Yes, that time of year again! I have never used Turnitin.com but I want to
introduce another problem I just encountered ...
Two students in stats both turned in an exam with the exact same multiple
choice answers(35 out of 39 correct, and both the correct AND incorrect choices
were
a hard time believing the solid student didn't facilitate the poorer
student's work, and therefore might be considered to blame, too.
--
Paul Bernhardt
Frostburg State University
Frostburg, MD, USA
On 12/17/09 4:00 PM, John Kulig ku...@mail.plymouth.edu wrote:
Yes, that time of year again! I
I distinguish between a context of discovery, where one SHOULD massage data to
discover things (serendipity), and a context of justification (publication) in
which we try to convince others of our conclusions. If a researcher (using more
than just p = such and such) really believes they have
Forgot who requested it, but believe someone asked about a brief but real
article that used meta-analysis a few days ago. Just off the press in
Perspectives on psychological science vol 4 (6), p. 578 - 586 is Lac
Crano's Monitoring Matters that looked at 17 studies, all on parental
What a coincidence, I have to share this. I had a test scheduled today in
Measurement on Utility, making decisions about test use after cost/benefit
analysis. On CNN this morning was the news that US Preventive Services Task
Force is NOT recommending routine mammogram testing for women under
I still do Fechner. I used to briefly do the DL and JND concepts when I taught
intro (I believe Gleitman's text still covers him). When I taught History of
Psych I did more, starting with Herbart and Leibnitz' concepts on petite
perceptions, a few staged DL demos, then Weber Fechner. I used
Claudia .. thanks, you inspired me to throw in $.02
I'm only an amateur when it comes to social psychology, but I am pretty sure
scapegoating always happens in groups sooner or later. When you study
scapegoating (e.g. the French anthropologist Rene Girard) you realize
scapegoats usually bring
Just read the blurb and there are two problems .. one is comparing
retrospective % with prospective (see below) and the other is inferring
causation. But it's probably the reporters who blotched this; they probably
cherry picked % from a lengthy interview and the result makes no sense.
I
Michael - there is alot out there. Do you have a new direction for the research
or are you looking for already established lines? My next big project will be
in the areas of food/religion/culture. Just a few random thoughts. Food intake
weight are not kept within homeostatic limits (unlike
Hello Beth
Yes, social psychology in the real world! I hope some people with more
experience with kinship selection replies to this. It's my understanding that
kinship selection works with fairly close relatives, whose genetics are more
similar than randomly chosen individuals. In s nutshell,
I'm waiting for laundry to finish, so will bite on this. In addition to what
Marc already said sbout quality of study, I mention QUANTITY of time - 2 to 3
hours per hour lecture. I stress re-writing lecture notes to create their own
study guides. I'll give examples on how to do this, but
I have served on academic dishonesty panels before, and have alot of questions
about how the FD (failure with dishonesty, for cheating) would be implemented,
esp since the chairperson assigns the grade, but for now wanted to pass this on
to tips ...
And to cover the other european intelligence test, Wechsler defines it as the
aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think
rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment (1939)
--
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Plymouth
Stuart et al
I was influenced quite a bit by Pinker's books on language (Language Instinct,
How Language Works ..) and his negative critique of 'langauge mavens', so I
tend to be tolerant of language evolution so long as there is precision in
sentences i.e. having language match thought -
As to what residents of Maine are called .. here in neighboring NH we call them
Mainiacs. But it is said in a friendly way - it's my favorite place to visit.
As to the fast-driving tourists who come from the south (Massachusetts) and
flout (flount?) the rules of driving, we have different
Article in the NYTimes today about whether textbooks are headed for
obsolescence. A quick read reveals alot of quotes by administrators, but
nothing from teachers ...
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/education/09textbook.html?_r=1ref=todayspaper
--
John W. Kulig
p.s. sorry I was too slow to realize the article already hit TIPS ...
