapps that I have not written and cannot change. These > Webapps are being successfully attacked. Here's an > example from the log: > > 66.57.121.127 - - [19/Dec/2005:19:50:46 -0800] "GET

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] configure ldap support 4 apache 2.2

2005-12-20 Thread Nick Kew
On Tuesday 20 December 2005 14:45, g.spellauge wrote: > hello, > > i just tried to compile apache-2.2 for using ldap support. the > compilation failed with the following error: > mod_authnz_ldap.c:40:2: #error mod_authnz_ldap requires APR-util to have > LDAP support built in. To fix add --with-ldap

[EMAIL PROTECTED] apache 1.3 vhosting

2005-12-20 Thread Tom Allison
I've put most of my http config file at the bottom of this email. The set up is: I'm running in a DMZ. I used to have only one domain name (tacocat.net) and am trying to change this to vhost several more (start with two). the domain names do resolve on the internet to the routers external IP addre

[EMAIL PROTECTED] configure ldap support 4 apache 2.2

2005-12-20 Thread g.spellauge
hello, i just tried to compile apache-2.2 for using ldap support. the compilation failed with the following error: mod_authnz_ldap.c:40:2: #error mod_authnz_ldap requires APR-util to have LDAP support built in. To fix add --with-ldap to ./configure. apache was configured (simplified) as ./con

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] LDAP and Firefox

2005-12-20 Thread Matt Weston
Belay thatI restarted firefox and it worked like a charm...=) >>> [EMAIL PROTECTED] 12/20/2005 8:28:19 AM >>> I disabled IPv6 in Firefox and response time is the same... >>> [EMAIL PROTECTED] 12/19/2005 6:03:21 PM >>> Matt Weston wrote: >I have configured LDAP authentication for a particular

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] LDAP and Firefox

2005-12-20 Thread Matt Weston
I disabled IPv6 in Firefox and response time is the same... >>> [EMAIL PROTECTED] 12/19/2005 6:03:21 PM >>> Matt Weston wrote: >I have configured LDAP authentication for a particular section of our website >and when I try to access this page in FireFox it tends to take quite a bit >longer to lo

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Virtual Hosting and SSL

2005-12-20 Thread Jerry Baker
Nick Burch wrote: Include /etc/httpd/partial-sites/foo.conf SSLEngine on SSLCertificateFilessl/foo.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile ssl/foo.pem SSLCACertificateFile ssl/CA_Test.crt Include /etc/httpd/partial-sites/foo.conf This is *exactly* what I have now, but it jus

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] RE: Multiple Line LogFormat ??

2005-12-20 Thread Boyle Owen
> -Original Message- > From: Arthur DiSegna [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Dienstag, 20. Dezember 2005 14:39 > To: users@httpd.apache.org > Subject: RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] RE: Multiple Line LogFormat ?? > > > Yes, I am creating an httpd.conf file from scratch using bits > and pieces

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] RE: Multiple Line LogFormat ??

2005-12-20 Thread Arthur DiSegna
Yes, I am creating an httpd.conf file from scratch using bits and pieces of other web servers. No, there is no CustomLog Directive. I'm just a little confused as to why there are four lines. The conf file I grabbed it from didn't have a CustomLog Directive either. Is this just someone's mistake of

[EMAIL PROTECTED] RE: Multiple Line LogFormat ??

2005-12-20 Thread Boyle Owen
Plain text please... Is this just someone else's config you're trying to make sense of? These are just LogFormat declarations. Are the formats ever used in a CustomLog directive? Rgds, Owen Boyle Disclaimer: Any disclaimer attached to this message may be ignored. -Original Message- Fr

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] httpd installation on hp-ux 11.11 pa-risc2.0-64bit

2005-12-20 Thread Boys Santos
Joe, It worked!!! Thank you very much, your help is greatly appreciated. Boys On 12/20/05, Joe Orton <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > On Mon, Dec 19, 2005 at 10:27:14AM -0500, Boys Santos wrote: > > Joe, > > > > Thanks for taking this question. Configure was ran as follows: > > > > export CFLAGS="

[EMAIL PROTECTED] Multiple Line LogFormat ??

2005-12-20 Thread Arthur DiSegna
Oops I posted this last night with a previous posts subject line.. :o Hi, The httpd.conf file has four LogFormat lines like below. The actual log shows only one line per access request. The first line has everything combined so why four entries?

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Virtual Hosting and SSL

2005-12-20 Thread Boyle Owen
> -Original Message- > From: Jerry Baker [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > > I guess another way of putting it is, I am looking to see if it is > possible to just tell Apache that anything on port 443 is to > be treated > as SSL and anything on port 80 is to be treated as normal > HTTP? It s

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Virtual Hosting and SSL

2005-12-20 Thread Nick Burch
On Mon, 19 Dec 2005, Jerry Baker wrote: Currently I have to set up one container for "regular" port 80 access and another container for SSL access. Since each virtual host has a large and massively different configuration than the others, it is a pain to make sure that the port 80 vhost and the

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Three Apache on same server with one common entry port (80)

2005-12-20 Thread François Conil
Unternaehrer Stefano wrote: Hi all. On our webserver, every single project need to have a personal Apache installation, with specific configurations. At the moment I have one Apache on port 80, and three Tomcat reachable through this Apache thanks to the mod_jk library. This is solved. Suppose t

[EMAIL PROTECTED] mod_proxy ProxyPass balancer:// with SSL

2005-12-20 Thread Cameron Taggart
I'm trying to connect httpd 2.2 to tomcat 5.5.12 in such a way that: 1) I can load balance multiple Tomcat instances. 2) If one Tomcat instance stops responding or is shutdown, it is no longer used. 3) Sticky sessions. 4) http & https (SSL) support The first three items look like they can be accom

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Apache and dynu

2005-12-20 Thread Boyle Owen
Plain text please... I think your router is misconfigured (so not a problem with apache or dynu). I tried your address from the public internet and got your router's config screen. The way it is supposed to work (I think) is this: - user on the web, types in asluttech.dynu.com - browser request

[EMAIL PROTECTED] Three Apache on same server with one common entry port (80)

2005-12-20 Thread Unternaehrer Stefano
Title: Three Apache on same server with one common entry port (80) Hi all. On our webserver, every single project need to have a personal Apache installation, with specific configurations. At the moment I have one Apache on port 80, and three Tomcat reachable through this Apache thanks to the

Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] httpd installation on hp-ux 11.11 pa-risc2.0-64bit

2005-12-20 Thread Joe Orton
On Mon, Dec 19, 2005 at 10:27:14AM -0500, Boys Santos wrote: > Joe, > > Thanks for taking this question. Configure was ran as follows: > > export CFLAGS="+DD64" > ./configure Can you try instead: unset CFLAGS export CC="cc +DD64" ./configure and see if that works? If not, does it work

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Upgrading to Apache/2.0.54 from 1.3.26

2005-12-20 Thread Boyle Owen
> -Original Message- > From: Gerry Danen [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Dienstag, 20. Dezember 2005 07:54 > To: users@httpd.apache.org > Subject: Re: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Upgrading to Apache/2.0.54 from 1.3.26 > > > Hi Alfred, > > Yes, Apache is running. I'm running virtual hosts so the

RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Which directory

2005-12-20 Thread Boyle Owen
> -Original Message- > From: Bill Belew [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Montag, 19. Dezember 2005 22:04 > To: users@httpd.apache.org > Subject: RE: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Which directory > > > Thank you! I made that change to the documentroot. Now can > you tell me > what I need to do to