--
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
--
- Original Message -
From: John Kulig ku...@mail.plymouth.edu
To: Teaching
Embarassing moment: first day of classes, first real job right after a 2 year
post doc. Had syllabi run off and found the room, walked in, and discovered I
had no idea what to say. A deer-in-the-headlights moment, the mind was totally
blank. So I excused myself non-verbally, went to the
@acsun.frostburg.edu
Sent: Friday, August 7, 2009 1:40:14 PM GMT -05:00 US/Canada Eastern
Subject: RE: [tips] Was: NEW FEATURE
John Kulig said:
Speaking of which, just read Leonard Mlodinow's The Drunkard's Walk: How
randomness rules our lives, in which he cites repeated failures of people
-05:00 US/Canada Eastern
Subject: RE:[tips] Psychology irrelevant to African-Americans
John Kulig wrote:
It is true that some European music is refined (WESTERN europe?
sorry sorry lol). But like language, the differences are tied mostly
to social class.
Even with the caveat mostly, I think
Eastern
Subject: [tips] Classical music/culture (was Psychology irrelevant...)
John Kulig wrote:
It is amazing how many great virtuousos are being trained in the east,
and how culture flows cross borders ... though the pinko in me notices
how it seems to flow from one upper class to another
Mike et al
No apologies for lack of political correctness ... openness is good. My
tangent: I think it is an interesting challenge to compare the differences
between cultures, esp. in light of evolutionary concerns. One the one hand, we
look out and see differences between cultures, as you
A different and low-tech coin demo, which can be used to introduce null
hypothesis testing, viz p(heads) = .50. Have students balance 10 or 20 pennies
on their sides on a sturdy, flat table in front of the room. Then have someone
sharply tap the side of the table (or bang on it), with just
Obviously psychobabble .. it's by an MD who is probably very well versed in
his/her field of specialty but this is not one of them! Interesting how the
fork was described - culture pushing a boy away from the mother, given that
there is a classic Freudian interpretation for the distancing
Mike
Thanks for the heads up ... perhaps predictive analytics translates to
inferential statistics. By the way, let me put my usual plug in for MINITAB
.. it is economical (it used to be, anyway), the output is succinct and crisp,
very powerful, and many stat books use their output as
My .02 as well ... it may seem weird talking about the behavior of trees, but,
the tropisms of plants played a role in the development of behavioral thinking
(J. Loeb I believe, positive heliotropisms or turning toward light, and then
the tropism-type reflexive behavior of paramecium: helio
. If
you haven't seen it, you might be interested in my article (now 17 years old--
ack!) on the bizarre history of the operational definition in psychology:
http://www.yorku.ca/christo/papers/operat.htm
Regards,
Chris Green
York U.
Toronto
===
John Kulig wrote:
My .02 as well
- Original Message -
From: Mike Palij m...@nyu.edu
snip ..
(2) Just a personal peeve: I'm not a modesty fascist but what is it with
women who wear tops that show off their breasts or cleavege at a FUNERAL
or a wake? Yes, Lori only had a yadda-yadda-yadda. Please. At the
Michael
Oh gosh, there are many issues here (besides the legal ones which were complex
based on what I heard on NPR). The first is whether the test - as used - is
valid in predicting a criterion such as job performance. I assume it is. Second
is whether applicants are judged against the larger
Yeah, predictive validity would be key. Maybe someone can find the tests used
... just talked to an old friend who comes from a fire-fighting family
(father, uncle, spouse, son ..) and asked about tests used. Apparently they
vary from locale to locale, but at least in one Vermont department,
An old one ...
A female student was about to graduate and needed a gen ed class and decided to
take a freshman ornithology class, thinking she'd breeze through a large
lecture class filled with freshmen. After 3 weeks of lectures and studying
every aspect of birds - anatomy physiology,
It is my understanding, based on hallway conversations form someone who DOES
know this area, that it is a 24 hour clock with a margin of error, and the
margin of error allows the clock to drift, which permits adjustments and
resettings. As to why, in a cave, it drifts to 25 and not 23, I may ask
out of the answer. But this is not to
disrespect the question, I do believe it is a classic in terms of watching the
theoretical frameworks struggle with it.
John Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
- Original Message -
From: José
Miguel Roig wrote:
I love the following quote: If a thing exists, it exists in some
amount; and if it exists in some amount, it can be measured
John Kulig [EMAIL PROTECTED] responded:
I only have one tid-bit to add, which may not even be true, but I
recall HALF that quote was from
Message-
From: Stephen Black [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Sent: Tuesday, April 03, 2007 9:37 AM
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
Subject: [tips] RE: Origin of Thorndike quote
[to you alone]
On 3 Apr 2007 at 1:03, Charles Harris wrote:
I'd say John Kulig deserves the major part
I'm just curious if you WANT to increase chances of getting some contrasts
significant
at the .05 level. If you are doing just a few select comparisons, I
believe the Fisher's LSD test has more power. It's simply a t test but uses
Mean Square Error in place of the pooled variance estimate, and
I only have one tid-bit to add, which may not even be true, but I recall
HALF that quote was from Thorndike, and the other half from W.A. McCall
(1939)? But I can't remember which half goes with which person .. I remember
this tid-bit came from a measurement text, I will try to find that text
Yes! It is an art, or, a science.
The British are coming! The British are coming! By land or by sea? Yes!!
-
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Director, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
-
-Original
Yes!
I just adopted a hard copy only policy (that I bend at my discetion).
However, in the case of some statistics things I now require they email
their minitab project which contains their spreadsheet of data, as well as
running summary of what they did, when (date and time), and the output.
http://www.devilducky.com/media/57946
-
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Director, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
-
---
To make changes to your subscription go to:
]
Sent: Monday, February 12, 2007 9:57 AM
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
Subject: [tips] Re: Beer, meanings of words, etc (was BBC NEWS | Education |
Whose classroom curriculum is it?
On Feb 11, 2007, at 8:08 PM, John Kulig wrote:
Peter:
Is this beer at room temperature? I
I'd wager a bet that the % of people who ignore evolution and global warming
is reasonably comparable between the UK and the US (my ego is not involved
in such a bet, btw). The right-wingers in the US, in recent years, have
exterted far more political influence than you'd expect based on the
, 2007 5:47 PM
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
Subject: [tips] RE: BBC NEWS | Education | Whose classroom curriculum is it?
On Feb 11, 2007, at 4:02 PM, John Kulig wrote:
I'd wager a bet that the % of people who ignore evolution and global warming
is reasonably comparable between
Colbert's interviews, in my opinion, are weak, since he can't make up his
mind to stay in character (jab at the guests) or draw out the guest's
talents. I thought it was a wonderful opportunity missed. If you didn't know
Pinker's work, you'd wonder why he was the guest! Colbert is pretty bright,
Slow day on tips - I couldn't resist
http://people.csail.mit.edu/rahimi/helmet/
-
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Director, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
-
---
To make changes to your subscription
If I am reading this correctly, the rule applies to immigrants. So
non-immigrants can still stone, burn, etcetera? ? Curious minds want to
know!
-
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Director, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
-
_
From: John Kulig [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Sent: Thursday, February 01, 2007 10:18 AM
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
Subject: [tips] RE: Those progressive Canadians
If I am reading this correctly, the rule applies to immigrants. So
non
Yes, thanks for the video from me, too. We're going through this with my
second grade son. He was pulling his hair out (ours too) when he had to do
subtraction of two digit numbers using the book's method: a 10 by 10 matrix
of numbers 1 - 100, and subtraction of, say, 57 - 30 involved finding 57
Two that I like are Shaffer Merrens' Research Stories for Introductory
Psychology (2nd, Allyn Bacon) and Roger Hock's Forty Studies that Changed
Psychology (Prentice Hall, 5th ed). Also, there is Kassin Briggs' Current
Directions in Introductory Psychology (readings from the journal) (Prentice
So, we're on to warm beer again? :) The last time I ate at a authentic
German family inn/restaurant, I ordered a Guinness at warm temperature and
they couldn't get one because ALL the beer/ale was on ice. I asked if they
had any in a back room (at room temperature) and they said no (politely). I
AM, John Kulig wrote:
So, we're on to warm beer again? :)
This is such an old chestnut that so far I stayed out of it, but cannot
resist the temptation any longer.
In the last 3 or so years I have traveled in Germany, France, Switzerland,
Italy, Austria and Holland. On no occasion was I
OK, I'm having a slow day here :)
Well, Galton predates modern psychology, but I suspect you can make a case
that he was heavily responsible for the genetic view of IQ variability.
And Eysenck pushed for a biological view of personality, and Lorenz and
Tinbergen paved the way for biologically
Tim et al
My opinion (also sans hard evidence) is that I can distinguish grain
from potato (with brand as a confound), and (in agreement) I can distinguish
Grey Goose from most others, but after that I have no confidence I can
distinguish. I have vague memories of doing a Scotch taste
So long as you have a control comparison, such as
di-zygotic twins similarly separated. IF beer choice is more similar for MZ than
DZ, we'd have evidence of genetics. The MZ - DZ comprisons assume both groups of
twins are treated the same (equal-environment assumption). When twins are
What is it about beer-brand loyalty? Every time I do my routine on the Jim
twins and we get to the beer they selected (Miller?) I ask my class if brand
of beer matters. In unison they all say Yess Is there really a
difference between these types of beers? IF there is a difference, what
to
play some role in musical ability- particularly for those talented outliers
we all have on our stereo- now as to rock. . . Besides, have you actually
tasted Miller? :) BLEAAACCCHHH!!! Right up there with Coors, imho. Tim
-Original Message-
From: John Kulig [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Sent
This is an interesting observation. In high school I dated a MZ, and I
noticed that they tried very hard to be different, perhaps to establish a
unique identity. Both, btw, played the same instrument in the HS band, took
the same classes, had the same grades, but, my girlfriend remained somewhat
I'm not an expert, but, a certain % of twins are misclassified. It's my
understanding that, short of DNA markers, you can ask a series of simple
questions, such as do they have the same hair color, texture, eye color,
etc. and be more than 90% correct. Also, a key question is to rate the
I bet the learning curve is faster for higher apes than pigeons (ontogeny at
least).
-
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Director, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
-
-Original Message-
From: Bryan
Two items of potential interest to tipsters, from the daily newspapers:
Gordon Gallup's mirror test (when an animal sees a red dot .. Or here, an X
.. On their head in the mirror - do they touch the mirror or their own heads
.. Indicating awareness of self as mirror object) applied to Asian
Margie:
We have used the MFT sporadically over the last few years.
Currently, you get (for each student and, for the group) scores on (1)
LearningCognition, (2) Perception/Sens/Physio/Comp/Ethology, (3) Clinical,
Abnormal, Personality amd (4) Develeop Social. You also get 'assessment
Don't know - but I believe he still is active with the ants at Harvard.
-
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Director, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth NH 03264
-
-Original Message-
From: Michael Sylvester
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/19/AR2006091901
664.html
I've always thought religion is best understood by looking outward - to
behavior and culture - rather than introspectively. Based on the summary
here, his reason for lessening the gap between religion and
We just did one, and our numbers were very low as well. We attributed it to
the lateness of the search. We interviewed for a 1 year replacement in
spring/summer.
-
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Director, Psychology Honors
Plymouth State University
Plymouth
As with all studies of complex things, it would be good to see the details.
Questions good to ask would include whether the range of type A personality
seen in these 4 villages in the Mediterranean is as great as the range we in
North America are accustomed to. It would also be good to determine
Send you something? OK :)
I am choosing not to read the csmonitor piece because I am not interested in
the legal/political/ aspects of this problem. But there are aspects of this
issue that interest me greatly. There are other examples that involve
step-parents and child abuse. The now classic
I've probably told this story - but - when I moved to
Plymouth in 1987 (?) we had just made it to #8 on the national ranking party
list. Not that the "sampling" was in any sense scientific. But we got alot of
mileage out of the ranking. At the graduation address, our current
presidentwas
Robin:
False consensus effect (FCE) is quick and easy. On
the front sheet of a piece of paper ask a class to estimate the % of other
college students who smoke/ski/drive recklessly/ etecetea. Then have them turn
the paper over and indicate whether THEY smoke/ski/drive reecklessly/
Even among those who champion evolutionary thinking, I suspect it is a
conscious-raising experience to shake the idea of evolution as a linear
process, with us at the top, and the wheels of evolution taking a rest .
Neat video, too.
-Original Message-
From: Jim Guinee [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Sent: Monday, July 17, 2006 1:50 PM
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences (TIPS)
Subject: [tips] Re: Deities R Us
Then of course there are the so-called 330 million gods in Hinduism which
are supposedly not separate
We have a one-year replacement position, and the ad appears on the web site:
http://www.plymouth.edu/hr/jobs/psych.html
The ad(copied from the web site) appears below:
--
The Department of
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/30/AR2006043001
006.html
You may need to register for NYTimes to access the article. According to a
quick read, this is the federal govt take on the validity: In a sample of
10,000 which contains 10 'spies' 2 spies would be missed and
Check out
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/30/AR2006043001
006.html
According to the government, in a populoation of 10,000 with 10 'spies' lie
detection will miss 2/10 spies, and incorrectly nab 1600 innocent people.
ASSUMING these numbers, this is what I get:
I'm not the expert on the current validity of the polygraph, though I do use
some old data for teaching purposes:
An old American Psych article (Kleinmunta Szucko, 1984) has the polygtaph
correctly identifying a (known) guilty person 76% of the time, and
incorrectly labeling an innocent person
first.Regards,Chris Green==John Kulig wrote:
Actually. New England
is NOT at the top. Mississippi is quite high, however. Really? Yes, SAT scores
vary as a function of the 'participation rate' - what % of HS students take
the test. New York has the highest participation
'One size fits all' affirmative action is not a good idea, imo. Actually,
I'm a 'states rights' person on these matters, and I trust that institutions
know their own issues than the government. I have always been swayed by the
argument that a colegiate experience benfeits from exposure to diverse
Yes, also, consistent with current usages of the word, 'validity' is not a
property residing within a test. Validity is assessed vis-a-vis the uses to
be made of the measurements. SAT scores can be used in a 'valid' fashion -
helping to select students, or an invalid fashion - helping select
(I haven't bitten in a long time). Michael, since when is science rigid? It
seems to me that dogma, appeal to authority, are far more rigid. The only
thing science really demands is that phenomena be replicable, to ensure they
are not unique to one observer - though thoughtout our history even
It will be worth reading the details. The Mediterranean diet, as far as I
know, has never received a test as thorough as this 'low fat' study. It is
possible (as I have suspected for a long time) that a neglected variable is
amount we eat (acts of omission rather than comission) (green tea,
A nice introduction of Darwinian theory
vis-a-vis psychololgy is Ch 2 of Gaulin and McBurney's "Evolutionary
Psychology", second edition, Prentice Hall (2004). I suspect one of the more
challenging concepts to swallow in Darwinian thinking is the lack of
"intelligent design"- then and
Michael
Consider
assigning the Bell Curve (Herrnstein Murray). Its 1994, but still quite
a read. The book has 3 layers. First are the brief summaries for each chapter. Then
the main narrative which summarizes data graphs, and then there are the
regression results at the end of the
Carol et al:
Harkening back to my discrimination learning days, the
standard line back then was that the students must first become
perceptually distinct. Then you can attach responses (names) to the
separate percepts. That is, don't try to attach responses until the
stimuli were
: Christopher D. Green [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Sent: Thursday, August 25, 2005 3:32 PM
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences
Subject: Re: Things you can do with a psychology degree
John Kulig wrote:
Freud, yes, was an M.D.
According to Hilgard's Psychology in America William James first
Freud, yes, was an M.D.
According to Hilgard's Psychology in America William James first
studied art, them Chemistry, then entered medical school at age 22 (in
1864 probably), took a field trip to Brazil with naturalist Louis
Agassiz, returned to Harvard and finally got the PhD in 1869. Then
OK, it's a slow day!
Monica Lewinsky:
Graduated May 1995, Lewis and Clark College. Major: Psychology.
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Plymouth State College
Plymouth NH 03264
Push not the river;
Christopher:
I
had the exact same reaction to the article! In the case of Watson and Baldwin,
the incident had some significance because it propelled Watson
into the chair at Hopkins and also editor of Psych Review. Did it speed up the
flow of behaviorism into the mainstream? Perhaps.
Marc:
Was the first ad for leptoprine (sp?)?? I remember seeing an ad
with leptin represented in the brand name that said (in essence) -
this is not for losing a few pounds, because this pill is _very_
powerful, only for those with serious for the industrial-strength
variety. The ad
Mark:
I currently use Schultz Schultz' History of Modern Psych (8th
ed, Thomson/Wadsworth). It's not the most comprehensive text, but it's a
nice foundation. It includes brief passages of original writings (e.g.
Fechner defining psychophysics, Locke defining empiricism, and so
forth).
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/351/26/2683
This seems to be a recurring topic on tips, whether there is an obesity
epidemic, what are the sequela of obesity, and so forth. The Hu
article from New England Journal of Medicine indicates separate risk
elevations for obesity and lack of
I haven't read it yet, but, I just ordered Barry Schwartz's The Paradox
of Choice - why more is less. I heard him discuss the book on the CBC
this summer and it grabbed my interest.
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Plymouth State College
of surrounding
ourselves
with stuff). Personally and after using it I found it to be a great
choice. Tim Shearon
-Original Message-
From: John Kulig [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Sent: Friday, December 17, 2004 12:35 PM
To: Teaching in the Psychological Sciences
Subject: RE: books
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Plymouth State College
Plymouth NH 03264
Nothing will benefit human health and increase chances for survival of
life on Earth as much as the evolution to a vegetarian
Rick Herb:
A simple way to correct for chance on true/false or MC is to use
the formula R - [W/(n-1)] where R = # correct, W = # incorrect and (n-1)
= # of alternatives to chose from. On a true/false (n-1) = 1 because
there are two alternatives (true and false). On a true/false test,
If you can link to this article, it's interesting
http://nytimes.com/2004/12/03/health/03mood.html
Bottom line: Sleep is good, TV is good. Deadlines are bad, child care is
as difficult as housework. Income (past $6) doesn't matter.
John W. Kulig
OK - I think we're getting close (thanks, Stan Tim). There are four
innocent outcomes - , , , and . But there are 256
total possibilities (4 four each of 4 places, 4*4*4*4 = 256), so the p
innocence by chance = 4/256 = .0156.
I agree a Bayesian approach would be useful, since
Expressed this way, these are odds, so .9/.015
translates into a 60 to 1 ratio (.9 = 60* .015) favoring the top half
(innocence). To switch to a probability format, its 60/(60 + 1) or .98. This
odds ratio version of Bayes I get directly from Abelsons
Statistics as Principled Argument. Im
Of course, there is a non-trivial probability
of choosing the same tire by chance. Nearly 16 times out of 1000 (from ¼ * ¼ * ¼)
lying students would all agree on the same tire. Scenes wed like to see:
The jury finds you INNOCENT, p = .016 J
See Fink Kosecoff's How to Conduct Surveys Sage Publishers for the
range of options available for surveys questionnaires. Summated scales
(e.g. a series of Likert items that are summated) can get more complex.
Sage publishes summated rating scale construction by Paul Spector
(1992), in its
Is this Stanislaw LEM?
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Plymouth State College
Plymouth NH 03264
Nothing will benefit human health and increase chances for survival of
life on Earth as much as the
Then switch to beeswax candles!
avoid paraffin or other cheaper alternatives.
John W. Kulig
Professor of Psychology
Plymouth State College
Plymouth NH 03264
-Original Message-
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